The photobiology of the human circadian clock
In modern society, the widespread use of artificial light at night disrupts the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which serves as our central circadian clock. Existing models describe excitatory responses of the SCN to primarily blue light, but direct measures in humans are absent. The combination of s...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 119; no. 13; pp. 1 - 8 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
29.03.2022
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0027-8424 1091-6490 1091-6490 |
| DOI | 10.1073/pnas.2118803119 |
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| Abstract | In modern society, the widespread use of artificial light at night disrupts the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which serves as our central circadian clock. Existing models describe excitatory responses of the SCN to primarily blue light, but direct measures in humans are absent. The combination of state-of-the-art neuroimaging techniques and custom-made MRI compatible light-emitting diode devices allowed to directly measure the light response of the SCN. In contrast to the general expectation, we found that blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI signals in the SCN were suppressed by light. The suppressions were observed not only in response to narrowband blue light (λmax: 470 nm) but remarkably, also in response to green (λmax: 515 nm) and orange (λmax: 590 nm), but not to violet light (λmax: 405 nm). The broadband sensitivity of the SCN implies that strategies on light exposure should be revised: enhancement of light levels during daytime is possible with wavelengths other than blue, while during nighttime, all colors are potentially disruptive. |
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| AbstractList | The function of our biological clock is dependent on environmental light. Rodent studies have shown that there are multiple colors that affect the clock, but indirect measures in humans suggest blue light is key. We performed functional MRI studies in human subjects with unprecedented spatial resolution to investigate color sensitivity of our clock. Here, we show that narrowband blue, green, and orange light were all effective in changing neuronal activity of the clock. While the clock of nocturnal rodents is excited by light, the human clock responds with a decrease in neuronal activity as indicated by a negative BOLD response. The sensitivity of the clock to multiple colors should be integrated in light therapy aimed to strengthen our 24-h rhythms.
In modern society, the widespread use of artificial light at night disrupts the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which serves as our central circadian clock. Existing models describe excitatory responses of the SCN to primarily blue light, but direct measures in humans are absent. The combination of state-of-the-art neuroimaging techniques and custom-made MRI compatible light-emitting diode devices allowed to directly measure the light response of the SCN. In contrast to the general expectation, we found that blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI signals in the SCN were suppressed by light. The suppressions were observed not only in response to narrowband blue light (λ
max
: 470 nm) but remarkably, also in response to green (λ
max
: 515 nm) and orange (λ
max
: 590 nm), but not to violet light (λ
max
: 405 nm). The broadband sensitivity of the SCN implies that strategies on light exposure should be revised: enhancement of light levels during daytime is possible with wavelengths other than blue, while during nighttime, all colors are potentially disruptive. In modern society, the widespread use of artificial light at night disrupts the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which serves as our central circadian clock. Existing models describe excitatory responses of the SCN to primarily blue light, but direct measures in humans are absent. The combination of state-of-the-art neuroimaging techniques and custom-made MRI compatible light-emitting diode devices allowed to directly measure the light response of the SCN. In contrast to the general expectation, we found that blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI signals in the SCN were suppressed by light. The suppressions were observed not only in response to narrowband blue light (λmax: 470 nm) but remarkably, also in response to green (λmax: 515 nm) and orange (λmax: 590 nm), but not to violet light (λmax: 405 nm). The broadband sensitivity of the SCN implies that strategies on light exposure should be revised: enhancement of light levels during daytime is possible with wavelengths other than blue, while during nighttime, all colors are potentially disruptive. SignificanceThe function of our biological clock is dependent on environmental light. Rodent studies have shown that there are multiple colors that affect the clock, but indirect measures in humans suggest blue light is key. We performed functional MRI studies in human subjects with unprecedented spatial resolution to investigate color sensitivity of our clock. Here, we show that narrowband blue, green, and orange light were all effective in changing neuronal activity of the clock. While the clock of nocturnal rodents is excited by light, the human clock responds with a decrease in neuronal activity as indicated by a negative BOLD response. The sensitivity of the clock to multiple colors should be integrated in light therapy aimed to strengthen our 24-h rhythms.SignificanceThe function of our biological clock is dependent on environmental light. Rodent studies have shown that there are multiple colors that affect the clock, but indirect measures in humans suggest blue light is key. We performed functional MRI studies in human subjects with unprecedented spatial resolution to investigate color sensitivity of our clock. Here, we show that narrowband blue, green, and orange light were all effective in changing neuronal activity of the clock. While the clock of nocturnal rodents is excited by light, the human clock responds with a decrease in neuronal activity as indicated by a negative BOLD response. The sensitivity of the clock to multiple colors should be integrated in light therapy aimed to strengthen our 24-h rhythms. SignificanceThe function of our biological clock is dependent on environmental light. Rodent studies have shown that there are multiple colors that affect the clock, but indirect measures in humans suggest blue light is key. We performed functional MRI studies in human subjects with unprecedented spatial resolution to investigate color sensitivity of our clock. Here, we show that narrowband blue, green, and orange light were all effective in changing neuronal activity of the clock. While the clock of nocturnal rodents is excited by light, the human clock responds with a decrease in neuronal activity as indicated by a negative BOLD response. The sensitivity of the clock to multiple colors should be integrated in light therapy aimed to strengthen our 24-h rhythms. |
| Author | Scholten, Leonie Klop, Ilse Schoonderwoerd, Robin A. Meijer, Johanna H. van Berloo, Sander Hirschler, Lydiane van Osch, Matthias J. P. Willemse, Channa R. Janse, Jan A. M. de Rover, Mischa Swaab, Dick F. |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35312355$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2022 the Author(s) Copyright National Academy of Sciences Mar 29, 2022 Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. 2022 |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Author contributions: R.A.S., L.H., C.R.W., L.S., M.J.P.v.O., and J.H.M. designed research; R.A.S., M.d.R., L.H., C.R.W., L.S., I.K., M.J.P.v.O., and J.H.M. performed research; S.v.B. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; R.A.S., M.d.R., L.H., C.R.W., L.S., I.K., M.J.P.v.O., and D.F.S. analyzed data; J.A.M.J., S.v.B., and J.H.M. developed the LED device; D.F.S. was responsible for the performance and analysis of human histology; and R.A.S., M.d.R., J.A.M.J., and J.H.M. wrote the paper. Edited by Joseph Takahashi, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; received October 15, 2021; accepted February 8, 2022 |
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| Snippet | In modern society, the widespread use of artificial light at night disrupts the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which serves as our central circadian clock.... The function of our biological clock is dependent on environmental light. Rodent studies have shown that there are multiple colors that affect the clock, but... SignificanceThe function of our biological clock is dependent on environmental light. Rodent studies have shown that there are multiple colors that affect the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Biological clocks Biological Sciences Broadband Circadian Clocks Circadian rhythm Circadian Rhythm - physiology Circadian rhythms Functional magnetic resonance imaging Humans Light Light emitting diodes Light levels Medical imaging Narrowband Neuroimaging Photobiology Suprachiasmatic nucleus Suprachiasmatic Nucleus - physiology Wavelengths |
| Title | The photobiology of the human circadian clock |
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