Droplet size spectra and drift effect of two phenmedipham formulations and four adjuvants mixtures
The effect of 4 adjuvants on two formulations of phenmedipham (EC and SC) applied with three types of hydraulic nozzles (hollow cone, flat fan and air induction) was evaluated using a wind tunnel to determine spray drift potential (DP). The volume median diameter (VMD) and the percentage by volume o...
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| Published in | Crop protection Vol. 25; no. 12; pp. 1238 - 1243 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article Web Resource |
| Language | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.12.2006
Elsevier |
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| Abstract | The effect of 4 adjuvants on two formulations of phenmedipham (EC and SC) applied with three types of hydraulic nozzles (hollow cone, flat fan and air induction) was evaluated using a wind tunnel to determine spray drift potential (DP). The volume median diameter (VMD) and the percentage by volume of droplets less than 100
μm diameter was determined using a Malvern particle size analyser. In a wind tunnel DP was measured between 2 and 6
m downwind of the nozzle on glass fibre collectors using a fluorescent tracer. The EC formulation produced a smaller VMD and larger DP than the SC formulation irrespective of any effect due to adjuvants. DP increased as the proportion of small droplets increased. |
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| AbstractList | Droplet size spectra and drift effect of two phenmedipham formulations and four adjuvants mixtures were examined. The volume median diameter (VMD) and the percentage by volume of droplets less than 100 mu m diameters were determined using a Malvern particle size analyzer. In a wind tunnel drift potential (DP) was measured between 2 and 6 m downward of the nozzle on glass fiber collector using fluorescent tracer. The emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation produced a smaller VMD and larger DP than the SC formulation irrespective of any effect due to adjuvants. DP increased as the proportion of small droplets increased. The presence of solvents in an EC formulation was a factor that influenced the amount of drift depending on the volatility and specific gravity of the spray. The effect of 4 adjuvants on two formulations of phenmedipham (EC and SC) applied with three types of hydraulic nozzles (hollow cone, flat fan and air induction) was evaluated using a wind tunnel to determine spray drift potential (DP). The volume median diameter (VMD) and the percentage by volume of droplets less than 100 μm diameter was determined using a Malvern particle size analyser. In a wind tunnel DP was measured between 2 and 6 m downwind of the nozzle on glass fibre collectors using a fluorescent tracer. The EC formulation produced a smaller VMD and larger DP than the SC formulation irrespective of any effect due to adjuvants. DP increased as the proportion of small droplets increased. The effect of 4 adjuvants on two formulations of phenmedipham (EC and SC) applied with three types of hydraulic nozzles (hollow cone, flat fan and air induction) was evaluated using a wind tunnel to determine spray drift potential (DP). The volume median diameter (VMD) and the percentage by volume of droplets less than 100 μm diameter was determined using a Malvern particle size analyser. In a wind tunnel DP was measured between 2 and 6 m downwind of the nozzle on glass fibre collectors using a fluorescent tracer. The EC formulation produced a smaller VMD and larger DP than the SC formulation irrespective of any effect due to adjuvants. DP increased as the proportion of small droplets increased. Relative drift potential was evaluated for three types of hydraulic nozzles (a flat-fan nozzle, a hollow cone nozzle and an air induction nozzle) spraying different liquids: water, emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and suspension concentrate (SC) formulations of phenmedipham dispersed in water, with or without addition of 4 different tank-mix adjuvants. The droplet size spectra were measured for these 15 spray mixtures using a Malvern Particle Sizer and characterised by the Volume Median Diameter (VMD) and the percentage of liquid contained in droplets less than 100 m (% < 100 m). Horizontal ground drift was measured in a wind tunnel, on glass fibre collectors using a fluorescent tracer dye technique. The relative drift of each spray mixture was characterised by the Drifted Part (DP) which is the part of the sprayed volume drifted between 2 and 6 metres. Although the nozzle type was the predominating parameter regarding to the droplet size spectra and the DP, differences were observed due to the liquids characteristics. The EC formulation produced a smaller droplet size and a greater DP than the SC formulation whatever the tank mix adjuvant used. For the different spray mixtures, the DP was poorly correlated to the VMD or the % < 100 m. However, correlations between the VMD, the % < 100 m and the DP of the flat-fan nozzle and of the hollow cone nozzle were significant. This suggests that a reference nozzle could be used to estimate the drift potential of other nozzle with a similar liquid sheet break-up mechanism. |
| Author | Stainier, C. Destain, M.-F. Schiffers, B. Lebeau, F. |
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| References | Murphy, Miller, Parkin (bib8) 2000; 75 Miller, Butler Ellis (bib7) 2000; 19 Butler Ellis, M.C., Bradley, 2002. The influence of formulation on spray drift. Aspect of Applied Biology 66, International Advances in Pesticide Application, pp. 257–259. Walkate, P.J., Miller, P.C.H., Gilbert, A.J., 2000. Drift classification of boom sprayers based on single nozzle measurements in a wind tunnel. Aspects of Applied Biology 57, Pesticide Application, pp. 49–56. Stainier, C, Lebeau, F., Straet, S., Phaleg, V., Destain, M.-F., Schiffers, B., 2004. Study by image analysis and laser-based droplet size distribution measurement of the influence of eight adjuvants on the spray formation for three agricultural spray nozzles. AFPP, colloque Mieux Traiter, 10–11 March, Orléans, France. Butler Ellis, Tuck (bib2) 1999; 18 Parkin, Wheeler (bib9) 1996; 63 ISO. 2005. ISO/DIS 22856-1 Equipment for Crop Protection—Laboratory Measurement of Spray Drift—Part 1: Wind Tunnels. Matthews (bib6) 2000 Butler Ellis, Tuck, Miller (bib3) 2001; 180 Dagnelie (bib4) 1998 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib5 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib11 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib1 Miller (10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib7) 2000; 19 Butler Ellis (10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib2) 1999; 18 Butler Ellis (10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib3) 2001; 180 Parkin (10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib9) 1996; 63 Matthews (10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib6) 2000 Murphy (10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib8) 2000; 75 Dagnelie (10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib4) 1998 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib10 |
| References_xml | – volume: 19 start-page: 609 year: 2000 end-page: 615 ident: bib7 article-title: Effects of formulation on spray nozzle performance for applications from ground-based sprayers publication-title: Crop Protect. contributor: fullname: Butler Ellis – volume: 63 start-page: 35 year: 1996 end-page: 44 ident: bib9 article-title: Influence of spray induced vortices on the movement of drops in wind tunnels publication-title: J. Agric. Eng. Res. contributor: fullname: Wheeler – year: 2000 ident: bib6 article-title: Pesticide Application Methods contributor: fullname: Matthews – volume: 18 start-page: 101 year: 1999 end-page: 109 ident: bib2 article-title: How adjuvants influence spray formation with different hydraulic nozzles publication-title: Crop Protect. contributor: fullname: Tuck – volume: 180 start-page: 267 year: 2001 end-page: 276 ident: bib3 article-title: How surface tension of surfactant solutions influences the characteristics of sprays produced by hydraulic nozzles used for pesticides application publication-title: Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects contributor: fullname: Miller – year: 1998 ident: bib4 article-title: Statistique théorique et appliqué, tome 2 Inférence statistiques à une et à deux dimensions contributor: fullname: Dagnelie – volume: 75 start-page: 127 year: 2000 end-page: 137 ident: bib8 article-title: The effect of boom section and nozzle configuration on the risk of spray drift publication-title: J. Agric. Eng. Res. contributor: fullname: Parkin – ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib5 – volume: 19 start-page: 609 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib7 article-title: Effects of formulation on spray nozzle performance for applications from ground-based sprayers publication-title: Crop Protect. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00080-6 contributor: fullname: Miller – ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib1 – ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib11 – volume: 75 start-page: 127 year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib8 article-title: The effect of boom section and nozzle configuration on the risk of spray drift publication-title: J. Agric. Eng. Res. doi: 10.1006/jaer.1999.0491 contributor: fullname: Murphy – volume: 63 start-page: 35 year: 1996 ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib9 article-title: Influence of spray induced vortices on the movement of drops in wind tunnels publication-title: J. Agric. Eng. Res. doi: 10.1006/jaer.1996.0005 contributor: fullname: Parkin – ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib10 – volume: 18 start-page: 101 year: 1999 ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib2 article-title: How adjuvants influence spray formation with different hydraulic nozzles publication-title: Crop Protect. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00097-0 contributor: fullname: Butler Ellis – volume: 180 start-page: 267 year: 2001 ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib3 article-title: How surface tension of surfactant solutions influences the characteristics of sprays produced by hydraulic nozzles used for pesticides application publication-title: Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00776-7 contributor: fullname: Butler Ellis – year: 1998 ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib4 contributor: fullname: Dagnelie – year: 2000 ident: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.03.006_bib6 contributor: fullname: Matthews |
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| Snippet | The effect of 4 adjuvants on two formulations of phenmedipham (EC and SC) applied with three types of hydraulic nozzles (hollow cone, flat fan and air... Droplet size spectra and drift effect of two phenmedipham formulations and four adjuvants mixtures were examined. The volume median diameter (VMD) and the... Relative drift potential was evaluated for three types of hydraulic nozzles (a flat-fan nozzle, a hollow cone nozzle and an air induction nozzle) spraying... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adjuvant Agriculture & agronomie Agriculture & agronomy Drift Droplet size emulsifiable concentrate formulation equipment design Formulation Life sciences Nozzle nozzles pesticide adjuvants pesticide formulations Pesticides phenmedipham Sciences du vivant spray drift surfactants suspension concentrate formulation |
| Title | Droplet size spectra and drift effect of two phenmedipham formulations and four adjuvants mixtures |
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