Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency?
Atom interferometers allow the measurement of the acceleration of freely falling atoms with respect to an experimental platform at rest on Earth's surface. Such experiments have been used to test the universality of free fall by comparing the acceleration of the atoms to that of a classical fre...
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Published in | Classical and quantum gravity Vol. 28; no. 14; p. 145017 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Bristol
IOP Publishing
21.07.2011
Institute of Physics |
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Abstract | Atom interferometers allow the measurement of the acceleration of freely falling atoms with respect to an experimental platform at rest on Earth's surface. Such experiments have been used to test the universality of free fall by comparing the acceleration of the atoms to that of a classical freely falling object. In a recent paper, Müller, Peters and Chu [ A precision measurement of the gravitational redshift by the interference of matter waves, Nature 463, 926-929 (2010) ] argued that atom interferometers also provide a very accurate test of the gravitational redshift (or universality of clock rates). Considering the atom as a clock operating at the Compton frequency associated with the rest mass, they claimed that the interferometer measures the gravitational redshift between the atom-clocks in the two paths of the interferometer at different values of gravitational potentials. In the present paper we analyze this claim in the frame of general relativity and of different alternative theories. We show that the difference of " Compton phases " between the two paths of the interferometer is actually zero in a large class of theories, including general relativity, all metric theories of gravity, most non-metric theories and most theoretical frameworks used to interpret the violations of the equivalence principle. Therefore, in most plausible theoretical frameworks, there is no redshift effect and atom interferometers only test the universality of free fall. We also show that frameworks in which atom interferometers would test the redshift pose serious problems, such as (i) violation of the Schiff conjecture, (ii) violation of the Feynman path integral formulation of quantum mechanics and of the principle of least action for matter waves, (iii) violation of energy conservation, and more generally (iv) violation of the particle-wave duality in quantum mechanics. Standard quantum mechanics is no longer valid in such frameworks, so that a consistent interpretation of the experiment would require an alternative formulation of quantum mechanics. As such an alternative has not been proposed to date, we conclude that the interpretation of atom interferometers as testing the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency is unsound. |
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AbstractList | Atom interferometers allow the measurement of the acceleration of freely falling atoms with respect to an experimental platform at rest on Earth's surface. Such experiments have been used to test the universality of free fall by comparing the acceleration of the atoms to that of a classical freely falling object. In a recent paper, Müller, Peters and Chu [ A precision measurement of the gravitational redshift by the interference of matter waves, Nature 463, 926-929 (2010) ] argued that atom interferometers also provide a very accurate test of the gravitational redshift (or universality of clock rates). Considering the atom as a clock operating at the Compton frequency associated with the rest mass, they claimed that the interferometer measures the gravitational redshift between the atom-clocks in the two paths of the interferometer at different values of gravitational potentials. In the present paper we analyze this claim in the frame of general relativity and of different alternative theories. We show that the difference of " Compton phases " between the two paths of the interferometer is actually zero in a large class of theories, including general relativity, all metric theories of gravity, most non-metric theories and most theoretical frameworks used to interpret the violations of the equivalence principle. Therefore, in most plausible theoretical frameworks, there is no redshift effect and atom interferometers only test the universality of free fall. We also show that frameworks in which atom interferometers would test the redshift pose serious problems, such as (i) violation of the Schiff conjecture, (ii) violation of the Feynman path integral formulation of quantum mechanics and of the principle of least action for matter waves, (iii) violation of energy conservation, and more generally (iv) violation of the particle-wave duality in quantum mechanics. Standard quantum mechanics is no longer valid in such frameworks, so that a consistent interpretation of the experiment would require an alternative formulation of quantum mechanics. As such an alternative has not been proposed to date, we conclude that the interpretation of atom interferometers as testing the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency is unsound. |
Author | Bordé, Christian J Reynaud, Serge Wolf, Peter Salomon, Christophe Blanchet, Luc Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude |
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Keywords | Red shift General relativity Duality Equivalence principle Free fall Feynman path integral Gravitational potential Energy conservation Gravitational red shift Violations Quantum mechanics Matter wave Gravity Physical Sciences |
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References | 44 46 47 49 Sinha S Samuel J (43) 2011 Bordé Ch J (24) 2002; 39 Damour T (48) 2010; 37 51 52 53 10 11 12 56 Braginsky V (5) 1972; 34 13 14 16 17 18 19 Chazy J (1) 1930 3 Hohensee M Estey B Monsalve F Kim G Kuan P-C Lan S-Y Yu N Peters A Chu S Müller H (36) 2010 4 6 7 8 9 20 21 22 23 25 26 Bertotti B (2) 1962 27 28 de Broglie L (38) 1923; 2 Kostelecky V Tasson J (54) 2010 29 Giulini D (55) 2011 Will C M (15) 1993 30 32 33 34 35 37 39 Cladé P (45) 2005; 71 Dicke R (50) 1964 Merlet S (31) 2010; 47 40 41 42 |
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Snippet | Atom interferometers allow the measurement of the acceleration of freely falling atoms with respect to an experimental platform at rest on Earth's surface.... |
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SubjectTerms | Exact sciences and technology General relativity and gravitation General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology Physics |
Title | Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency? |
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