Sex‐specific foraging of an apex predator puts females at risk of human–wildlife conflict
Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human–wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered. We investigated male/...
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| Published in | The Journal of animal ecology Vol. 90; no. 7; pp. 1776 - 1786 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.07.2021
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-8790 1365-2656 1365-2656 |
| DOI | 10.1111/1365-2656.13496 |
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| Abstract | Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human–wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered.
We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock.
As part of a long‐term ecological study, we used high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space‐use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years.
Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow‐nesting white‐faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white‐faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987.
Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human–wildlife conflicts.
As the world's population grows, human activities increasingly overlap with wildlife. The authors show how intersexual differences put female brown skua at a heightened risk of culling. This study integrates tracking, with short‐ and long‐term stable isotope data and provides novel recommendations for resolving this and other human‐wildlife conflicts. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human–wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered. We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock. As part of a long‐term ecological study, we used high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space‐use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years. Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow‐nesting white‐faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white‐faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987. Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human–wildlife conflicts. Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human-wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered. We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock. As part of a long-term ecological study, we used high-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space-use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ C) and nitrogen (δ N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years. Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow-nesting white-faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white-faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987. Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human-wildlife conflicts. Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human–wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered.We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock.As part of a long‐term ecological study, we used high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space‐use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years.Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow‐nesting white‐faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white‐faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987.Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human–wildlife conflicts. Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human–wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered. We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock. As part of a long‐term ecological study, we used high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space‐use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years. Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow‐nesting white‐faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white‐faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987. Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human–wildlife conflicts. Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human–wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered. We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock. As part of a long‐term ecological study, we used high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space‐use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years. Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow‐nesting white‐faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white‐faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987. Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human–wildlife conflicts. As the world's population grows, human activities increasingly overlap with wildlife. The authors show how intersexual differences put female brown skua at a heightened risk of culling. This study integrates tracking, with short‐ and long‐term stable isotope data and provides novel recommendations for resolving this and other human‐wildlife conflicts. Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human-wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered. We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock. As part of a long-term ecological study, we used high-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space-use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years. Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow-nesting white-faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white-faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987. Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human-wildlife conflicts.Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators. Although human-wildlife conflict has been extensively studied, male/female differences in behaviour are rarely considered. We investigated male/female differences in foraging behaviour of the predatory/scavenging brown skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on a New Zealand island nature reserve in proximity to farmland. These skuas are subject to culling, when perceived as a threat to livestock. As part of a long-term ecological study, we used high-resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to characterise the space-use of foraging brown skuas. We also analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) from modern and archived blood samples to investigate possible changes in diet over the past ~30 years. Analysis of 100 GPS tracks collected from 2014 to 2016 demonstrated that males and females consistently visited different habitats. Males spent most of their time close to their breeding territory on the island nature reserve and females frequently visited a farmed island approximately two kilometres away. Consistent with this finding, we show that male and female skuas also differed markedly in their diets: males specialised on burrow-nesting white-faced storm petrels Pelagodroma marina (80%) with only a small proportion of sheep remains Ovis aries (<6%) contributing to their diet. In contrast, female diet comprised 27% white-faced storm petrels, other seabirds (18%) and a relatively large proportion of sheep remains (47%). Further, our data (186 blood samples from 122 individuals) show that this male/female difference in diet has persisted at least since 1987. Because females fed disproportionally on sheep remains, they may be more vulnerable to being culled by farmers. Importantly, our case study suggests that intersexual differences in diet and foraging patterns can have major implications for the reproduction and survival of apex predators that interact with farming. We strongly suggest that intersexual differences in behaviour should be considered when investigating human-wildlife conflicts. |
| Author | Chang, Kevin Ismar‐Rebitz, Stefanie M. H. Millar, Craig D. Bury, Sarah J. Gaskett, Anne C. Schultz, Hendrik Southey, Ian Dennis, Todd E. Hohnhold, Rebecca J. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Hendrik orcidid: 0000-0001-8926-2100 surname: Schultz fullname: Schultz, Hendrik email: hsch167@aucklanduni.ac.nz organization: The University of Auckland/Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau – sequence: 2 givenname: Kevin surname: Chang fullname: Chang, Kevin organization: The University of Auckland/Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau – sequence: 3 givenname: Sarah J. surname: Bury fullname: Bury, Sarah J. organization: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd – sequence: 4 givenname: Anne C. orcidid: 0000-0002-7659-9537 surname: Gaskett fullname: Gaskett, Anne C. organization: The University of Auckland/Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau – sequence: 5 givenname: Todd E. surname: Dennis fullname: Dennis, Todd E. organization: Fiji National University – sequence: 6 givenname: Stefanie M. H. surname: Ismar‐Rebitz fullname: Ismar‐Rebitz, Stefanie M. H. organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz‐Centre for Ocean Research – sequence: 7 givenname: Ian surname: Southey fullname: Southey, Ian organization: South Auckland Branch – sequence: 8 givenname: Rebecca J. surname: Hohnhold fullname: Hohnhold, Rebecca J. organization: The University of Auckland/Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau – sequence: 9 givenname: Craig D. orcidid: 0000-0002-1918-8248 surname: Millar fullname: Millar, Craig D. organization: The University of Auckland/Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33844849$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | agriculture stable isotopes brown skua seabirds management facultative scavenger GPS tracking sexual dimorphism |
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| Snippet | Urbanisation and anthropogenic alteration of ecosystems has led to conflict between humans and wildlife. Such conflict is often observed in apex predators.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agricultural land agriculture Animal husbandry Anthropogenic factors Apexes Aquatic birds Blood Breeding brown skua carbon case studies Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi conservation areas Culling Diet Ecological studies facultative scavenger Females Foraging behavior Foraging habitats Global positioning systems GPS GPS tracking Human-environment relationship human-wildlife relations Isotopes Livestock Males management Nature reserves Nesting New Zealand nitrogen Ovis aries Pelagodroma Predators risk Scavenging seabirds Sex differences sexual dimorphism Sheep Stable isotopes Stercorariidae storms Urbanization Wildlife Wildlife habitats |
| Title | Sex‐specific foraging of an apex predator puts females at risk of human–wildlife conflict |
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