Biochar for crop production: potential benefits and risks

Purpose Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its potential benefits for soil health, crop yield, carbon (C) sequestration, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Materials and methods In this r...

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Published in	Journal of soils and sediments Vol. 17; no. 3; pp. 685 - 716
Main Authors	Hussain, Mubshar, Farooq, Muhammad, Nawaz, Ahmad, Al-Sadi, Abdullah M., Solaiman, Zakaria M., Alghamdi, Salem S., Ammara, Ume, Ok, Yong Sik, Siddique, Kadambot H. M.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.03.2017 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects	Agricultural production biochar Biochar for a Sustainable Environment Biomass byproducts carbon certification Charcoal Community composition community structure Contaminants Crop production Crop yield Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Physics fauna feedstocks greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gases Heavy metals herbicides long term effects nutrient use efficiency Pesticides Plant growth preemergent weed control Quality standards Rhizosphere risk Soil amendment soil amendments Soil conditioners Soil nutrients soil quality Soil Science & Conservation Soil types Thermal decomposition thermal degradation Toxicants water holding capacity Weed control Soil quality Biochar Soil fertility Crop productivity Soil amendment
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Abstract	Purpose Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its potential benefits for soil health, crop yield, carbon (C) sequestration, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Materials and methods In this review, we discuss the potential role of biochar for improving crop yields and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases, along with the potential risks involved with biochar application and strategies to avoid these risks. Results and discussion Biochar soil amendment improves crop productivity mainly by increasing nutrient use efficiency and water holding capacity. However, improvements to crop production are often recorded in highly degraded and nutrient-poor soils, while its application to fertile and healthy soils does not always increase crop yield. Since biochars are produced from a variety of feedstocks, certain contaminants can be present. Heavy metals in biochar may affect plant growth as well as rhizosphere microbial and faunal communities and functions. Biochar manufacturers should get certification that their products meet International Biochar Initiative (IBI) quality standards (basic utility properties, toxicant assessment, advanced analysis, and soil enhancement properties). Conclusions The long-term effects of biochar on soil functions and its fate in different soil types require immediate attention. Biochar may change the soil biological community composition and abundance and retain the pesticides applied. As a consequence, weed control in biochar-amended soils may be difficult as preemergence herbicides may become less effective.
AbstractList	Purpose Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its potential benefits for soil health, crop yield, carbon (C) sequestration, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Materials and methods In this review, we discuss the potential role of biochar for improving crop yields and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases, along with the potential risks involved with biochar application and strategies to avoid these risks. Results and discussion Biochar soil amendment improves crop productivity mainly by increasing nutrient use efficiency and water holding capacity. However, improvements to crop production are often recorded in highly degraded and nutrient-poor soils, while its application to fertile and healthy soils does not always increase crop yield. Since biochars are produced from a variety of feedstocks, certain contaminants can be present. Heavy metals in biochar may affect plant growth as well as rhizosphere microbial and faunal communities and functions. Biochar manufacturers should get certification that their products meet International Biochar Initiative (IBI) quality standards (basic utility properties, toxicant assessment, advanced analysis, and soil enhancement properties). Conclusions The long-term effects of biochar on soil functions and its fate in different soil types require immediate attention. Biochar may change the soil biological community composition and abundance and retain the pesticides applied. As a consequence, weed control in biochar-amended soils may be difficult as preemergence herbicides may become less effective. Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its potential benefits for soil health, crop yield, carbon (C) sequestration, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. In this review, we discuss the potential role of biochar for improving crop yields and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases, along with the potential risks involved with biochar application and strategies to avoid these risks. Biochar soil amendment improves crop productivity mainly by increasing nutrient use efficiency and water holding capacity. However, improvements to crop production are often recorded in highly degraded and nutrient-poor soils, while its application to fertile and healthy soils does not always increase crop yield. Since biochars are produced from a variety of feedstocks, certain contaminants can be present. Heavy metals in biochar may affect plant growth as well as rhizosphere microbial and faunal communities and functions. Biochar manufacturers should get certification that their products meet International Biochar Initiative (IBI) quality standards (basic utility properties, toxicant assessment, advanced analysis, and soil enhancement properties). The long-term effects of biochar on soil functions and its fate in different soil types require immediate attention. Biochar may change the soil biological community composition and abundance and retain the pesticides applied. As a consequence, weed control in biochar-amended soils may be difficult as preemergence herbicides may become less effective. PURPOSE: Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its potential benefits for soil health, crop yield, carbon (C) sequestration, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this review, we discuss the potential role of biochar for improving crop yields and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases, along with the potential risks involved with biochar application and strategies to avoid these risks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Biochar soil amendment improves crop productivity mainly by increasing nutrient use efficiency and water holding capacity. However, improvements to crop production are often recorded in highly degraded and nutrient-poor soils, while its application to fertile and healthy soils does not always increase crop yield. Since biochars are produced from a variety of feedstocks, certain contaminants can be present. Heavy metals in biochar may affect plant growth as well as rhizosphere microbial and faunal communities and functions. Biochar manufacturers should get certification that their products meet International Biochar Initiative (IBI) quality standards (basic utility properties, toxicant assessment, advanced analysis, and soil enhancement properties). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term effects of biochar on soil functions and its fate in different soil types require immediate attention. Biochar may change the soil biological community composition and abundance and retain the pesticides applied. As a consequence, weed control in biochar-amended soils may be difficult as preemergence herbicides may become less effective.
Author	Hussain, Mubshar Alghamdi, Salem S. Nawaz, Ahmad Farooq, Muhammad Ok, Yong Sik Siddique, Kadambot H. M. Solaiman, Zakaria M. Al-Sadi, Abdullah M. Ammara, Ume
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mubshar surname: Hussain fullname: Hussain, Mubshar organization: Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University – sequence: 2 givenname: Muhammad surname: Farooq fullname: Farooq, Muhammad email: mfarooq@uaf.edu.pk organization: Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University – sequence: 3 givenname: Ahmad surname: Nawaz fullname: Nawaz, Ahmad organization: Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Carbon Management and Sequestration Centre, School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Abdullah M. surname: Al-Sadi fullname: Al-Sadi, Abdullah M. organization: College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University – sequence: 5 givenname: Zakaria M. surname: Solaiman fullname: Solaiman, Zakaria M. organization: The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia – sequence: 6 givenname: Salem S. surname: Alghamdi fullname: Alghamdi, Salem S. organization: College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University – sequence: 7 givenname: Ume surname: Ammara fullname: Ammara, Ume organization: College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University – sequence: 8 givenname: Yong Sik surname: Ok fullname: Ok, Yong Sik organization: Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University – sequence: 9 givenname: Kadambot H. M. surname: Siddique fullname: Siddique, Kadambot H. M. organization: The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia
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Snippet	Purpose Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its... Purpose Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its... Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its potential... PURPOSE: Biochar, the by-product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in an oxygen-limited environment, is increasingly being investigated due to its...
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SubjectTerms	Agricultural production biochar Biochar for a Sustainable Environment Biomass byproducts carbon certification Charcoal Community composition community structure Contaminants Crop production Crop yield Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Physics fauna feedstocks greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gases Heavy metals herbicides long term effects nutrient use efficiency Pesticides Plant growth preemergent weed control Quality standards Rhizosphere risk Soil amendment soil amendments Soil conditioners Soil nutrients soil quality Soil Science & Conservation Soil types Thermal decomposition thermal degradation Toxicants water holding capacity Weed control
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Title	Biochar for crop production: potential benefits and risks
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