Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): Principles, Construction, and Biosensing Applications

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used for the analysis of interfacial properties related to bio-recognition events occurring at the electrode surface, such as antibody–antigen recognition, substrate–enzyme interaction, or whole cell capturing. Thus, EIS could be e...

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Published in	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 21; no. 19; p. 6578
Main Authors	Magar, Hend S., Hassan, Rabeay Y. A., Mulchandani, Ashok
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2021 MDPI
Subjects	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Electrodes impedimetric biosensors nanomaterials Oxidation Review Voltammetry
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Abstract	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used for the analysis of interfacial properties related to bio-recognition events occurring at the electrode surface, such as antibody–antigen recognition, substrate–enzyme interaction, or whole cell capturing. Thus, EIS could be exploited in several important biomedical diagnosis and environmental applications. However, the EIS is one of the most complex electrochemical methods, therefore, this review introduced the basic concepts and the theoretical background of the impedimetric technique along with the state of the art of the impedimetric biosensors and the impact of nanomaterials on the EIS performance. The use of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocomposites provided catalytic activity, enhanced sensing elements immobilization, promoted faster electron transfer, and increased reliability and accuracy of the reported EIS sensors. Thus, the EIS was used for the effective quantitative and qualitative detections of pathogens, DNA, cancer-associated biomarkers, etc. Through this review article, intensive literature review is provided to highlight the impact of nanomaterials on enhancing the analytical features of impedimetric biosensors.
AbstractList	Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used for the analysis of interfacial properties related to bio-recognition events occurring at the electrode surface, such as antibody-antigen recognition, substrate-enzyme interaction, or whole cell capturing. Thus, EIS could be exploited in several important biomedical diagnosis and environmental applications. However, the EIS is one of the most complex electrochemical methods, therefore, this review introduced the basic concepts and the theoretical background of the impedimetric technique along with the state of the art of the impedimetric biosensors and the impact of nanomaterials on the EIS performance. The use of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocomposites provided catalytic activity, enhanced sensing elements immobilization, promoted faster electron transfer, and increased reliability and accuracy of the reported EIS sensors. Thus, the EIS was used for the effective quantitative and qualitative detections of pathogens, DNA, cancer-associated biomarkers, etc. Through this review article, intensive literature review is provided to highlight the impact of nanomaterials on enhancing the analytical features of impedimetric biosensors.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used for the analysis of interfacial properties related to bio-recognition events occurring at the electrode surface, such as antibody-antigen recognition, substrate-enzyme interaction, or whole cell capturing. Thus, EIS could be exploited in several important biomedical diagnosis and environmental applications. However, the EIS is one of the most complex electrochemical methods, therefore, this review introduced the basic concepts and the theoretical background of the impedimetric technique along with the state of the art of the impedimetric biosensors and the impact of nanomaterials on the EIS performance. The use of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocomposites provided catalytic activity, enhanced sensing elements immobilization, promoted faster electron transfer, and increased reliability and accuracy of the reported EIS sensors. Thus, the EIS was used for the effective quantitative and qualitative detections of pathogens, DNA, cancer-associated biomarkers, etc. Through this review article, intensive literature review is provided to highlight the impact of nanomaterials on enhancing the analytical features of impedimetric biosensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used for the analysis of interfacial properties related to bio-recognition events occurring at the electrode surface, such as antibody–antigen recognition, substrate–enzyme interaction, or whole cell capturing. Thus, EIS could be exploited in several important biomedical diagnosis and environmental applications. However, the EIS is one of the most complex electrochemical methods, therefore, this review introduced the basic concepts and the theoretical background of the impedimetric technique along with the state of the art of the impedimetric biosensors and the impact of nanomaterials on the EIS performance. The use of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocomposites provided catalytic activity, enhanced sensing elements immobilization, promoted faster electron transfer, and increased reliability and accuracy of the reported EIS sensors. Thus, the EIS was used for the effective quantitative and qualitative detections of pathogens, DNA, cancer-associated biomarkers, etc. Through this review article, intensive literature review is provided to highlight the impact of nanomaterials on enhancing the analytical features of impedimetric biosensors.
Author	Hassan, Rabeay Y. A. Magar, Hend S. Mulchandani, Ashok
AuthorAffiliation	1 Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; hendamer2000@yahoo.com (H.S.M.); ryounes@zewailcity.edu.eg (R.Y.A.H.) 4 Center of Environmental Research and Technology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA 3 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 2 Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA – name: 4 Center of Environmental Research and Technology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA – name: 2 Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Giza 12578, Egypt – name: 1 Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; hendamer2000@yahoo.com (H.S.M.); ryounes@zewailcity.edu.eg (R.Y.A.H.)
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Hend S. orcidid: 0000-0003-3759-4060 surname: Magar fullname: Magar, Hend S. – sequence: 2 givenname: Rabeay Y. A. orcidid: 0000-0002-1867-9643 surname: Hassan fullname: Hassan, Rabeay Y. A. – sequence: 3 givenname: Ashok orcidid: 0000-0002-2831-4154 surname: Mulchandani fullname: Mulchandani, Ashok
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SubjectTerms	electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Electrodes impedimetric biosensors nanomaterials Oxidation Review Voltammetry
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Title	Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): Principles, Construction, and Biosensing Applications
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