An overview of floral and vegetative evolution in the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae)

Background and aims – Bulbophyllum , the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait diversity and evolution has been extensively studied in Malagasy species and within the Cirrhopetalum alliance clade, the evolution of repr...

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Published in	Plant ecology and evolution Vol. 157; no. 3; pp. 313 - 326
Main Authors	Thawara, Nicha, Kongsawadworakul, Panida, Suksathan, Piyakaset, Watthana, Santi, Pingyot, Thitiporn, Merckx, Vincent S.F.T., Ruchisansakun, Saroj
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Meise Royal Botanical Society of Belgium 07.08.2024 Pensoft Publishers Meise Botanic Garden
Subjects	Bayesian analysis Biological evolution Bulbophyllum Chloroplasts DNA sequencing Evolution Leaves Maximum likelihood estimation Morphology Nucleotide sequence Nucleotide sequencing Orchidaceae Phylogenetics Phylogeny Plant reproduction Plant reproductive structures RESEARCH ARTICLE Ribosomal DNA Sepals Statistical inference United Kingdom Southeast Asia Madagascar Thailand Asia Australasia Africa
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Abstract	Background and aims – Bulbophyllum , the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait diversity and evolution has been extensively studied in Malagasy species and within the Cirrhopetalum alliance clade, the evolution of reproductive and vegetative characters at the whole level of the Asian clade remains largely unexplored. Material and methods – We reconstructed the phylogeny of approximately 11% of all Asian Bulbophyllum species using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast ( mat K, psb A- trn H) DNA sequence data. This phylogenetic framework allowed us to examine the evolution of two vegetative and four floral characters through ancestral state reconstruction. Key results and conclusion – The ancestral character states of the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum include a single leaf, distinct pseudobulbs, multiple-flowered inflorescences, and lateral and dorsal sepals similar in length. One-leaved pseudobulbs evolved into two-leaved pseudobulbs multiple times. Distinct pseudobulbs gave rise to indistinct pseudobulbs twice. Multiple-flowered inflorescences shifted to solitary flowers and 2–3-flowered inflorescences multiple times, with some instances of evolutionary reversal. Lateral sepal elongation also presents a convergent evolutionary scenario.
AbstractList	Background and aims – Bulbophyllum , the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait diversity and evolution has been extensively studied in Malagasy species and within the Cirrhopetalum alliance clade, the evolution of reproductive and vegetative characters at the whole level of the Asian clade remains largely unexplored. Material and methods – We reconstructed the phylogeny of approximately 11% of all Asian Bulbophyllum species using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast ( mat K, psb A- trn H) DNA sequence data. This phylogenetic framework allowed us to examine the evolution of two vegetative and four floral characters through ancestral state reconstruction. Key results and conclusion – The ancestral character states of the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum include a single leaf, distinct pseudobulbs, multiple-flowered inflorescences, and lateral and dorsal sepals similar in length. One-leaved pseudobulbs evolved into two-leaved pseudobulbs multiple times. Distinct pseudobulbs gave rise to indistinct pseudobulbs twice. Multiple-flowered inflorescences shifted to solitary flowers and 2–3-flowered inflorescences multiple times, with some instances of evolutionary reversal. Lateral sepal elongation also presents a convergent evolutionary scenario. Background and aims – Bulbophyllum, the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait diversity and evolution has been extensively studied in Malagasy species and within the Cirrhopetalum alliance clade, the evolution of reproductive and vegetative characters at the whole level of the Asian clade remains largely unexplored. Material and methods – We reconstructed the phylogeny of approximately 11% of all Asian Bulbophyllum species using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (matK, psbA-trnH) DNA sequence data. This phylogenetic framework allowed us to examine the evolution of two vegetative and four floral characters through ancestral state reconstruction. Key results and conclusion – The ancestral character states of the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum include a single leaf, distinct pseudobulbs, multiple-flowered inflorescences, and lateral and dorsal sepals similar in length. One-leaved pseudobulbs evolved into two-leaved pseudobulbs multiple times. Distinct pseudobulbs gave rise to indistinct pseudobulbs twice. Multiple-flowered inflorescences shifted to solitary flowers and 2–3-flowered inflorescences multiple times, with some instances of evolutionary reversal. Lateral sepal elongation also presents a convergent evolutionary scenario. Background and aims - Bulbophyllum, the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait diversity and evolution has been extensively studied in Malagasy species and within the Cirrhopetalum alliance clade, the evolution of reproductive and vegetative characters at the whole level of the Asian clade remains largely unexplored. Material and methods - We reconstructed the phylogeny of approximately 11% of all Asian Bulbophyllum species using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (matK, psbA-trnH) DNA sequence data. This phylogenetic framework allowed us to examine the evolution of two vegetative and four floral characters through ancestral state reconstruction. Key results and conclusion - The ancestral character states of the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum include a single leaf, distinct pseudobulbs, multiple-flowered inflorescences, and lateral and dorsal sepals similar in length. One-leaved pseudobulbs evolved into two-leaved pseudobulbs multiple times. Distinct pseudobulbs gave rise to indistinct pseudobulbs twice. Multiple-flowered inflorescences shifted to solitary flowers and 2-3-flowered inflorescences multiple times, with some instances of evolutionary reversal. Lateral sepal elongation also presents a convergent evolutionary scenario. Keywords: biodiversity, character evolution, Epidendroideae , epiphytic orchids, ITS, matK, phylogeny, psbA-trnH, Tropical Asia Background and aims – Bulbophyllum, the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait diversity and evolution has been extensively studied in Malagasy species and within the Cirrhopetalum alliance clade, the evolution of reproductive and vegetative characters at the whole level of the Asian clade remains largely unexplored.Material and methods – We reconstructed the phylogeny of approximately 11% of all Asian Bulbophyllum species using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (mat K, psb A- trn H) DNA sequence data. This phylogenetic framework allowed us to examine the evolution of two vegetative and four floral characters through ancestral state reconstruction.Key results and conclusion – The ancestral character states of the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum include a single leaf, distinct pseudobulbs, multiple-flowered inflorescences, and lateral and dorsal sepals similar in length. One-leaved pseudobulbs evolved into two-leaved pseudobulbs multiple times. Distinct pseudobulbs gave rise to indistinct pseudobulbs twice. Multiple-flowered inflorescences shifted to solitary flowers and 2–3-flowered inflorescences multiple times, with some instances of evolutionary reversal. Lateral sepal elongation also presents a convergent evolutionary scenario. Key results and conclusion - The ancestral character states of the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum include a single leaf, distinct pseudobulbs, multiple-flowered inflorescences, and lateral and dorsal sepals similar in length. One-leaved pseudobulbs evolved into two-leaved pseudobulbs multiple times. Distinct pseudobulbs gave rise to indistinct pseudobulbs twice. Multiple-flowered inflorescences shifted to solitary flowers and 2-3-flowered inflorescences multiple times, with some instances of evolutionary reversal. Lateral sepal elongation also presents a convergent evolutionary scenario.
Audience	Academic
Author	Watthana, Santi Merckx, Vincent S.F.T. Suksathan, Piyakaset Pingyot, Thitiporn Kongsawadworakul, Panida Ruchisansakun, Saroj Thawara, Nicha
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Cites_doi	10.1016/j.bse.2016.01.003 10.3390/ijms24119709 10.1093/molbev/mst024 10.6165/tai.2022.67.181 10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00065.x 10.1016/j.flora.2019.151467 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.023 10.1016/j.pld.2018.06.003 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110021 10.1016/j.pld.2021.05.006 10.1038/nmeth.4285 10.11646/phytotaxa.302.2.7 10.1093/molbev/msx281 10.1002/tax.604009 10.1093/sysbio/syw037 10.2307/2388851 10.1111/boj.12427 10.3389/fpls.2020.00799 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty121 10.1093/molbev/msu300 10.1186/s12862-019-1416-1 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106689 10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30426-7 10.1093/sysbio/20.4.406 10.1093/sysbio/sys029 10.1002/aps3.11416 10.1093/sysbio/syy086 10.1007/s00606-010-0296-z 10.1023/A:1005477926244 10.11646/phytotaxa.166.2.1 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114510 10.1111/boj.12168 10.1111/1365-2745.12834 10.11646/phytotaxa.226.1.1 10.1098/rspb.2024.0702 10.3389/fpls.2023.1219354 10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
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Snippet	Background and aims – Bulbophyllum , the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While... Background and aims - Bulbophyllum, the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait... Key results and conclusion - The ancestral character states of the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum include a single leaf, distinct pseudobulbs, multiple-flowered... Background and aims – Bulbophyllum, the largest genus in Orchidaceae, exhibits a diverse morphology in both reproductive and vegetative characters. While trait...
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SubjectTerms	Bayesian analysis Biological evolution Bulbophyllum Chloroplasts DNA sequencing Evolution Leaves Maximum likelihood estimation Morphology Nucleotide sequence Nucleotide sequencing Orchidaceae Phylogenetics Phylogeny Plant reproduction Plant reproductive structures RESEARCH ARTICLE Ribosomal DNA Sepals Statistical inference
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Title	An overview of floral and vegetative evolution in the Asian clade of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae)
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