Impact of urbanization, economic growth, and population size on residential carbon emissions in the SAARC countries

This study attempts to analyse the influence of urbanization, economic growth, and population size on residential carbon emissions in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member nations for the period 1994 to 2013. To do so, we employ an augmented STIRPAT model in an ecologic...

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Published inClean technologies and environmental policy Vol. 22; no. 4; pp. 923 - 936
Main Authors Anser, Muhammad Khalid, Alharthi, Majed, Aziz, Babar, Wasim, Sarah
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.05.2020
Springer Nature B.V
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Abstract This study attempts to analyse the influence of urbanization, economic growth, and population size on residential carbon emissions in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member nations for the period 1994 to 2013. To do so, we employ an augmented STIRPAT model in an ecological analytic framework with a fixed effect regression model that incorporates Driscoll and Kraay standard errors. The results show that population size and per capita GDP are leading drivers of high carbon emissions in the SAARC countries. The empirical results show that a U-shaped relationship exists between urbanization and residential carbon emissions: residential carbon emissions initially decrease with an increase in urbanization, reach a turning point at 25.33% and then increase with urbanization. Thus, our findings suggest a need for stronger national policies to control the impact of urbanization and population growth on residential carbon emissions in the SAARC member countries. Graphic abstract
AbstractList This study attempts to analyse the influence of urbanization, economic growth, and population size on residential carbon emissions in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member nations for the period 1994 to 2013. To do so, we employ an augmented STIRPAT model in an ecological analytic framework with a fixed effect regression model that incorporates Driscoll and Kraay standard errors. The results show that population size and per capita GDP are leading drivers of high carbon emissions in the SAARC countries. The empirical results show that a U-shaped relationship exists between urbanization and residential carbon emissions: residential carbon emissions initially decrease with an increase in urbanization, reach a turning point at 25.33% and then increase with urbanization. Thus, our findings suggest a need for stronger national policies to control the impact of urbanization and population growth on residential carbon emissions in the SAARC member countries. Graphic abstract
This study attempts to analyse the influence of urbanization, economic growth, and population size on residential carbon emissions in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member nations for the period 1994 to 2013. To do so, we employ an augmented STIRPAT model in an ecological analytic framework with a fixed effect regression model that incorporates Driscoll and Kraay standard errors. The results show that population size and per capita GDP are leading drivers of high carbon emissions in the SAARC countries. The empirical results show that a U-shaped relationship exists between urbanization and residential carbon emissions: residential carbon emissions initially decrease with an increase in urbanization, reach a turning point at 25.33% and then increase with urbanization. Thus, our findings suggest a need for stronger national policies to control the impact of urbanization and population growth on residential carbon emissions in the SAARC member countries.Graphic abstract
Author Aziz, Babar
Wasim, Sarah
Alharthi, Majed
Anser, Muhammad Khalid
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Muhammad Khalid
  surname: Anser
  fullname: Anser, Muhammad Khalid
  email: khalidsnnu@yahoo.com
  organization: School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Majed
  surname: Alharthi
  fullname: Alharthi, Majed
  organization: Finance Department, College of Business, King Abdulaziz University
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  givenname: Babar
  surname: Aziz
  fullname: Aziz, Babar
  organization: Department of Economics, Government College University
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Sarah
  surname: Wasim
  fullname: Wasim, Sarah
  organization: Department of Economics, The University of Central Punjab
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Keywords Urbanization
Population size
Economic growth
Residential carbon
SAARC countries
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PublicationSubtitle Focusing on Technology Research, Innovation, Demonstration, Insights and Policy Issues for Sustainable Technologies
PublicationTitle Clean technologies and environmental policy
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PublicationYear 2020
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Springer Nature B.V
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References HoltedahlPJoutzFLResidential electricity demand in TaiwanEnergy Econ200426201224
HanifIGago-de-SantosPThe importance of population control and macroeconomic stability to Reducing environmental degradation: an empirical test of the environmental Kuznets curve for developing countriesEnviron Dev201723319
MallRKKumarSIntegration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the SAARC region2014VaranasiSAARC Disaster Management Center, Banaras Hindu UniversityISBN 818530563-3
WHO (2016) Urban population growth. http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situatio_trend/urban_population_growth_text/en/. Accessed 4 May 2016
Hu Z, Tang L (2013) Exploring the relationship between urbanization and residential CO2 emissions in China: a PTR approach. Retrieved April 2, 2019 from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de//55379
HanifIImpact of fossil fuels energy consumption, energy policies, and urban sprawl on carbon emissions in East Asia and the Pacific: a panel investigationEnergy Strategy Rev2018211624
ADB (2012) Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012. Manila. Retrieved March 18, 2019 from www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2012
McConnellCRBrueSLFlynnSMMacroeconomics 19e: principles, problems, and policies2012New YorkMcGraw-Hill
Martinez-ZarzosoIBengochea-MoranchoAMorales-LageRThe impact of population on CO2 emissions: evidence from European countriesEnviron Resour Econ200738497512
DaiDLiuHAn empirical research and STIRPAT model analysis of urbanization and CO2 emissions in ChinaAdv Inf Sci Serv Sci (AISS)2011311848852
AnserMKImpact of energy consumption and human activities on carbon emissions in Pakistan: application of STIRPAT modelEnviron Sci Pollut Res2019261313453134631:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXot1ynuro%3D
YangLXiaHZhangXYuanSWhat matters for carbon emissions in regional sectors? A China study of extended STIRPAT modelJ Clean Prod2018180595602
PastpipatkulPPanthamitNThe impact of population on carbon dioxide emissions: provincial panel evidence from ThailandThail Econ Soc20113258267
HoechleDRobust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependenceStata J200773281312
IlyasSZKhattakAINasirSMQurashiTDurraniRAir pollution assessment in urban areas and its impact on human health in the city of Quetta, PakistanClean Technol Environ Policy20101232912991:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXntlKqsrc%3D
IPCCGlobal warming of 1.5 °C2018GenevaWorld Meteorological Organization32
YorkRRosaEADietzTSTIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impactsEcol Econ2003463351365
LeQCAndresRJBodenTConwayTHoughtonRAHouseJIThe global climate change 1950–2011Earth Syst Sci Data Discuss20125211071157
PachauriSJiangLThe household energy transition in China & IndiaEnergy Policy2008361140224035
SadorskyPThe effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economiesEnergy Econ201441147153
World Bank (2016) World development indicators database. Published by the World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC, 20433, USA
CetinMEcevitEUrbanization energy consumption and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan countries: a panel cointegration and causality analysisJ Econ Dev Stud2015326676
PoumanyvongPKanekoSDhakalSImpact of urbanization on national residential energy use and CO2 emissions: evidence from low-, middle-, & high-income countriesIDEC DP2 Ser201225135
HanifIImpact of economic growth, nonrenewable and renewable energy consumption, and urbanization on carbon emissions in Sub-Saharan AfricaEnviron Sci Pollut Res2018251515057150671:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXms1Cmtbw%3D
LiddleBLungSAge-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impactsPopul Environ2010315317343
LinSWangSMarinovaDZhaoDHongJImpacts of urbanization and real economic development on CO2 emissions in non-high income countries: empirical research based on the extended STIRPAT modelJ Clean Prod2017166952966
Ehrhardt-MartinezKCrenshawEMCraig JenkinJDeforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: a cross-national investigation of an intervening mechanismSoc Sci Q2002831226243
ZhaoYWangSThe relationship between urbanization, economic growth, and energy consumption in China: an econometric perspective analysisSustainability20157556095627
AzamMKhanAQUrbanization and environmental degradation: evidence from four SAARC countries—Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri LankaEnviron Prog Sustain Energy20163538238321:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXitVGhurfE
BegumRASohagKAbdullahSMJaafarMCO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in MalaysiaRenew Sustain Energy Rev201541594601
ColeMANeumayerEExamining the impact of demographic factors on air pollutionPopul Environ2004261521
HanifIAzizBChaudhryISCarbon emissions across the spectrum of renewable and nonrenewable energy use in developing economies of AsiaRenew Energy2019143586595
Martinez-Zarzoso I (2008) The impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: evidence from developing countries. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Papers, Art. 209
Ehrhardt-MartinezKSocial determinants of deforestation in developing countries: a cross-national studySoc Forces1998772567586
ZhangNYuKChenZHow does urbanization affect carbon dioxide emissions? A cross-country panel data analysisEnergy Policy2017107678687
NyiwulLEconomic performance, environmental concerns, and renewable energy consumption: drivers of renewable energy development in sub-Sahara AfricaClean Technol Environ Policy20171924374501:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtVyrsbzE
LiuYZhouYWenxiangWAssessing the impact of population, income, and technology on energy consumption and industrial pollutant emissions in ChinaAppl Energy20151559049171:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFSqtLrL
KahiaMJebliMBBelloumiMAnalysis of the impact of renewable energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 MENA countriesClean Technol Environ Policy20192148718851:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXntVCksr8%3D
LiKLinBImpacts of urbanization and industrialization on energy consumption/CO2 emissions: does the level of development matter?Renew Sustain Energy Rev201552110711221:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtleks7jM
ShahbazMLoganathanNMuzaffarATAhmedKJabranMAHow urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT modelRenew Sustain Energy Rev20165783931:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XltlKrug%3D%3D
YazdiSKDarianiAGCO2 emissions, urbanization and economic growth: evidence from Asian countriesEcon Res2019321510530
HanifIEconomics-energy-environment nexus in Latin America and the CaribbeanEnergy2017141170178
International Energy AgencyEnergy balances of non-OECD countries 2015 (database on CD-ROM)2015ParisInternational Energy Agency IEA/non-OECD
DriscollJCKraayACConsistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel dataRev Econ Stat1998804549560
HanifIEnergy consumption habits and human health nexus in Sub-Saharan AfricaEnviron Sci Pollut Res2018252221701217121:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtVGjtL7E
Martínez-ZarzosoIMaruottiAThe impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: evidence from developing countriesEcol Econ201170713441353
HanifIRazaSMFGago-de-SantosPAbbasQFossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: some empirical evidenceEnergy2019171493501
WangZYinFZhangYZhangXAn empirical research on the influencing factors of regional CO2 emissions: evidence from Beijing city, ChinaAppl Energy20121002772841:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFGiu7%2FE
ChenJ-HHuangY-FThe study of the relationship between carbon dioxide and economic growthJ Int Glob Econ Stud2013624561
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I Hanif (1833_CR16) 2017; 23
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RK Mall (1833_CR31) 2014
I Martinez-Zarzoso (1833_CR34) 2007; 38
P Holtedahl (1833_CR20) 2004; 26
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I Hanif (1833_CR17) 2019; 143
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I Hanif (1833_CR15) 2018; 25
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M Cetin (1833_CR5) 2015; 3
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K Ehrhardt-Martinez (1833_CR11) 2002; 83
P Pastpipatkul (1833_CR38) 2011; 3
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I Martínez-Zarzoso (1833_CR33) 2011; 70
I Hanif (1833_CR14) 2018; 25
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References_xml – reference: LiuYZhouYWenxiangWAssessing the impact of population, income, and technology on energy consumption and industrial pollutant emissions in ChinaAppl Energy20151559049171:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFSqtLrL
– reference: IlyasSZKhattakAINasirSMQurashiTDurraniRAir pollution assessment in urban areas and its impact on human health in the city of Quetta, PakistanClean Technol Environ Policy20101232912991:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXntlKqsrc%3D
– reference: IPCCGlobal warming of 1.5 °C2018GenevaWorld Meteorological Organization32
– reference: HoltedahlPJoutzFLResidential electricity demand in TaiwanEnergy Econ200426201224
– reference: LiKLinBImpacts of urbanization and industrialization on energy consumption/CO2 emissions: does the level of development matter?Renew Sustain Energy Rev201552110711221:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtleks7jM
– reference: WHO (2016) Urban population growth. http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situatio_trend/urban_population_growth_text/en/. Accessed 4 May 2016
– reference: LiddleBLungSAge-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impactsPopul Environ2010315317343
– reference: Hu Z, Tang L (2013) Exploring the relationship between urbanization and residential CO2 emissions in China: a PTR approach. Retrieved April 2, 2019 from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de//55379/
– reference: PachauriSJiangLThe household energy transition in China & IndiaEnergy Policy2008361140224035
– reference: MallRKKumarSIntegration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in the SAARC region2014VaranasiSAARC Disaster Management Center, Banaras Hindu UniversityISBN 818530563-3
– reference: DriscollJCKraayACConsistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel dataRev Econ Stat1998804549560
– reference: WangZYinFZhangYZhangXAn empirical research on the influencing factors of regional CO2 emissions: evidence from Beijing city, ChinaAppl Energy20121002772841:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFGiu7%2FE
– reference: AnserMKImpact of energy consumption and human activities on carbon emissions in Pakistan: application of STIRPAT modelEnviron Sci Pollut Res2019261313453134631:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXot1ynuro%3D
– reference: AzamMKhanAQUrbanization and environmental degradation: evidence from four SAARC countries—Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri LankaEnviron Prog Sustain Energy20163538238321:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXitVGhurfE
– reference: ChenJ-HHuangY-FThe study of the relationship between carbon dioxide and economic growthJ Int Glob Econ Stud2013624561
– reference: PastpipatkulPPanthamitNThe impact of population on carbon dioxide emissions: provincial panel evidence from ThailandThail Econ Soc20113258267
– reference: ZhangCLinYPanel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: a regional analysis in ChinaEnergy Policy201249488498
– reference: Martinez-ZarzosoIBengochea-MoranchoAMorales-LageRThe impact of population on CO2 emissions: evidence from European countriesEnviron Resour Econ200738497512
– reference: YorkRRosaEADietzTSTIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impactsEcol Econ2003463351365
– reference: LeQCAndresRJBodenTConwayTHoughtonRAHouseJIThe global climate change 1950–2011Earth Syst Sci Data Discuss20125211071157
– reference: ZhaoYWangSThe relationship between urbanization, economic growth, and energy consumption in China: an econometric perspective analysisSustainability20157556095627
– reference: International Energy AgencyEnergy balances of non-OECD countries 2015 (database on CD-ROM)2015ParisInternational Energy Agency IEA/non-OECD
– reference: McConnellCRBrueSLFlynnSMMacroeconomics 19e: principles, problems, and policies2012New YorkMcGraw-Hill
– reference: ShahbazMLoganathanNMuzaffarATAhmedKJabranMAHow urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT modelRenew Sustain Energy Rev20165783931:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XltlKrug%3D%3D
– reference: Shi A (2001) Population growth and global CO2 emission. In: Proceeding of the IUSSP conference. http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s00/S09_04_Shi.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2016
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– reference: WangQWuSZengYWuBExploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in different provinces of ChinaRenew Sustain Energy Rev201654156315791:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhslyrsLzN
– reference: HanifIEnergy consumption habits and human health nexus in Sub-Saharan AfricaEnviron Sci Pollut Res2018252221701217121:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtVGjtL7E
– reference: ZhangNYuKChenZHow does urbanization affect carbon dioxide emissions? A cross-country panel data analysisEnergy Policy2017107678687
– reference: Martínez-ZarzosoIMaruottiAThe impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: evidence from developing countriesEcol Econ201170713441353
– reference: Ehrhardt-MartinezKCrenshawEMCraig JenkinJDeforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: a cross-national investigation of an intervening mechanismSoc Sci Q2002831226243
– reference: HanifIImpact of fossil fuels energy consumption, energy policies, and urban sprawl on carbon emissions in East Asia and the Pacific: a panel investigationEnergy Strategy Rev2018211624
– reference: NyiwulLEconomic performance, environmental concerns, and renewable energy consumption: drivers of renewable energy development in sub-Sahara AfricaClean Technol Environ Policy20171924374501:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtVyrsbzE
– reference: CetinMEcevitEUrbanization energy consumption and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan countries: a panel cointegration and causality analysisJ Econ Dev Stud2015326676
– reference: HoechleDRobust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependenceStata J200773281312
– reference: YazdiSKDarianiAGCO2 emissions, urbanization and economic growth: evidence from Asian countriesEcon Res2019321510530
– reference: YangLXiaHZhangXYuanSWhat matters for carbon emissions in regional sectors? A China study of extended STIRPAT modelJ Clean Prod2018180595602
– reference: HanifIImpact of economic growth, nonrenewable and renewable energy consumption, and urbanization on carbon emissions in Sub-Saharan AfricaEnviron Sci Pollut Res2018251515057150671:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXms1Cmtbw%3D
– reference: ADB (2012) Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012. Manila. Retrieved March 18, 2019 from www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2012
– reference: HanifIAzizBChaudhryISCarbon emissions across the spectrum of renewable and nonrenewable energy use in developing economies of AsiaRenew Energy2019143586595
– reference: HanifIEconomics-energy-environment nexus in Latin America and the CaribbeanEnergy2017141170178
– reference: SadorskyPThe effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economiesEnergy Econ201441147153
– reference: Martinez-Zarzoso I (2008) The impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions: evidence from developing countries. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Papers, Art. 209
– reference: LinSWangSMarinovaDZhaoDHongJImpacts of urbanization and real economic development on CO2 emissions in non-high income countries: empirical research based on the extended STIRPAT modelJ Clean Prod2017166952966
– reference: HanifIRazaSMFGago-de-SantosPAbbasQFossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: some empirical evidenceEnergy2019171493501
– reference: BegumRASohagKAbdullahSMJaafarMCO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in MalaysiaRenew Sustain Energy Rev201541594601
– reference: Ehrhardt-MartinezKSocial determinants of deforestation in developing countries: a cross-national studySoc Forces1998772567586
– reference: World Bank (2016) World development indicators database. Published by the World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC, 20433, USA
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SubjectTerms Carbon
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecological effects
Economic analysis
Economic development
Economic growth
Economics
Emissions
Empirical analysis
Environment
Environmental Economics
Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology
Environmental policy
Errors
Impact analysis
Industrial and Production Engineering
Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering
International cooperation
Original Paper
Population
Population growth
Population number
Population policy
Regression analysis
Regression models
Sustainable Development
Urbanization
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Title Impact of urbanization, economic growth, and population size on residential carbon emissions in the SAARC countries
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-020-01833-y
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