The many faces of the anti-COVID immune response

The novel 2019 strain of coronavirus is a source of profound morbidity and mortality worldwide. Compared with recent viral outbreaks, COVID-19 infection has a relatively high mortality rate, the reasons for which are not entirely clear. Furthermore, treatment options for COVID-19 infection are curre...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inThe Journal of experimental medicine Vol. 217; no. 6
Main Authors Vardhana, Santosha A., Wolchok, Jedd D.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Rockefeller University Press 01.06.2020
Subjects
Adaptive Immunity - drug effects
Adaptive Immunity - immunology
Betacoronavirus - drug effects
Betacoronavirus - immunology
Betacoronavirus - pathogenicity
Coronavirus Infections - immunology
Coronavirus Infections - pathology
Coronavirus Infections - therapy
COVID-19
Cytokine Release Syndrome - immunology
Cytokine Release Syndrome - pathology
Cytokine Release Syndrome - therapy
Humans
Hypoxia - pathology
Hypoxia - therapy
Immunity, Innate - drug effects
Immunity, Innate - immunology
Infectious Disease and Host Defense
Inflammation - immunology
Inflammation - pathology
Inflammation - therapy
Innate Immunity and Inflammation
Interleukin-6 - antagonists & inhibitors
Interleukin-6 - immunology
Lymphopenia - immunology
Lymphopenia - pathology
Lymphopenia - therapy
Macrophages - immunology
Macrophages - pathology
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - immunology
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - pathogenicity
Pandemics
Pneumonia, Viral - immunology
Pneumonia, Viral - pathology
Pneumonia, Viral - therapy
Respiration, Artificial
Respiratory Distress Syndrome - pathology
Respiratory Distress Syndrome - therapy
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus - immunology
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus - pathogenicity
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Summary:The novel 2019 strain of coronavirus is a source of profound morbidity and mortality worldwide. Compared with recent viral outbreaks, COVID-19 infection has a relatively high mortality rate, the reasons for which are not entirely clear. Furthermore, treatment options for COVID-19 infection are currently limited. In this Perspective, we explore the contributions of the innate and adaptive immune systems to both viral control as well as toxicity during COVID-19 infections and offer suggestions to both understand and therapeutically modulate anti-COVID immunity.
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Disclosures: S.A. Vardhana reported personal fees from Immunai and personal fees from ADC Therapeutics outside the submitted work; in addition, S.A. Vardhana had a patent to PCT/US19/27610 pending. J.D. Wolchok reported personal fees from Tizona Pharmaceuticals, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Imvaq, Beigene, and Linneaus; and grants from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Sephora outside the submitted work. In addition, J.D. Wolchok had a patent to alphavirus replicon particles expressing TRP2 issued, a patent to Newcastle disease viruses for cancer therapy issued, a patent to xenogeneic DNA vaccines with royalties paid "Merial," a patent to myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) assay with royalties paid "Serametrix," a patent to anti-PD1 antibody licensed "Agenus," a patent to anti-CTLA4 antibodies licensed "Agenus," a patent to anti-GITR antibodies and methods of use thereof licensed "Agenus/Incyte," a patent to genomic signature to identify responders to ipilimumab in melanoma pending, a patent to engineered vaccinia viruses for cancer immunotherapy pending, a patent to anti-CD40 agonist mAb fused to monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) for cancer therapy pending, a patent to CAR+ T cells targeting differentiation antigens as means to treat cancer pending, a patent to identifying and treating subjects at risk for checkpoint blockade therapy associated colitis pending, a patent to immunosuppressive follicular helper-like T cells modulated by immune checkpoint blockade pending, and a patent to phosphatidylserine targeting agents and uses thereof for adoptive T-cell therapies pending. J.D. Wolchok is a paid consultant for: Adaptive Biotech, Amgen, Apricity, Ascentage Pharma, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Elucida, F Star, Imvaq, Janssen, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Linneaus, Merck, Neon Therapuetics, Novaritis, Polynoma, Psioxus, Recepta, Takara Bio, Trieza, Truvax, Serametrix, Surface Oncology, Syndax, and Syntalogic.
ISSN:0022-1007
1540-9538
1540-9538
DOI:10.1084/jem.20200678