The design and analysis of split-mouth studies: What statisticians and clinicians should know

The split‐mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split‐mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter‐individual variability from t...

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Published inStatistics in medicine Vol. 28; no. 28; pp. 3470 - 3482
Main Authors Lesaffre, Emmanuel, Philstrom, Bruce, Needleman, Ian, Worthington, Helen
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 10.12.2009
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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Abstract The split‐mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split‐mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter‐individual variability from the estimates of the treatment effect. However, already about 20 years ago the pitfalls of the design have been reported in the oral health literature. Yet, many clinicians are not aware of the potential problems with the split‐mouth design. Further, it is our experience that most statisticians are not even aware of the existence of this design. Since most of the critical remarks appeared in the oral health literature, we argue that it is necessary to introduce the split‐mouth design to a statistical audience, so that both clinicians and statisticians clearly understand the advantages, limitations, statistical considerations, and implications of its use in clinical trials and advise them on its use in practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AbstractList The split‐mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split‐mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter‐individual variability from the estimates of the treatment effect. However, already about 20 years ago the pitfalls of the design have been reported in the oral health literature. Yet, many clinicians are not aware of the potential problems with the split‐mouth design. Further, it is our experience that most statisticians are not even aware of the existence of this design. Since most of the critical remarks appeared in the oral health literature, we argue that it is necessary to introduce the split‐mouth design to a statistical audience, so that both clinicians and statisticians clearly understand the advantages, limitations, statistical considerations, and implications of its use in clinical trials and advise them on its use in practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The split-mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split-mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter-individual variability from the estimates of the treatment effect. However, already about 20 years ago the pitfalls of the design have been reported in the oral health literature. Yet, many clinicians are not aware of the potential problems with the split-mouth design. Further, it is our experience that most statisticians are not even aware of the existence of this design. Since most of the critical remarks appeared in the oral health literature, we argue that it is necessary to introduce the split-mouth design to a statistical audience, so that both clinicians and statisticians clearly understand the advantages, limitations, statistical considerations, and implications of its use in clinical trials and advise them on its use in practice. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
The split-mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split-mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter-individual variability from the estimates of the treatment effect. However, already about 20 years ago the pitfalls of the design have been reported in the oral health literature. Yet, many clinicians are not aware of the potential problems with the split-mouth design. Further, it is our experience that most statisticians are not even aware of the existence of this design. Since most of the critical remarks appeared in the oral health literature, we argue that it is necessary to introduce the split-mouth design to a statistical audience, so that both clinicians and statisticians clearly understand the advantages, limitations, statistical considerations, and implications of its use in clinical trials and advise them on its use in practice.The split-mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split-mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter-individual variability from the estimates of the treatment effect. However, already about 20 years ago the pitfalls of the design have been reported in the oral health literature. Yet, many clinicians are not aware of the potential problems with the split-mouth design. Further, it is our experience that most statisticians are not even aware of the existence of this design. Since most of the critical remarks appeared in the oral health literature, we argue that it is necessary to introduce the split-mouth design to a statistical audience, so that both clinicians and statisticians clearly understand the advantages, limitations, statistical considerations, and implications of its use in clinical trials and advise them on its use in practice.
The split-mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split-mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left halves of the dentition. The attractiveness of the design is that it removes a lot of inter-individual variability from the estimates of the treatment effect. However, already about 20 years ago the pitfalls of the design have been reported in the oral health literature. Yet, many clinicians are not aware of the potential problems with the split-mouth design. Further, it is our experience that most statisticians are not even aware of the existence of this design. Since most of the critical remarks appeared in the oral health literature, we argue that it is necessary to introduce the split-mouth design to a statistical audience, so that both clinicians and statisticians clearly understand the advantages, limitations, statistical considerations, and implications of its use in clinical trials and advise them on its use in practice.
Author Worthington, Helen
Philstrom, Bruce
Needleman, Ian
Lesaffre, Emmanuel
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Emmanuel
  surname: Lesaffre
  fullname: Lesaffre, Emmanuel
  email: e.lesaffre@erasmusmc.nl
  organization: Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Bruce
  surname: Philstrom
  fullname: Philstrom, Bruce
  organization: Oral Health Research Consultant, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Ian
  surname: Needleman
  fullname: Needleman, Ian
  organization: Unit of Periodontology, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, U.K
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Helen
  surname: Worthington
  fullname: Worthington, Helen
  organization: School of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536744$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References Ramfjord S, Nissle R, Shick R, Cooper H. Subgingival curettage versus surgical elimination of periodontal pockets. Journal of Periodontology 1968; 39:167-175.
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal 2003; 327:557-560.
Verbeke G, Molenberghs G. Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data. Springer: New York, 2000.
Antczak-Bouckoms A, Tulloch J, Berkey C. Split-mouth and cross-over designs in dental research. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1990; 17:446-453.
Hujoel P, DeRouen T. Validity issues in split-mouth trials. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1992; 19:625-627.
Senn S. Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research. Wiley: New York, 1993.
Andersen EB. Conditional Inference and Models for Measuring. Forskningsinstitut: Copenhagen, 1973.
Chung K, Salkin L, Stein M, Freedman A. Clinical evaluation of a biodegradable collagen membrane in guided tissue regeneration. Journal of Periodontology 1990; 61(12):732-736.
Loos G, Louwerse P, van Winkelhoff A, Burger W, Gilijamse M, Hart A, van der Velden U. Use of barrier membranes and systemic antibiotics in the treatment of intraosseous defects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2002; 29:910-921.
Mora F, Etienne D, Ouhayoun J. Treatment of interproximal angular defects by GTR: 1 year follow-up. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1996; 23:599-606.
Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002; 21:1539-1558.
Cortellini P, Carnevale G, Sanz M, Tonetti M. Treatment of deep and shallow intrabony defects. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1998; 25(12):981-987.
Haukali G, Poulsen S. Effect of a varnish containing chlorhexidines and thymol (Cervitec®) on approximal caries in 13- to 16-year-old schoolchildren in a low caries area. Caries Research 2003; 37:185-189.
Palm A, Kirkegaard U, Poulsen S. The wand versus traditional injection for mandibular nerve block in children and adolescents: perceived pain and time of onset. Pediatric Dentistry 2004; 26(6):481-484.
Blumenthal N, Steinberg J. The use of collagen membrane barriers in conjunction with combined demineralized T bone-collagen gel implants in human infrabony defects. Journal of Periodontology 1996; 61(6):319-327.
Higgins J, Green S (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration: http://www.cochrane-handbook.org, 2008.
Pontoriero R, Wennstrom J, Lindhe J. The use of barrier membranes and enamel matrix proteins in the treatment of angular bone defects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1999; 26:833-840.
Donner A, Zou G. Methods for the statistical analysis of binary data in split-smouth designs with baseline measurements. Statistics in Medicine 2007; 26:3476-3486.
Riordan P, FitzGerald P. Outcome measures in split mouth caries trials and their statistical evaluation. Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology 1994; 22:192-197.
Hujoel P, Moulton L. Evaluation of test statistics in split-mouth clinical trials. Journal of Periodontology Research 1988; 23:378-380.
Lesaffre E, Garcia-Zattera M-J, Redmond C, Needleman I. Reported methodological quality of split-mouth studies. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2007; 34(9):756-761.
Hujoel P. Design and analysis issues in split mouth clinical trials. Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology 1998; 26:85-86.
Pritlove-Carson S, Palmer R, Floyd P. Evaluation of GTR in the treatment of paired periodontal defects. British Dental Journal 1995; 179:388-394.
Molenberghs G, Verbeke G. Models for Discrete Longitudinal Data. Springer: Berlin, 2006.
Follman D, Elliott P, Suh I, Cutler J. Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. Clinical Epidemiology 1992; 45(7):769-773.
Ratka-Kruger P, Neukranz E, Raetzke P. Guided tissue regeneration with bioresorbable membranes versus conventional flap surgery in the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2000; 27:120-127.
Vaeth M, Poulsen S. Comments on a commentary: statistical evaluation of split mouth caries trials. Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology 1998; 26:80-83.
Hujoel P, Loesche W. Efficiency of split-mouth designs. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1990; 17:722-728.
Donner A, Klar N, Zou G. Methods for the statistical analysis of binary data in split-cluster designs. Biometrics 2004; 60:919-925.
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References_xml – reference: Loos G, Louwerse P, van Winkelhoff A, Burger W, Gilijamse M, Hart A, van der Velden U. Use of barrier membranes and systemic antibiotics in the treatment of intraosseous defects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2002; 29:910-921.
– reference: Hujoel P. Design and analysis issues in split mouth clinical trials. Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology 1998; 26:85-86.
– reference: Ratka-Kruger P, Neukranz E, Raetzke P. Guided tissue regeneration with bioresorbable membranes versus conventional flap surgery in the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2000; 27:120-127.
– reference: Lesaffre E, Garcia-Zattera M-J, Redmond C, Needleman I. Reported methodological quality of split-mouth studies. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2007; 34(9):756-761.
– reference: Haukali G, Poulsen S. Effect of a varnish containing chlorhexidines and thymol (Cervitec®) on approximal caries in 13- to 16-year-old schoolchildren in a low caries area. Caries Research 2003; 37:185-189.
– reference: Chung K, Salkin L, Stein M, Freedman A. Clinical evaluation of a biodegradable collagen membrane in guided tissue regeneration. Journal of Periodontology 1990; 61(12):732-736.
– reference: Mora F, Etienne D, Ouhayoun J. Treatment of interproximal angular defects by GTR: 1 year follow-up. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 1996; 23:599-606.
– reference: Pontoriero R, Wennstrom J, Lindhe J. The use of barrier membranes and enamel matrix proteins in the treatment of angular bone defects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1999; 26:833-840.
– reference: Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002; 21:1539-1558.
– reference: Higgins J, Green S (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration: http://www.cochrane-handbook.org, 2008.
– reference: Vaeth M, Poulsen S. Comments on a commentary: statistical evaluation of split mouth caries trials. Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology 1998; 26:80-83.
– reference: Molenberghs G, Verbeke G. Models for Discrete Longitudinal Data. Springer: Berlin, 2006.
– reference: Blumenthal N, Steinberg J. The use of collagen membrane barriers in conjunction with combined demineralized T bone-collagen gel implants in human infrabony defects. Journal of Periodontology 1996; 61(6):319-327.
– reference: Pritlove-Carson S, Palmer R, Floyd P. Evaluation of GTR in the treatment of paired periodontal defects. British Dental Journal 1995; 179:388-394.
– reference: Senn S. Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research. Wiley: New York, 1993.
– reference: Donner A, Zou G. Methods for the statistical analysis of binary data in split-smouth designs with baseline measurements. Statistics in Medicine 2007; 26:3476-3486.
– reference: Follman D, Elliott P, Suh I, Cutler J. Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. Clinical Epidemiology 1992; 45(7):769-773.
– reference: Riordan P, FitzGerald P. Outcome measures in split mouth caries trials and their statistical evaluation. Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology 1994; 22:192-197.
– reference: Palm A, Kirkegaard U, Poulsen S. The wand versus traditional injection for mandibular nerve block in children and adolescents: perceived pain and time of onset. Pediatric Dentistry 2004; 26(6):481-484.
– reference: Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal 2003; 327:557-560.
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– reference: Hujoel P, Loesche W. Efficiency of split-mouth designs. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1990; 17:722-728.
– reference: Verbeke G, Molenberghs G. Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data. Springer: New York, 2000.
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– reference: Hujoel P, DeRouen T. Validity issues in split-mouth trials. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1992; 19:625-627.
– reference: Andersen EB. Conditional Inference and Models for Measuring. Forskningsinstitut: Copenhagen, 1973.
– reference: Hujoel P, Moulton L. Evaluation of test statistics in split-mouth clinical trials. Journal of Periodontology Research 1988; 23:378-380.
– reference: Antczak-Bouckoms A, Tulloch J, Berkey C. Split-mouth and cross-over designs in dental research. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1990; 17:446-453.
– reference: Donner A, Klar N, Zou G. Methods for the statistical analysis of binary data in split-cluster designs. Biometrics 2004; 60:919-925.
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  publication-title: Community Dentistry Oral Epidemiology
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Snippet The split‐mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split‐mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to...
The split-mouth design is a popular design in oral health research. In the most common split-mouth study, each of two treatments are randomly assigned to...
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StartPage 3470
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Analysis
Anesthesia - methods
Child
Chlorhexidine - pharmacology
Data Interpretation, Statistical
Dental Care - methods
Dental Caries - prevention & control
dental clinical trials
Design
Drug Combinations
Estimates
Female
Humans
intra-subject comparisons
Male
Medical research
Medical statistics
oral health research
Pain - prevention & control
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Research Design
split-mouth design
Thymol - pharmacology
Title The design and analysis of split-mouth studies: What statisticians and clinicians should know
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fsim.3634
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536744
https://www.proquest.com/docview/223134537
https://www.proquest.com/docview/734002519
Volume 28
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