The mitochondrial isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) and glucose homeostasis: Has it been overlooked?

Plasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of glucose from nutritional sources, glycogen stores, or gluconeogenesis. In this regard, a common pathway regulating both glucose clearance an...

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Published inBiochimica et biophysica acta Vol. 1840; no. 4; pp. 1313 - 1330
Main Authors Stark, Romana, Kibbey, Richard G.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.04.2014
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Abstract Plasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of glucose from nutritional sources, glycogen stores, or gluconeogenesis. In this regard, a common pathway regulating both glucose clearance and appearance has not been described. The metabolism of glucose to produce ATP is generally considered to be the primary stimulus for insulin release from beta-cells. Similarly, gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is believed to be the primarily pathway via the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). These models cannot adequately explain the regulation of insulin secretion or gluconeogenesis. A metabolic sensing pathway involving mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) and PEP synthesis by the mitochondrial isoform of PEPCK (PEPCK-M) is associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Here we examine whether there is evidence for a similar mtGTP-dependent pathway involved in gluconeogenesis. In both islets and the liver, mtGTP is produced at the substrate level by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase (SCS-GTP) with a rate proportional to the TCA cycle. In the beta-cell PEPCK-M then hydrolyzes mtGTP in the production of PEP that, unlike mtGTP, can escape the mitochondria to generate a signal for insulin release. Similarly, PEPCK-M and mtGTP might also provide a significant source of PEP in gluconeogenic tissues for the production of glucose. This review will focus on the possibility that PEPCK-M, as a sensor for TCA cycle flux, is a key mechanism to regulate both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis suggesting conservation of this biochemical mechanism in regulating multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we propose that this mechanism may be important for regulating insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis compared to canonical nutrient sensing pathways. PEPCK-M, initially believed to be absent in islets, carries a substantial metabolic flux in beta-cells. This flux is intimately involved with the coupling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PEPCK-M activity may have been similarly underestimated in glucose producing tissues and could potentially be an unappreciated but important source of gluconeogenesis. The generation of PEP via PEPCK-M may occur via a metabolic sensing pathway important for regulating both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research. The mitochondrial isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK-M) plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. As PEPCK-M is constitutively expressed and dependent upon mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP), it is well disposed to link the mitochondrial energy sensing signal “mtGTP” with insulin secretion in the pancreas (left) or glucose production (right) in the liver. Glucose that enters the β-cells of the pancreas (left) is degraded to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) during glycolysis and metabolized to pyruvate. Pyruvate that enters the TCA cycle by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) will generate GTP via direct synthesis by SCS-GTP. Anaplerotic pyruvate entry by pyruvate carboxylase (PC) will generate oxaloacetate. PEPCK-M will then consume oxaloacetate and GTP to produce PEP. In contrast to the pancreas, the liver has two PEPCK isoforms: cytosolic (PEPCK-C) and mitochondrial (PEPCK-M) and both produce PEP when there is adequate TCA flux (right). PEP can then be used for gluconeogenesis. The mtGTP/PEPCK-M pathway is a hormone-independent gluconeogenic pathway. GDH glutamate dehydrogenase. [Display omitted] •Mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) is produced at a rate proportional to TCA cycle flux.•PEPCK-M activity is dependent on mtGTP and thus linked to TCA cycle flux.•A mtGTP cycle between the enzymes SCS-GTP and PEPCK-M generates mitochondrial PEP.•The mtGTP cycle couples glucose metabolism to insulin secretion.•Mitochondrial PEP (mtPEP) generated by PEPCK-M may be a significant source of gluconeogenic flux.
AbstractList Plasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of glucose from nutritional sources, glycogen stores, or gluconeogenesis. In this regard, a common pathway regulating both glucose clearance and appearance has not been described. The metabolism of glucose to produce ATP is generally considered to be the primary stimulus for insulin release from beta-cells. Similarly, gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is believed to be the primarily pathway via the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). These models cannot adequately explain the regulation of insulin secretion or gluconeogenesis. A metabolic sensing pathway involving mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) and PEP synthesis by the mitochondrial isoform of PEPCK (PEPCK-M) is associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Here we examine whether there is evidence for a similar mtGTP-dependent pathway involved in gluconeogenesis. In both islets and the liver, mtGTP is produced at the substrate level by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase (SCS-GTP) with a rate proportional to the TCA cycle. In the beta-cell PEPCK-M then hydrolyzes mtGTP in the production of PEP that, unlike mtGTP, can escape the mitochondria to generate a signal for insulin release. Similarly, PEPCK-M and mtGTP might also provide a significant source of PEP in gluconeogenic tissues for the production of glucose. This review will focus on the possibility that PEPCK-M, as a sensor for TCA cycle flux, is a key mechanism to regulate both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis suggesting conservation of this biochemical mechanism in regulating multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we propose that this mechanism may be important for regulating insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis compared to canonical nutrient sensing pathways. PEPCK-M, initially believed to be absent in islets, carries a substantial metabolic flux in beta-cells. This flux is intimately involved with the coupling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PEPCK-M activity may have been similarly underestimated in glucose producing tissues and could potentially be an unappreciated but important source of gluconeogenesis. The generation of PEP via PEPCK-M may occur via a metabolic sensing pathway important for regulating both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
Plasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of glucose from nutritional sources, glycogen stores, or gluconeogenesis. In this regard, a common pathway regulating both glucose clearance and appearance has not been described. The metabolism of glucose to produce ATP is generally considered to be the primary stimulus for insulin release from beta-cells. Similarly, gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is believed to be the primarily pathway via the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). These models cannot adequately explain the regulation of insulin secretion or gluconeogenesis. A metabolic sensing pathway involving mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) and PEP synthesis by the mitochondrial isoform of PEPCK (PEPCK-M) is associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Here we examine whether there is evidence for a similar mtGTP-dependent pathway involved in gluconeogenesis. In both islets and the liver, mtGTP is produced at the substrate level by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase (SCS-GTP) with a rate proportional to the TCA cycle. In the beta-cell PEPCK-M then hydrolyzes mtGTP in the production of PEP that, unlike mtGTP, can escape the mitochondria to generate a signal for insulin release. Similarly, PEPCK-M and mtGTP might also provide a significant source of PEP in gluconeogenic tissues for the production of glucose. This review will focus on the possibility that PEPCK-M, as a sensor for TCA cycle flux, is a key mechanism to regulate both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis suggesting conservation of this biochemical mechanism in regulating multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we propose that this mechanism may be important for regulating insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis compared to canonical nutrient sensing pathways. PEPCK-M, initially believed to be absent in islets, carries a substantial metabolic flux in beta-cells. This flux is intimately involved with the coupling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PEPCK-M activity may have been similarly underestimated in glucose producing tissues and could potentially be an unappreciated but important source of gluconeogenesis. The generation of PEP via PEPCK-M may occur via a metabolic sensing pathway important for regulating both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research. The mitochondrial isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK-M) plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. As PEPCK-M is constitutively expressed and dependent upon mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP), it is well disposed to link the mitochondrial energy sensing signal “mtGTP” with insulin secretion in the pancreas (left) or glucose production (right) in the liver. Glucose that enters the β-cells of the pancreas (left) is degraded to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) during glycolysis and metabolized to pyruvate. Pyruvate that enters the TCA cycle by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) will generate GTP via direct synthesis by SCS-GTP. Anaplerotic pyruvate entry by pyruvate carboxylase (PC) will generate oxaloacetate. PEPCK-M will then consume oxaloacetate and GTP to produce PEP. In contrast to the pancreas, the liver has two PEPCK isoforms: cytosolic (PEPCK-C) and mitochondrial (PEPCK-M) and both produce PEP when there is adequate TCA flux (right). PEP can then be used for gluconeogenesis. The mtGTP/PEPCK-M pathway is a hormone-independent gluconeogenic pathway. GDH glutamate dehydrogenase. [Display omitted] •Mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) is produced at a rate proportional to TCA cycle flux.•PEPCK-M activity is dependent on mtGTP and thus linked to TCA cycle flux.•A mtGTP cycle between the enzymes SCS-GTP and PEPCK-M generates mitochondrial PEP.•The mtGTP cycle couples glucose metabolism to insulin secretion.•Mitochondrial PEP (mtPEP) generated by PEPCK-M may be a significant source of gluconeogenic flux.
Plasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of glucose from nutritional sources, glycogen stores, or gluconeogenesis. In this regard, a common pathway regulating both glucose clearance and appearance has not been described. The metabolism of glucose to produce ATP is generally considered to be the primary stimulus for insulin release from beta-cells. Similarly, gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is believed to be the primarily pathway via the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). These models cannot adequately explain the regulation of insulin secretion or gluconeogenesis.BACKGROUNDPlasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of glucose from nutritional sources, glycogen stores, or gluconeogenesis. In this regard, a common pathway regulating both glucose clearance and appearance has not been described. The metabolism of glucose to produce ATP is generally considered to be the primary stimulus for insulin release from beta-cells. Similarly, gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is believed to be the primarily pathway via the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). These models cannot adequately explain the regulation of insulin secretion or gluconeogenesis.A metabolic sensing pathway involving mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) and PEP synthesis by the mitochondrial isoform of PEPCK (PEPCK-M) is associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Here we examine whether there is evidence for a similar mtGTP-dependent pathway involved in gluconeogenesis. In both islets and the liver, mtGTP is produced at the substrate level by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase (SCS-GTP) with a rate proportional to the TCA cycle. In the beta-cell PEPCK-M then hydrolyzes mtGTP in the production of PEP that, unlike mtGTP, can escape the mitochondria to generate a signal for insulin release. Similarly, PEPCK-M and mtGTP might also provide a significant source of PEP in gluconeogenic tissues for the production of glucose. This review will focus on the possibility that PEPCK-M, as a sensor for TCA cycle flux, is a key mechanism to regulate both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis suggesting conservation of this biochemical mechanism in regulating multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we propose that this mechanism may be important for regulating insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis compared to canonical nutrient sensing pathways.SCOPE OF REVIEWA metabolic sensing pathway involving mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) and PEP synthesis by the mitochondrial isoform of PEPCK (PEPCK-M) is associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Here we examine whether there is evidence for a similar mtGTP-dependent pathway involved in gluconeogenesis. In both islets and the liver, mtGTP is produced at the substrate level by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase (SCS-GTP) with a rate proportional to the TCA cycle. In the beta-cell PEPCK-M then hydrolyzes mtGTP in the production of PEP that, unlike mtGTP, can escape the mitochondria to generate a signal for insulin release. Similarly, PEPCK-M and mtGTP might also provide a significant source of PEP in gluconeogenic tissues for the production of glucose. This review will focus on the possibility that PEPCK-M, as a sensor for TCA cycle flux, is a key mechanism to regulate both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis suggesting conservation of this biochemical mechanism in regulating multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we propose that this mechanism may be important for regulating insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis compared to canonical nutrient sensing pathways.PEPCK-M, initially believed to be absent in islets, carries a substantial metabolic flux in beta-cells. This flux is intimately involved with the coupling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PEPCK-M activity may have been similarly underestimated in glucose producing tissues and could potentially be an unappreciated but important source of gluconeogenesis.MAJOR CONCLUSIONSPEPCK-M, initially believed to be absent in islets, carries a substantial metabolic flux in beta-cells. This flux is intimately involved with the coupling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PEPCK-M activity may have been similarly underestimated in glucose producing tissues and could potentially be an unappreciated but important source of gluconeogenesis.The generation of PEP via PEPCK-M may occur via a metabolic sensing pathway important for regulating both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.GENERAL SIGNIFICANCEThe generation of PEP via PEPCK-M may occur via a metabolic sensing pathway important for regulating both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
Plasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of glucose from nutritional sources, glycogen stores, or gluconeogenesis. In this regard, a common pathway regulating both glucose clearance and appearance has not been described. The metabolism of glucose to produce ATP is generally considered to be the primary stimulus for insulin release from beta-cells. Similarly, gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is believed to be the primarily pathway via the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). These models cannot adequately explain the regulation of insulin secretion or gluconeogenesis.A metabolic sensing pathway involving mitochondrial GTP (mtGTP) and PEP synthesis by the mitochondrial isoform of PEPCK (PEPCK-M) is associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells. Here we examine whether there is evidence for a similar mtGTP-dependent pathway involved in gluconeogenesis. In both islets and the liver, mtGTP is produced at the substrate level by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase (SCS-GTP) with a rate proportional to the TCA cycle. In the beta-cell PEPCK-M then hydrolyzes mtGTP in the production of PEP that, unlike mtGTP, can escape the mitochondria to generate a signal for insulin release. Similarly, PEPCK-M and mtGTP might also provide a significant source of PEP in gluconeogenic tissues for the production of glucose. This review will focus on the possibility that PEPCK-M, as a sensor for TCA cycle flux, is a key mechanism to regulate both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis suggesting conservation of this biochemical mechanism in regulating multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we propose that this mechanism may be important for regulating insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis compared to canonical nutrient sensing pathways.PEPCK-M, initially believed to be absent in islets, carries a substantial metabolic flux in beta-cells. This flux is intimately involved with the coupling of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PEPCK-M activity may have been similarly underestimated in glucose producing tissues and could potentially be an unappreciated but important source of gluconeogenesis.The generation of PEP via PEPCK-M may occur via a metabolic sensing pathway important for regulating both insulin secretion and gluconeogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
Author Kibbey, Richard G.
Stark, Romana
AuthorAffiliation 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA
1 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA
– name: 1 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Romana
  surname: Stark
  fullname: Stark, Romana
  email: romana.stark@monash.edu
  organization: Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Richard G.
  surname: Kibbey
  fullname: Kibbey, Richard G.
  email: richard.kibbey@yale.edu
  organization: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24177027$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 4
Keywords αKG
mtPEP
GTP
SCS
ITP
mtGlyc-3-PDH
Mitochondrial GTP
ANT
αKGT
mtGTP
GDH
Insulin secretion
MDH
Glu
LDH
SCS-ATP
IDP
PEPCK-M
NDPK
PDH
mtAAT
SCS-GTP
CIC
cytGlyc-3-PDH
cytMDH
Glyc-3-PDH
Asp
DIC
Gluconeogenesis
PEPCK
Asp/Glu
Anaplerosis
OAA
PEPCK-C
Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
PC
AAT
GSIS
cytAAT
Mal
PEP
PK
GAPDH
mtMDH
Language English
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Snippet Plasma glucose levels are tightly regulated within a narrow physiologic range. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake by tissues must be balanced by the appearance of...
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SubjectTerms adenosine triphosphate
Anaplerosis
Animals
blood glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis - physiology
glucose
Glucose - metabolism
glycogen
guanosine triphosphate
homeostasis
Homeostasis - physiology
Humans
insulin
Insulin secretion
Insulin-Secreting Cells - physiology
islets of Langerhans
Isoenzymes - physiology
liver
mitochondria
Mitochondria - enzymology
Mitochondria - metabolism
Mitochondrial GTP
Mitochondrial Proteins - physiology
PEPCK-M
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) - physiology
Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase
tissues
tricarboxylic acid cycle
Title The mitochondrial isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) and glucose homeostasis: Has it been overlooked?
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.033
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24177027
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1514438504
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000226869
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3943549
Volume 1840
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