Online Signature Analysis for Characterizing Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease: A Feasibility Study
We aimed to explore the online signature modality for characterizing early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A few studies have explored this modality, whereas many on online handwriting have been published. We focused on the analysis of raw temporal functions acquired by the digitizer on signatures p...
Saved in:
| Published in | Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 21; no. 10; pp. 956 - 1 - 956-12 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Basel
MDPI AG
01.10.2019
MDPI |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | We aimed to explore the online signature modality for characterizing early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A few studies have explored this modality, whereas many on online handwriting have been published. We focused on the analysis of raw temporal functions acquired by the digitizer on signatures produced during a simulated check-filling task. Sample entropy was exploited to measure the information content in raw time sequences. We show that signatures of early-stage AD patients have lower information content than those of healthy persons, especially in the time sequences of pen pressure and pen altitude angle with respect to the tablet. The combination of entropy values on two signatures for each person was classified with two linear classifiers often used in the literature: support vector machine and linear discriminant analysis. The improvements in sensitivity and specificity were significant with respect to the a priori group probabilities in our population of AD patients and healthy subjects. We show that altitude angle, when combined with pen pressure, conveys crucial information on the wrist-hand-finger system during signature production for pathology detection. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | We aimed to explore the online signature modality for characterizing early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). A few studies have explored this modality, whereas many on online handwriting have been published. We focused on the analysis of raw temporal functions acquired by the digitizer on signatures produced during a simulated check-filling task. Sample entropy was exploited to measure the information content in raw time sequences. We show that signatures of early-stage AD patients have lower information content than those of healthy persons, especially in the time sequences of pen pressure and pen altitude angle with respect to the tablet. The combination of entropy values on two signatures for each person was classified with two linear classifiers often used in the literature: support vector machine and linear discriminant analysis. The improvements in sensitivity and specificity were significant with respect to the a priori group probabilities in our population of AD patients and healthy subjects. We show that altitude angle, when combined with pen pressure, conveys crucial information on the wrist-hand-finger system during signature production for pathology detection. |
| Author | Abazid, Majd Wang, Zelong Rigaud, Anne-Sophie Garcia-Salicetti, Sonia Houmani, Nesma |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 SAMOVAR, Telecom SudParis, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 9 rue Charles Fourier, 91011 Evry, France 1 Electronics and Physics Department, Telecom SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 9 rue Charles Fourier, 91011 Evry, France 3 AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Paris Centre, Hôpital Broca, Pôle Gérontologie, 75013 Paris, France 4 L’unité de Recherche Universitaire EA 4468, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 SAMOVAR, Telecom SudParis, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 9 rue Charles Fourier, 91011 Evry, France – name: 1 Electronics and Physics Department, Telecom SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 9 rue Charles Fourier, 91011 Evry, France – name: 3 AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Paris Centre, Hôpital Broca, Pôle Gérontologie, 75013 Paris, France – name: 4 L’unité de Recherche Universitaire EA 4468, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zelong surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zelong – sequence: 2 givenname: Majd surname: Abazid fullname: Abazid, Majd – sequence: 3 givenname: Nesma orcidid: 0000-0002-5048-9313 surname: Houmani fullname: Houmani, Nesma – sequence: 4 givenname: Sonia surname: Garcia-Salicetti fullname: Garcia-Salicetti, Sonia – sequence: 5 givenname: Anne-Sophie surname: Rigaud fullname: Rigaud, Anne-Sophie |
| BackLink | https://hal.science/hal-02380209$$DView record in HAL |
| BookMark | eNptkc1q3DAQx0VIIR_tIW9gyKmHbfRhWXYPhWWbNIGFHNKexVgee7VorVSSA5tTX6Ov1yepthvSJvSkYfSb3wj9T8jh6Eck5IzRD0I09AI5Y5Q2sjogx4w2zawUlB7-Ux-RkxjXlHLBWXVMzO3o7IjFnR1GSFPAYj6C20Ybi96HYrGCACZhsI92HIpLCG5b3CUYMuceV2g3GH79-BmLzzYiRPxYzIurXNjWOpt26NRt35I3PbiI757OU_Lt6vLr4nq2vP1ys5gvZ6YsVZpJUbLeSOxl1UtO25a1ArHuuOgYqFZK3vFSdqISTclE1_SMcSmgMVVHGeW9OCU3e2_nYa3vg91A2GoPVv9p-DBoCMkah5rXvJI9RSVqk38FgGHdMKEUgEChaHZ92rvup3aDncExBXAvpC9vRrvSg3_QSrKS1yoL3u8Fq1dj1_Ol3vVyAjXltHlgmT1_Whb89wlj0ms_hZxD1FyWtahVpcq_RhN8jAH7Zy2jehe-fg4_sxevWGMTJOt3j7XuPxO_Ae3gskk |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3233_JAD_240362 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics10040456 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_15357_2 crossref_primary_10_3390_bioengineering9080375 crossref_primary_10_3233_JAD_230438 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12559_021_09938_2 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/BTAS.2009.5339074 10.1201/b11703 10.1093/geronb/61.4.P228 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 10.1016/j.humov.2009.01.005 10.1016/j.patcog.2018.07.029 10.1142/S012906571550032X 10.1007/978-3-319-23222-5_36 10.1159/000068484 10.3390/info10010030 10.1006/exnr.1997.6507 10.1017/S135561779951103X 10.1109/LSP.2018.2794500 10.3390/e18050184 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.006 10.1088/0967-3334/27/3/003 10.1002/mdc3.12552 10.1007/s00415-013-6996-x 10.1016/j.patrec.2018.04.008 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90010-U 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01584.x 10.1109/BIBE.2013.6701692 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.07.052 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 2019 by the authors. 2019 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License – notice: 2019 by the authors. 2019 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7TB 8FD 8FE 8FG ABJCF ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR BGLVJ CCPQU DWQXO FR3 HCIFZ KR7 L6V M7S PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PTHSS 1XC 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.3390/e21100956 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Technology Collection Materials Science & Engineering Collection ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest One ProQuest Central Korea Engineering Research Database SciTech Premium Collection Civil Engineering Abstracts ProQuest Engineering Collection Engineering Database ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China Engineering collection Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database Technology Collection Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest Engineering Collection ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) Engineering Collection Civil Engineering Abstracts Engineering Database ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Materials Science & Engineering Collection Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: 8FG name: ProQuest Technology Collection url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1 sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| EISSN | 1099-4300 |
| EndPage | 1 - 956-12 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_28265f0e738c430aa1e891377aa3e370 PMC7514287 oai_HAL_hal_02380209v1 10_3390_e21100956 |
| GroupedDBID | 29G 2WC 5GY 5VS 8FE 8FG AADQD AAFWJ AAYXX ABDBF ABJCF ACIWK ACUHS ADBBV AEGXH AENEX AFKRA AFPKN AFZYC ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BCNDV BENPR BGLVJ CCPQU CITATION CS3 DU5 E3Z ESX F5P GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HCIFZ HH5 IAO J9A KQ8 L6V M7S MODMG M~E OK1 OVT PGMZT PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PROAC PTHSS RNS RPM TR2 TUS XSB ~8M 7TB 8FD ABUWG AZQEC DWQXO FR3 KR7 PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 1XC C1A CH8 IPNFZ ITC RIG 5PM PUEGO |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c447t-5341fc5ef56f520bb1b3ee8d23d1a7b552d245d3639413d9f11253a9c6d0102f3 |
| IEDL.DBID | BENPR |
| ISSN | 1099-4300 |
| IngestDate | Wed Aug 27 01:32:29 EDT 2025 Thu Aug 21 18:15:11 EDT 2025 Fri May 09 12:21:56 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 12:03:27 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 01:57:52 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:58:28 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 10 |
| Keywords | Sample entropy Alzheimer’s disease Online signature analysis Classification |
| Language | English |
| License | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c447t-5341fc5ef56f520bb1b3ee8d23d1a7b552d245d3639413d9f11253a9c6d0102f3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 PMCID: PMC7514287 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5048-9313 0000-0001-5257-8216 0000-0003-4574-1542 0000-0002-6827-4417 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2548387674?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication% |
| PQID | 2548387674 |
| PQPubID | 2032401 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_28265f0e738c430aa1e891377aa3e370 pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7514287 hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_02380209v1 proquest_journals_2548387674 crossref_primary_10_3390_e21100956 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_e21100956 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2019-10-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-10-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 10 year: 2019 text: 2019-10-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | Basel |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) |
| PublicationYear | 2019 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG MDPI |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG – name: MDPI |
| References | Yan (ref_12) 2008; 42 Mohammed (ref_24) 2011; 56 Slavin (ref_9) 1999; 5 Moetesum (ref_7) 2018; 121 Teulings (ref_3) 1997; 146 Mergl (ref_10) 2003; 15 (ref_13) 2017; 14 Teulings (ref_2) 1991; 10 Maglaveras (ref_22) 2006; Volume 4345 Dijoua (ref_18) 2009; 28 ref_19 ref_17 Werner (ref_11) 2006; 61 Ghaderyan (ref_14) 2018; 114 Thomas (ref_6) 2017; 4 Kahindo (ref_16) 2018; 25 ref_25 ref_23 Houmani (ref_21) 2015; 25 ref_1 Abasolo (ref_20) 2006; 27 ref_8 Rosenblum (ref_5) 2013; 260 Kahindo (ref_15) 2019; 86 ref_4 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref_25 doi: 10.1109/BTAS.2009.5339074 – ident: ref_1 doi: 10.1201/b11703 – volume: 61 start-page: 228 year: 2006 ident: ref_11 article-title: Handwriting process variables discriminating mild Alzheimer’s disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment publication-title: J. Gerontol. Psychol. Sci. doi: 10.1093/geronb/61.4.P228 – ident: ref_19 doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 – volume: 28 start-page: 588 year: 2009 ident: ref_18 article-title: Studying the variability of handwriting patterns using the kinematic theory publication-title: Hum. Mov. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2009.01.005 – volume: Volume 4345 start-page: 441 year: 2006 ident: ref_22 article-title: Handwriting Analysis for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Parkinson’s Disease publication-title: Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Biological and Medical Data Analysis – volume: 86 start-page: 112 year: 2019 ident: ref_15 article-title: From Aging to Early-Stage Alzheimer’s: Uncovering Handwriting Multimodal Behaviors by Semi-Supervised Learning and Sequential Representation Learning publication-title: Pattern Recognit. doi: 10.1016/j.patcog.2018.07.029 – volume: 25 start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: ref_21 article-title: Epoch-based entropy for early screening of Alzheimer’s disease publication-title: Int. J. Neural Syst. doi: 10.1142/S012906571550032X – ident: ref_17 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-23222-5_36 – volume: 15 start-page: 132 year: 2003 ident: ref_10 article-title: Kinematic analysis of handwriting movements in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Depression and healthy subjects publication-title: Dement. Geriatr. Cognit. Disord. doi: 10.1159/000068484 – ident: ref_8 doi: 10.3390/info10010030 – volume: 146 start-page: 159 year: 1997 ident: ref_3 article-title: Parkinsonism reduces coordination of fingers, wrist, and arm in fine motor control publication-title: Exp. Neurol. doi: 10.1006/exnr.1997.6507 – volume: 5 start-page: 20 year: 1999 ident: ref_9 article-title: Consistency of handwriting movements in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: A comparison with Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases publication-title: J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. doi: 10.1017/S135561779951103X – volume: 25 start-page: 1136 year: 2018 ident: ref_16 article-title: Characterizing Early Stage Alzheimer through Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Handwriting publication-title: IEEE Signal Process. Lett. doi: 10.1109/LSP.2018.2794500 – ident: ref_23 doi: 10.3390/e18050184 – volume: 42 start-page: 1203 year: 2008 ident: ref_12 article-title: Alzheimer’s disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment deteriorate fine movement control publication-title: J. Psychiatr. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.006 – volume: 27 start-page: 241 year: 2006 ident: ref_20 article-title: Entropy analysis of the EEG backgroundactivity in Alzheimer’s disease patients publication-title: Physiol. Meas. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/27/3/003 – volume: 4 start-page: 806 year: 2017 ident: ref_6 article-title: Handwriting Analysis in Parkinson Disease: Current Status and Future Directions publication-title: Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12552 – volume: 260 start-page: 2357 year: 2013 ident: ref_5 article-title: Handwriting as an objective tool for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis publication-title: J. Neurol. doi: 10.1007/s00415-013-6996-x – volume: 121 start-page: 19 year: 2018 ident: ref_7 article-title: Assessing visual attributes of handwriting for prediction of neurological disorders—A case study on Parkinson’s disease publication-title: Pattern Recognit. Lett. doi: 10.1016/j.patrec.2018.04.008 – volume: 10 start-page: 315 year: 1991 ident: ref_2 article-title: Control of stroke size, peak acceleration, and stroke duration in Parkinsonian handwriting publication-title: Hum. Mov. Sci. doi: 10.1016/0167-9457(91)90010-U – volume: 56 start-page: S136 year: 2011 ident: ref_24 article-title: The dynamic character of disguise behavior for text-based, mixed, and stylized signatures publication-title: J. Forensic Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01584.x – volume: 14 start-page: 960 year: 2017 ident: ref_13 article-title: Kinematic and pressure features of handwriting and drawing: Preliminary results between patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer disease and healthy controls publication-title: Curr. Alzheimer Res. – ident: ref_4 doi: 10.1109/BIBE.2013.6701692 – volume: 114 start-page: 428 year: 2018 ident: ref_14 article-title: A new algorithm for kinematic analysis of handwriting data; towards a reliable handwriting-based tool for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease publication-title: Expert Syst. Appl. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2018.07.052 |
| SSID | ssj0023216 |
| Score | 2.2393718 |
| Snippet | We aimed to explore the online signature modality for characterizing early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A few studies have explored this modality, whereas... We aimed to explore the online signature modality for characterizing early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). A few studies have explored this modality, whereas... |
| SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral hal proquest crossref |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database |
| StartPage | 956 |
| SubjectTerms | Age Altitude Alzheimer's disease Automation Biometrics classification Datasets Digitization Discriminant analysis Engineering Sciences Entropy Feasibility studies Handwriting Metadata online signature analysis Parkinson's disease sample entropy Signal and Image processing Signature analysis Signatures Support vector machines Wrist |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrZ3PS8MwFMeD7ORFFBWnU4J48FJs-_Ka1tv8xRD1ooK3kibpNphT5hT05L_hv-df4kvTjRUEL17TR9omKe_7Ja-fMHZgMoM6tBgIkwAZFAOBUpkMVGFshFKFGtzfyNc3Se9eXD7gw8JRX64mzOOB_cAdkSVIsAythFQLCJWKrNtZk1IpsCArt045b2amaqsFcZR4jhCQqT-yzuY45F4j-1SQfsopA1cCuaAvm9WRC-nmYpWt1DqRd_3zrbElO15n2oNB-e2w74GcfMYU4aQ9-ekcvvxBCYlX7GJOarJPcaOPgR0-2sn359cLP_O7Mse8y0kC1gWyLvTVvG-w-4vzu9NeUJ-SEGgh5DRAykOlRltiUmIcFkVUgLWpicFEShaIsYkFGiApQgnLZCUpLASV6cQ4nlwJm6w1fhrbLcZNioUJSw2YSIGyVDFqFRcCdCgU6ao2O5yNXq5rhLg7yWKUk5VwA53PB7rN9uehz56b8VvQiZuCeYBDXVcNtADyegHkfy0AuhNNYKOPXvcqd21Oj5Aczt6iNuvM5jevP9KXnLxxCqmjGbWZbMx5o7fmlfFwUEG4JTpWndz-j1fYYcukwzJfI9hhrenk1e6S1pkWe9Wy_gEqmPzm priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Title | Online Signature Analysis for Characterizing Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease: A Feasibility Study |
| URI | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2548387674 https://hal.science/hal-02380209 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7514287 https://doaj.org/article/28265f0e738c430aa1e891377aa3e370 |
| Volume | 21 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1Nb9QwELX6ceGCQBSxUFZWxaGXqEkmEydc0PZju0JthYBKe4sc29ldqeyW3S0SPfE3-Hv8EmYSb2gk1EsOzsiRPLbnPXvyRoh3NrdoQodBYlMggmIh0DpXgS6ti1Dp0AD_jXx5lY6uk49jHPsDt5VPq9zsifVGbReGz8iPiMhkkLH0zIfb7wFXjeLbVV9CY1vs0hacEfnaPT67-vS5pVwQR2mjJwRE7o8c0x2W3utEoVqsn2LLlFMhH-DMbpbkg7AzfCaeerwoB42Dn4stN38hTCMQKr_MJo0wp9xoi0jCoPKkFWG-p8Akaw1jSahyQnY391M3--aWf379XsnT5nbmvRxIgoI-UZZN7-zPPXE9PPt6Mgp8tYTAJIlaB0jxqDLoKkwrjMOyjEpwLrMx2EirEjG2cYIWCJJQ4LJ5RUgLQecmtawrV8FLsTNfzN0rIW2GpQ0rA0jDjarSMRodlwmYMNGEr3ricDN6hfFS4lzR4qYgSsEDXbQD3RMHrelto5_xP6NjdkFrwJLXdcNiOSn8CiqIG6ZYhU5BZhIItY4cX7EqpTU4UCF9iRzY6WM0uCi4jXEJweL8R9QT-xv_Fn6xrop_U6snVMfnnd66b-azaS3GrZA169Trxzt-I54Q0sqbLMB9sbNe3rm3hGbWZV9sZ8Pzvp-4_fpMgJ7n4-gvXqb5wQ |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3NbhMxELZKOcAFgQCR0oKFQOKyqtc_691KCIWWkNK0F1qpN-O1vUmkkpQkBbUnXoOX4KF4Emb2j66EuPVqj7ySZzzzzXr8DSEvfeaVY0FF0icCEhQvImszHdnch1hpy5zA18iHR8nwRH48Vadr5FfzFgbLKhufWDpqP3f4j3wbEplUpEg98_b8a4Rdo_B2tWmhUZnFQbj8Dinb8s3-Huj3FeeD98e7w6juKhA5KfUqUuC3C6dCoZJCcZbncS5CSD0XPrY6V4p7LpUXELrBwfusAESihM1c4pF_rRCw7i1yWwqR4YlKBx_aBE_wOKnYi2CSbQdMrpDorxPzytYAEMkmWHh5DdV2azKvBbnBfXKvRqe0X5nTA7IWZg-Jq-hI6afpuKIBpQ2TCQXES3dbyucrCIO0ZEymgGHHIHd2NQnTL2Hx-8fPJd2r7oJ2aJ8C8KzLclH0wl8-Iic3souPyfpsPgtPCPWpyj0rnFCgXKULy5WzPJfCMWkBzfXI62b3jKuJy7F_xpmBBAY32rQb3SMvWtHziq3jX0LvUAWtABJslwPzxdjU59VAJpqoggUtUicFszYOeKGrtbUiCM3gS6DAzhrD_sjgGKIgAOHZt7hHNhv9mto1LM1fQ-4R3dF5Z7XuzGw6Kam_tUKGPL3x_4WfkzvD48ORGe0fHTwldwHjZVX94SZZXy0uwhbgqFX-rDReSj7f9Gn5A8c8MWA |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1fa9RAEB_qFcQXUVQ8rbqIgi_hNtlsNimIXHs9rrYeRS30LW52N3cH9a69uyrtk1_Dr-LH8ZM4k382IL71NRkmsDM785vs7G8AXtnESsOd9EIbCSxQrPC0TpSnM-t8qTQ3gm4jfxhHo-Pw_Yk82YBf9V0YaqusY2IRqO3C0D_yHhYysYiJeqaXV20RR4Phu7NzjyZI0UlrPU6jdJEDd_kdy7fV2_0B2vp1EAz3Pu-OvGrCgGfCUK09iTE8N9LlMsplwLPMz4RzsQ2E9bXKpAxsEEorMI1jsLdJjuhECp2YyBIXWy5Q7y3YVFgV8Q5s7uyNjz425Z4I_KjkMhIi4T1HpRbR_rUyYDEoAPPalNowr2HcdofmtZQ3vAd3K6zK-qVz3YcNN38ApiQnZZ9mk5IUlNW8JgzxL9ttCKCvMCmygj-ZIaKdoNzp1dTNvrrl7x8_V2xQngxtsz5DGFo16ZLohb18CMc3so6PoDNfzN1jYDaWmeW5ERJNLVWuA2l0kIXC8FAjtuvCm3r1UlPRmNM0jdMUyxla6LRZ6C68bETPSu6OfwntkAkaAaLbLh4slpO02r0p1qWRzLlTIjah4Fr7jo53ldJaOKE4fgkN2NIx6h-m9IwwEULy5Jvfha3avmkVKFbpX7fugmrZvKWt_WY-mxZE4EoSX5568n_FL-A27pT0cH988BTuIOBLymbELeislxfuGYKqdfa88l4GX256w_wB9EA28g |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Online+Signature+Analysis+for+Characterizing+Early+Stage+Alzheimer%E2%80%99s+Disease%3A+A+Feasibility+Study&rft.jtitle=Entropy+%28Basel%2C+Switzerland%29&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zelong&rft.au=Abazid%2C+Majd&rft.au=Houmani%2C+Nesma&rft.au=Garcia-Salicetti%2C+Sonia&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.issn=1099-4300&rft.eissn=1099-4300&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=956&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fe21100956&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_3390_e21100956 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1099-4300&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1099-4300&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1099-4300&client=summon |