Dust Settling and Clumping in MRI-turbulent Outer Protoplanetary Disks

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal Vol. 924; no. 1; pp. 3 - 18
• Main Authors: Xu, Ziyan, Bai, Xue-Ning
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01.01.2022; IOP Publishing
• Subjects: Accretion disks; Ambipolar diffusion; Astrophysics; Dust; Magnetic fields; Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence; Magnetohydrodynamics; Planet formation; Planetesimals; Pressure gradients; Protoplanetary disks; Settling; Shearing; Stability analysis; Turbulence; Zonal flow; Zonal flow (meteorology)
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac31a7
• ISSN: 0004-637X

Planetesimal formation is a crucial yet poorly understood process in planet formation. It is widely believed that planetesimal formation is the outcome of dust clumping by the streaming instability (SI). However, recent analytical and numerical studies have shown that the SI can be damped or suppressed by external turbulence, and at least the outer regions of protoplanetary disks are likely weakly turbulent due to magneto-rotational instability (MRI). We conduct high-resolution local shearing-box simulations of hybrid particle-gas magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), incorporating ambipolar diffusion as the dominant nonideal MHD effect, applicable to outer disk regions. We first show that dust backreaction enhances dust settling toward the midplane by reducing turbulence correlation time. Under modest level of MRI turbulence, we find that dust clumping is in fact easier than the conventional SI case, in the sense that the threshold of solid abundance for clumping is lower. The key to dust clumping includes dust backreaction and the presence of local pressure maxima, which in our work is formed by the MRI zonal flows overcoming background pressure gradient. Overall, our results support planetesimal formation in the MRI-turbulent outer protoplanetary disks, especially in ring-like substructures.