Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. We enrolled patients with chronic kidney d...
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| Published in | The New England journal of medicine Vol. 388; no. 2; pp. 117 - 127 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Massachusetts Medical Society
12.01.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients.
We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m
of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m
with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to <10 ml per minute per 1.73 m
, a sustained decrease in eGFR of ≥40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes.
A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P<0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P = 0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups.
Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and others; EMPA-KIDNEY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03594110; EudraCT number, 2017-002971-24.). |
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| AbstractList | The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients.BACKGROUNDThe effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients.We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to <10 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, a sustained decrease in eGFR of ≥40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes.METHODSWe enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to <10 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, a sustained decrease in eGFR of ≥40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes.A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P<0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P = 0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups.RESULTSA total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P<0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P = 0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups.Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and others; EMPA-KIDNEY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03594110; EudraCT number, 2017-002971-24.).CONCLUSIONSAmong a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and others; EMPA-KIDNEY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03594110; EudraCT number, 2017-002971-24.). In this trial involving patients with chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin resulted in a lower risk of disease progression or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo. AbstractBackgroundThe effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients.MethodsWe enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to <10 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, a sustained decrease in eGFR of ≥40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes.ResultsA total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P<0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P=0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups.ConclusionsAmong a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and others; EMPA-KIDNEY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03594110; EudraCT number, 2017-002971-24.) The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to <10 ml per minute per 1.73 m , a sustained decrease in eGFR of ≥40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes. A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P<0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P = 0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and others; EMPA-KIDNEY ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03594110; EudraCT number, 2017-002971-24.). |
| Author | Wanner, Christoph Petrini, Michaela Hooi, Lai Seong Rossello, Xavier Cheung, Alfred K Maggioni, Aldo P Deo, Rajat Brueckmann, Martina Liu, Zhi-Hong Mayne, Kaitlin J Staplin, Natalie Kadowaki, Takashi Tuttle, Katherine R Pontremoli, Roberto Preiss, David Judge, Parminder Ng, Sarah Y A Steubl, Dominik Stevens, Will Hauske, Sibylle J Brenner, Susanne Landray, Martin J Li, Jing Emberson, Jonathan R Levin, Adeera Baigent, Colin Green, Jennifer B Sammons, Emily Wallendszus, Karl Goto, Shinya Hill, Michael Eilbracht, Jens Haynes, Richard Nangaku, Masaomi Cherney, David Zhu, Doreen Massey, Dan Herrington, William G Liu, Wen |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: William G orcidid: 0000-0003-1172-8243 surname: Herrington fullname: Herrington, William G organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 2 givenname: Natalie surname: Staplin fullname: Staplin, Natalie organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 3 givenname: Christoph surname: Wanner fullname: Wanner, Christoph organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 4 givenname: Jennifer B surname: Green fullname: Green, Jennifer B organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 5 givenname: Sibylle J surname: Hauske fullname: Hauske, Sibylle J organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 6 givenname: Jonathan R surname: Emberson fullname: Emberson, Jonathan R organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 7 givenname: David surname: Preiss fullname: Preiss, David organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 8 givenname: Parminder surname: Judge fullname: Judge, Parminder organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 9 givenname: Kaitlin J surname: Mayne fullname: Mayne, Kaitlin J organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 10 givenname: Sarah Y A surname: Ng fullname: Ng, Sarah Y A organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 11 givenname: Emily surname: Sammons fullname: Sammons, Emily organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 12 givenname: Doreen surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Doreen organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 13 givenname: Michael surname: Hill fullname: Hill, Michael organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 14 givenname: Will surname: Stevens fullname: Stevens, Will organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 15 givenname: Karl surname: Wallendszus fullname: Wallendszus, Karl organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 16 givenname: Susanne surname: Brenner fullname: Brenner, Susanne organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 17 givenname: Alfred K surname: Cheung fullname: Cheung, Alfred K organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 18 givenname: Zhi-Hong surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Zhi-Hong organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 19 givenname: Jing surname: Li fullname: Li, Jing organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 20 givenname: Lai Seong surname: Hooi fullname: Hooi, Lai Seong organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 21 givenname: Wen surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Wen organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 22 givenname: Takashi surname: Kadowaki fullname: Kadowaki, Takashi organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 23 givenname: Masaomi surname: Nangaku fullname: Nangaku, Masaomi organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 24 givenname: Adeera surname: Levin fullname: Levin, Adeera organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 25 givenname: David surname: Cherney fullname: Cherney, David organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 26 givenname: Aldo P surname: Maggioni fullname: Maggioni, Aldo P organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 27 givenname: Roberto surname: Pontremoli fullname: Pontremoli, Roberto organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 28 givenname: Rajat surname: Deo fullname: Deo, Rajat organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 29 givenname: Shinya surname: Goto fullname: Goto, Shinya organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 30 givenname: Xavier surname: Rossello fullname: Rossello, Xavier organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 31 givenname: Katherine R orcidid: 0000-0002-2235-0103 surname: Tuttle fullname: Tuttle, Katherine R organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 32 givenname: Dominik surname: Steubl fullname: Steubl, Dominik organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 33 givenname: Michaela surname: Petrini fullname: Petrini, Michaela organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 34 givenname: Dan surname: Massey fullname: Massey, Dan organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 35 givenname: Jens surname: Eilbracht fullname: Eilbracht, Jens organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 36 givenname: Martina surname: Brueckmann fullname: Brueckmann, Martina organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 37 givenname: Martin J orcidid: 0000-0001-6646-827X surname: Landray fullname: Landray, Martin J organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 38 givenname: Colin surname: Baigent fullname: Baigent, Colin organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) – sequence: 39 givenname: Richard surname: Haynes fullname: Haynes, Richard organization: The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.) |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Contributor | Yu, Hui Sandercock, Peter Gray, Mo Lee, Ryonfa Yan, Qin Maggioni, Aldo P Hantel, Stefan Ambrose, Chrissie Frederick, Kate Tuttle, Katherine R Nolan, John Bowler, Chris Goodenough, Bob Nakahara, Mariko Zayed, Mohammed Taylor, Karen Preiss, David Donaldson, Pia Ng, Sarah Y A Stevens, Will Sammons, Emily Wittes, Janet Ellison, Ritva Herrington, William G Qiao, YanRu Hashimoto, Akiko Luker, Nik Bowman, Louise Cheung, Alfred K Fletcher, Lucy Karsan, Waseem Brueckmann, Martina Liu, Zhi-Hong Butler, Sebastian Mayne, Kaitlin J Kadowaki, Takashi Badin, Cristina von-Eynatten, Maximillian Judge, Parminder Kingston, Hannah Hauske, Sibylle J Landray, Martin J Mulligan, Sorcha Cui, Guanguo Brown, Richard Green, Jennifer B Omata, Akiko Wincott, Liz Chen, Fang Daniels, Charles Achiri, Patricia Wanner, Christoph Brewer, Anna Dayanandan, Rejive Shah, Shraddha Moys, Rowan Bennett, Derrick Staplin, Natalie Goonasekera, Michelle Pontremoli, Roberto Nunn, Michelle Willett, Monique Barton, Jill Burke, Andy Brenner, Susanne Field, Angela Reith, Christina Hooi, Laiseong Goto, |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2022 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2022 Massachusetts Medical Society. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Undefined-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 Drs Herrington and Staplin and Drs Landray, Baigent and Haynes wrote the first draft and contributed equally to this article, and assume responsibility for its overall content and integrity. |
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| Snippet | In this trial involving patients with chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin resulted in a lower risk of disease progression or death from cardiovascular causes... The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was... AbstractBackgroundThe effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The... |
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| SubjectTerms | Albumin Antidiabetics Benzhydryl Compounds - adverse effects Benzhydryl Compounds - therapeutic use Cardiology Cardiovascular Diseases - chemically induced Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine General Congestive heart failure Creatinine Creatinine - urine Death Design Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - drug therapy Disease Progression End-stage renal disease Endocrinology Epidermal growth factor receptors Glomerular Filtration Rate Heart failure Hemodialysis Hospitalization Humans Kidney - physiopathology Kidney diseases Kidney transplants Nephrology Patient safety Placebos Prevention Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - complications Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - drug therapy Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors - adverse effects Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors - therapeutic use Statistical analysis Values |
| SubjectTermsDisplay | Cardiology Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine General Diabetes Endocrinology Nephrology Prevention |
| Title | Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease |
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