Co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon: the need for integrated health surveillance
This study addresses the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in municipalities in the Amazon, a region characterized by geographic and climatic diversity and by socioeconomic and environmental transformations. This study aimed to identify the factors related to the co-occurrence of malaria a...
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Published in | Cadernos de saúde pública Vol. 41; no. suppl 1; p. e00042124 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Brazil
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
2025
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz |
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Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0102-311X 1678-4464 1678-4464 |
DOI | 10.1590/0102-311xen042124 |
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Abstract | This study addresses the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in municipalities in the Amazon, a region characterized by geographic and climatic diversity and by socioeconomic and environmental transformations. This study aimed to identify the factors related to the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon from 2015 to 2019. The analysis explored 19 environmental indicators and two socioeconomic indicators related to habitat loss, land use and cover, climate anomalies, and the multidimensional poverty index. Modeling was performed by Conditional Inference Trees, adjusting models with and without contextual variables, to map areas of probable co-occurrence of the diseases. The incidence of malaria is predominant in the western Amazon, while Chagas disease is more frequent in areas of Pará and parts of Amazonas and Acre. Municipalities with high coverage of native vegetation showed higher incidences of malaria, but not necessarily of Chagas disease. Municipalities with native vegetation cover and pasture areas showed heterogeneous incidence of diseases, with some presenting a high incidence of both diseases. The predictive analysis showed an increase in the number of municipalities with a high expected incidence of malaria (moderate) and disease Chagas (high) from 1 to 7, when compared to observed data. The study showed areas with a risk of moderate and high incidence of both diseases, covering a larger region than that observed in the period. Alternatives of shared surveillance and the integration of programs for the identification of cases and treatment can be a measure to optimize resources and help eradicate these diseases in the region.
Resumen: Este estudio aborda la coocurrencia de la malaria y la enfermedad de Chagas en los municipios amazónicos, una región caracterizada por la diversidad geográfica y climática, y por las transformaciones socioeconómicas y ambientales. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores relacionados con la coocurrencia de la malaria y de enfermedad de Chagas en la Amazonía brasileña en el período comprendido entre 2015 y 2019. El análisis exploró 19 indicadores ambientales y dos socioeconómicos relacionados con la pérdida de hábitat, con el uso del suelo y su cobertura, con las anomalías climáticas y con el índice de pobreza multidimensional. El modelado fue realizado por Árboles de Regresión con Inferencia Condicional, ajustando modelos con variables contextuales y sin ellas para mapear probables zonas de coocurrencia de enfermedades. La incidencia de malaria predomina en la Amazonía occidental, mientras que la enfermedad de Chagas tiene una mayor concentración en las zonas de Pará y partes de Amazonas y Acre. Los municipios con alta cobertura de vegetación nativa mostraron una mayor incidencia de malaria, pero no necesariamente de Chagas. Los municipios con cobertura vegetal nativa y áreas de pastoreo presentaron una heterogeneidad en la incidencia de enfermedades, y algunos tuvieron una alta incidencia de ambas enfermedades. El análisis predictivo pasó de 1 a 7 el número de municipios con alta incidencia estimada de malaria (promedio) y de enfermedad de Chagas (alto) en comparación con los datos observados. Los análisis indican zonas de riesgo de incidencia mediana y alta de ambas enfermedades al cubrir una región más grande que la observada en el período. Las alternativas de vigilancia compartida y la integración de programas de identificación y tratamiento de casos pueden ser una forma de optimizar recursos y buscar erradicar estas enfermedades en la región.
Resumo: Este estudo aborda a coocorrência de malária e doença de Chagas nos municípios da Amazônia, região caracterizada por diversidade geográfica e climática e por transformações socioeconômicas e ambientais. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os fatores relacionados à coocorrência de malária e doença de Chagas na Amazônia Brasileira no período entre 2015 e 2019. A análise explorou 19 indicadores ambientais e dois socioeconômicos relacionados à perda de habitat, ao uso e cobertura da terra, às anomalias climáticas e ao índice de pobreza multidimensional. A modelagem foi realizada por Árvores de Regressão com Inferência Condicional, ajustando modelos com e sem variáveis contextuais, para mapear áreas de provável coocorrência das doenças. A incidência de malária predomina na Amazônia ocidental, enquanto a doença de Chagas apresenta maior concentração em áreas do Pará e partes do Amazonas e Acre. Municípios com alta cobertura de vegetação nativa mostraram maiores incidências de malária, mas não necessariamente de doença de Chagas. Municípios com cobertura vegetal nativa e áreas de pastagem apresentaram uma heterogeneidade na incidência das doenças, com alguns apresentando alta incidência de ambas. A análise preditiva passou de 1 para 7 o número de municípios com alta incidência esperada de malária (média) e doença de Chagas (alta) em comparação com os dados observados. As análises indicam áreas com risco de média e alta incidência de ambas as doenças, cobrindo uma região maior do que a observada no período. Alternativas de vigilância compartilhada e a integração de programas para identificação de casos e tratamento podem ser um caminho para otimização de recursos e busca pela erradicação desses agravos na região. |
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AbstractList | This study addresses the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in municipalities in the Amazon, a region characterized by geographic and climatic diversity and by socioeconomic and environmental transformations. This study aimed to identify the factors related to the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon from 2015 to 2019. The analysis explored 19 environmental indicators and two socioeconomic indicators related to habitat loss, land use and cover, climate anomalies, and the multidimensional poverty index. Modeling was performed by Conditional Inference Trees, adjusting models with and without contextual variables, to map areas of probable co-occurrence of the diseases. The incidence of malaria is predominant in the western Amazon, while Chagas disease is more frequent in areas of Pará and parts of Amazonas and Acre. Municipalities with high coverage of native vegetation showed higher incidences of malaria, but not necessarily of Chagas disease. Municipalities with native vegetation cover and pasture areas showed heterogeneous incidence of diseases, with some presenting a high incidence of both diseases. The predictive analysis showed an increase in the number of municipalities with a high expected incidence of malaria (moderate) and disease Chagas (high) from 1 to 7, when compared to observed data. The study showed areas with a risk of moderate and high incidence of both diseases, covering a larger region than that observed in the period. Alternatives of shared surveillance and the integration of programs for the identification of cases and treatment can be a measure to optimize resources and help eradicate these diseases in the region.
Resumen: Este estudio aborda la coocurrencia de la malaria y la enfermedad de Chagas en los municipios amazónicos, una región caracterizada por la diversidad geográfica y climática, y por las transformaciones socioeconómicas y ambientales. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores relacionados con la coocurrencia de la malaria y de enfermedad de Chagas en la Amazonía brasileña en el período comprendido entre 2015 y 2019. El análisis exploró 19 indicadores ambientales y dos socioeconómicos relacionados con la pérdida de hábitat, con el uso del suelo y su cobertura, con las anomalías climáticas y con el índice de pobreza multidimensional. El modelado fue realizado por Árboles de Regresión con Inferencia Condicional, ajustando modelos con variables contextuales y sin ellas para mapear probables zonas de coocurrencia de enfermedades. La incidencia de malaria predomina en la Amazonía occidental, mientras que la enfermedad de Chagas tiene una mayor concentración en las zonas de Pará y partes de Amazonas y Acre. Los municipios con alta cobertura de vegetación nativa mostraron una mayor incidencia de malaria, pero no necesariamente de Chagas. Los municipios con cobertura vegetal nativa y áreas de pastoreo presentaron una heterogeneidad en la incidencia de enfermedades, y algunos tuvieron una alta incidencia de ambas enfermedades. El análisis predictivo pasó de 1 a 7 el número de municipios con alta incidencia estimada de malaria (promedio) y de enfermedad de Chagas (alto) en comparación con los datos observados. Los análisis indican zonas de riesgo de incidencia mediana y alta de ambas enfermedades al cubrir una región más grande que la observada en el período. Las alternativas de vigilancia compartida y la integración de programas de identificación y tratamiento de casos pueden ser una forma de optimizar recursos y buscar erradicar estas enfermedades en la región.
Resumo: Este estudo aborda a coocorrência de malária e doença de Chagas nos municípios da Amazônia, região caracterizada por diversidade geográfica e climática e por transformações socioeconômicas e ambientais. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar os fatores relacionados à coocorrência de malária e doença de Chagas na Amazônia Brasileira no período entre 2015 e 2019. A análise explorou 19 indicadores ambientais e dois socioeconômicos relacionados à perda de habitat, ao uso e cobertura da terra, às anomalias climáticas e ao índice de pobreza multidimensional. A modelagem foi realizada por Árvores de Regressão com Inferência Condicional, ajustando modelos com e sem variáveis contextuais, para mapear áreas de provável coocorrência das doenças. A incidência de malária predomina na Amazônia ocidental, enquanto a doença de Chagas apresenta maior concentração em áreas do Pará e partes do Amazonas e Acre. Municípios com alta cobertura de vegetação nativa mostraram maiores incidências de malária, mas não necessariamente de doença de Chagas. Municípios com cobertura vegetal nativa e áreas de pastagem apresentaram uma heterogeneidade na incidência das doenças, com alguns apresentando alta incidência de ambas. A análise preditiva passou de 1 para 7 o número de municípios com alta incidência esperada de malária (média) e doença de Chagas (alta) em comparação com os dados observados. As análises indicam áreas com risco de média e alta incidência de ambas as doenças, cobrindo uma região maior do que a observada no período. Alternativas de vigilância compartilhada e a integração de programas para identificação de casos e tratamento podem ser um caminho para otimização de recursos e busca pela erradicação desses agravos na região. This study addresses the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in municipalities in the Amazon, a region characterized by geographic and climatic diversity and by socioeconomic and environmental transformations. This study aimed to identify the factors related to the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon from 2015 to 2019. The analysis explored 19 environmental indicators and two socioeconomic indicators related to habitat loss, land use and cover, climate anomalies, and the multidimensional poverty index. Modeling was performed by Conditional Inference Trees, adjusting models with and without contextual variables, to map areas of probable co-occurrence of the diseases. The incidence of malaria is predominant in the western Amazon, while Chagas disease is more frequent in areas of Pará and parts of Amazonas and Acre. Municipalities with high coverage of native vegetation showed higher incidences of malaria, but not necessarily of Chagas disease. Municipalities with native vegetation cover and pasture areas showed heterogeneous incidence of diseases, with some presenting a high incidence of both diseases. The predictive analysis showed an increase in the number of municipalities with a high expected incidence of malaria (moderate) and disease Chagas (high) from 1 to 7, when compared to observed data. The study showed areas with a risk of moderate and high incidence of both diseases, covering a larger region than that observed in the period. Alternatives of shared surveillance and the integration of programs for the identification of cases and treatment can be a measure to optimize resources and help eradicate these diseases in the region. This study addresses the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in municipalities in the Amazon, a region characterized by geographic and climatic diversity and by socioeconomic and environmental transformations. This study aimed to identify the factors related to the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon from 2015 to 2019. The analysis explored 19 environmental indicators and two socioeconomic indicators related to habitat loss, land use and cover, climate anomalies, and the multidimensional poverty index. Modeling was performed by Conditional Inference Trees, adjusting models with and without contextual variables, to map areas of probable co-occurrence of the diseases. The incidence of malaria is predominant in the western Amazon, while Chagas disease is more frequent in areas of Pará and parts of Amazonas and Acre. Municipalities with high coverage of native vegetation showed higher incidences of malaria, but not necessarily of Chagas disease. Municipalities with native vegetation cover and pasture areas showed heterogeneous incidence of diseases, with some presenting a high incidence of both diseases. The predictive analysis showed an increase in the number of municipalities with a high expected incidence of malaria (moderate) and disease Chagas (high) from 1 to 7, when compared to observed data. The study showed areas with a risk of moderate and high incidence of both diseases, covering a larger region than that observed in the period. Alternatives of shared surveillance and the integration of programs for the identification of cases and treatment can be a measure to optimize resources and help eradicate these diseases in the region.This study addresses the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in municipalities in the Amazon, a region characterized by geographic and climatic diversity and by socioeconomic and environmental transformations. This study aimed to identify the factors related to the co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon from 2015 to 2019. The analysis explored 19 environmental indicators and two socioeconomic indicators related to habitat loss, land use and cover, climate anomalies, and the multidimensional poverty index. Modeling was performed by Conditional Inference Trees, adjusting models with and without contextual variables, to map areas of probable co-occurrence of the diseases. The incidence of malaria is predominant in the western Amazon, while Chagas disease is more frequent in areas of Pará and parts of Amazonas and Acre. Municipalities with high coverage of native vegetation showed higher incidences of malaria, but not necessarily of Chagas disease. Municipalities with native vegetation cover and pasture areas showed heterogeneous incidence of diseases, with some presenting a high incidence of both diseases. The predictive analysis showed an increase in the number of municipalities with a high expected incidence of malaria (moderate) and disease Chagas (high) from 1 to 7, when compared to observed data. The study showed areas with a risk of moderate and high incidence of both diseases, covering a larger region than that observed in the period. Alternatives of shared surveillance and the integration of programs for the identification of cases and treatment can be a measure to optimize resources and help eradicate these diseases in the region. |
Author | Barbosa, Milton Lana, Raquel Martins Reis, Izabel Cristina dos Codeço, Cláudia Torres Xavier, Diego Ricardo Dal’Asta, Ana Paula |
AuthorAffiliation | 3 Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 2 Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Barcelona, España 4 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brasil 1 Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 5 Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil |
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Keywords | Chagas Disease Árboles de Decisión Árvores de Decisões Enfermedad de Chagas Malaria Integralidade em Saúde Integrality in Health Decision Trees Doença de Chagas Integralidad en Salud Malária |
Language | English |
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SubjectTerms | Brazil - epidemiology Chagas Disease Chagas Disease - epidemiology Decision Trees Health Policy & Services Humans Incidence Integrality in Health Malaria Malaria - epidemiology Risk Factors Socioeconomic Factors |
Title | Co-occurrence of malaria and Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon: the need for integrated health surveillance |
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