Entrepreneurship and Risk Taking
According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students d...
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Published in | Applied psychology Vol. 58; no. 3; pp. 469 - 487 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.07.2009
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students did not express any intention of starting up their own business in the near future. The second group consisted of students who had participated in a special course designed for future entrepreneurs. The third group consisted of students or alumni who became entrepreneurs before graduating. In accordance with Knight's claim, we found that actual entrepreneurs revealed the highest, and students who did not express an intention of starting their own business the lowest, level of self‐confidence of all groups participating in the experiment. On the other hand, in well‐defined risky situations we did not confirm a hypothesis that would‐be entrepreneurs or actual entrepreneurs were more risk prone than students with no intention of starting a business. Yet, in naturalistic‐business risky situations we found more risky choices among entrepreneurs than among non‐entrepreneurs.
Conformément à la définition même de l'esprit d'entreprise et à l'observation quotidienne, les entrepreneurs sont perçus comme étant plus enclins que les autres personnes à prendre des risques. Seulement, les recherches expérimentales ne confirment pas de façon définitive cette conception. Notre étude a porté sur trois groupes d'étudiants. L'un des groupes n'avait aucunement l'intention de créer une entreprise dans un avenir prévisible. Le deuxième groupe était composé d'étudiants qui suivaient un cours spécialement destiné aux futurs entrepreneurs. Le troisième groupe rassemblait des étudiants ou d'anciens étudiants qui devinrent entrepreneurs avant d'être diplômés. En accord avec les propositions de Knight, on a constaté que les entrepreneurs étaient ceux qui avaient la plus forte confiance en eux‐mêmes et les jeunes qui n'éprouvaient aucune vocation d'entrepreneur la plus faible. D'autre part, face à des situations de risque bien précises, il fut impossible de corroborer l'hypothèse que les aspirants entrepreneurs ou les chefs d'entreprise étaient plus portés sur le risque que les étudiants n'ayant aucunement l'intention de fonder une entreprise. Toutefois, devant des décisions risquées dans des situations concrètes industrielles ou commerciales, on a observé plus de choix aventureux chez les entrepreneurs que chez ceux qui ne l'étaient pas. |
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AbstractList | According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students did not express any intention of starting up their own business in the near future. The second group consisted of students who had participated in a special course designed for future entrepreneurs. The third group consisted of students or alumni who became entrepreneurs before graduating. In accordance with Knight's claim, we found that actual entrepreneurs revealed the highest, and students who did not express an intention of starting their own business the lowest, level of self-confidence of all groups participating in the experiment. On the other hand, in well-defined risky situations we did not confirm a hypothesis that would-be entrepreneurs or actual entrepreneurs were more risk prone than students with no intention of starting a business. Yet, in naturalistic-business risky situations we found more risky choices among entrepreneurs than among non-entrepreneurs. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students did not express any intention of starting up their own business in the near future. The second group consisted of students who had participated in a special course designed for future entrepreneurs. The third group consisted of students or alumni who became entrepreneurs before graduating. In accordance with Knight's claim, we found that actual entrepreneurs revealed the highest, and students who did not express an intention of starting their own business the lowest, level of self‐confidence of all groups participating in the experiment. On the other hand, in well‐defined risky situations we did not confirm a hypothesis that would‐be entrepreneurs or actual entrepreneurs were more risk prone than students with no intention of starting a business. Yet, in naturalistic‐business risky situations we found more risky choices among entrepreneurs than among non‐entrepreneurs. Conformément à la définition même de l'esprit d'entreprise et à l'observation quotidienne, les entrepreneurs sont perçus comme étant plus enclins que les autres personnes à prendre des risques. Seulement, les recherches expérimentales ne confirment pas de façon définitive cette conception. Notre étude a porté sur trois groupes d'étudiants. L'un des groupes n'avait aucunement l'intention de créer une entreprise dans un avenir prévisible. Le deuxième groupe était composé d'étudiants qui suivaient un cours spécialement destiné aux futurs entrepreneurs. Le troisième groupe rassemblait des étudiants ou d'anciens étudiants qui devinrent entrepreneurs avant d'être diplômés. En accord avec les propositions de Knight, on a constaté que les entrepreneurs étaient ceux qui avaient la plus forte confiance en eux‐mêmes et les jeunes qui n'éprouvaient aucune vocation d'entrepreneur la plus faible. D'autre part, face à des situations de risque bien précises, il fut impossible de corroborer l'hypothèse que les aspirants entrepreneurs ou les chefs d'entreprise étaient plus portés sur le risque que les étudiants n'ayant aucunement l'intention de fonder une entreprise. Toutefois, devant des décisions risquées dans des situations concrètes industrielles ou commerciales, on a observé plus de choix aventureux chez les entrepreneurs que chez ceux qui ne l'étaient pas. According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students did not express any intention of starting up their own business in the near future. The second group consisted of students who had participated in a special course designed for future entrepreneurs. The third group consisted of students or alumni who became entrepreneurs before graduating. In accordance with Knight's claim, we found that actual entrepreneurs revealed the highest, and students who did not express an intention of starting their own business the lowest, level of self-confidence of all groups participating in the experiment. On the other hand, in well-defined risky situations we did not confirm a hypothesis that would-be entrepreneurs or actual entrepreneurs were more risk prone than students with no intention of starting a business. Yet, in naturalistic-business risky situations we found more risky choices among entrepreneurs than among non-entrepreneurs.Conformement a la definition meme de l'esprit d'entreprise et a l'observation quotidienne, les entrepreneurs sont percus comme etant plus enclins que les autres personnes a prendre des risques. Seulement, les recherches experimentales ne confirment pas de facon definitive cette conception. Notre etude a porte sur trois groupes d'etudiants. L'un des groupes n'avait aucunement l'intention de creer une entreprise dans un avenir previsible. Le deuxieme groupe etait compose d'etudiants qui suivaient un cours specialement destine aux futurs entrepreneurs. Le troisieme groupe rassemblait des etudiants ou d'anciens etudiants qui devinrent entrepreneurs avant d'etre diplomes. En accord avec les propositions de Knight, on a constate que les entrepreneurs etaient ceux qui avaient la plus forte confiance en eux-memes et les jeunes qui n'eprouvaient aucune vocation d'entrepreneur la plus faible. D'autre part, face a des situations de risque bien precises, il fut impossible de corroborer l'hypothese que les aspirants entrepreneurs ou les chefs d'entreprise etaient plus portes sur le risque que les etudiants n'ayant aucunement l'intention de fonder une entreprise. Toutefois, devant des decisions risquees dans des situations concretes industrielles ou commerciales, on a observe plus de choix aventureux chez les entrepreneurs que chez ceux qui ne l'etaient pas. According to the definition of entrepreneurship and everyday observation, entrepreneurs are perceived as more risk prone than other people. However, laboratory studies do not provide conclusive support for this claim. In our study, three groups of students served as subjects. One group of students did not express any intention of starting up their own business in the near future. The second group consisted of students who had participated in a special course designed for future entrepreneurs. The third group consisted of students or alumni who became entrepreneurs before graduating. In accordance with Knight's claim, we found that actual entrepreneurs revealed the highest, and students who did not express an intention of starting their own business the lowest, level of self-confidence of all groups participating in the experiment. On the other hand, in well-defined risky situations we did not confirm a hypothesis that would-be entrepreneurs or actual entrepreneurs were more risk prone than students with no intention of starting a business. Yet, in naturalistic-business risky situations we found more risky choices among entrepreneurs than among non-entrepreneurs. Adapted from the source document. |
Author | Tyszka, Tadeusz Macko, Anna |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anna surname: Macko fullname: Macko, Anna email: amacko@wspiz.edu.pl organization: Leon Kozminski Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Warsaw, Poland – sequence: 2 givenname: Tadeusz surname: Tyszka fullname: Tyszka, Tadeusz organization: Leon Kozminski Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Warsaw, Poland |
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Copyright | 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 International Association of Applied Psychology Journal compilation © 2009 The International Association of Applied Psychology |
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References | Byrnes, J.P., Miller, D.C., & Schafer, W.D. (1999). Gender differences in risk-taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367-383. Camerer, C., & Lovallo, D.P. (1999). Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental approach. American Economic Review, 89(1), 306-318. Rottenstreich, Y., & Kivetz, R. (2006). On decision making without likelihood judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 101, 74-88. Palich, L.E., & Bagby, R.D. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk taking: Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 425-438. Masters, R., & Meier, R. (1988). Sex differences and risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 1, 31-35. Stewart, W.H., Watson, W.E., Carland, J.C., & Carland, J.W. (1999). A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 14, 189-214. Carland, J.W. III, Carland, J.W., Carland, J.C., & Pearce, J.W. (1995). Risk taking propensity among entrepreneurs, small business owners, and managers. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 15-23. Russo, J.E., & Schoemaker, P.J.H. (1990) Decision traps: Ten barriers to brilliant decision making and how to overcome them. New York: Simon & Schuster. Brockhaus, R.H. (1980). Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 509-520. Knight, F.H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Boston MA: Hart, Schaffner & Marx; Hughton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 29 December 2006 from http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Knight/knRUP1.html. Tyszka, T., & Zaleśkiewicz, T. (2006). When does information about probability count in choices under risk? Risk Analysis, 26, 1623-1636. Krueger, N., & Dickson, P.R. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 23, 385-401. Kornai, J. (1971). Anti-equilibrium: On economic systems theory and the tasks of research. New York: North Holland. Vlek, C., & Stallen, P.J. (1981). Judging risks and benefits in the small and in the large. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28, 235-271. Langer, E.J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311-328. Begley, T., & Boyd, D. (1987). A comparison of entrepreneurs and managers of small business firms. Journal of Management, 13(1), 99-108. Shapira, Z. (1995). Risk taking: A managerial perspective. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Weinstein, N.D. (1984). Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility. Health Psychology, 3, 431-457. Chen, C., Greene, P.G., & Creek, A. (1998). Does self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 295-316. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Huber, O., Beutter, C., Montoya, J., & Huber, O.W. (2001). Risk-defusing behaviour: Towards an understanding of risky decision making. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13, 409-426. Heath, C., & Tversky, A. (1991). Preference and belief: Ambiguity and competence in choice under uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 4, 5-28. Osborn, E., & Slomczynski, K.M. (2005). Open for business: The persistent entrepreneurial class in Poland. Warsaw: IFiS PAN. 1987; 13 1991; 4 1980; 23 1995; 10 1994; 23 1999; 89 1997 2006 1995 1994 2005 1999; 125 1971 1981; 28 1975; 32 1934 1995; 7 1988; 1 1990 1984; 3 1999; 14 2006; 26 1921 2001; 13 2006; 101 1989 1998; 13 1988 Krueger N. (e_1_2_5_14_1) 1994; 23 e_1_2_5_27_1 e_1_2_5_28_1 e_1_2_5_25_1 Huber O. (e_1_2_5_10_1) 1997 Masters R. (e_1_2_5_17_1) 1988; 1 e_1_2_5_26_1 Osborn E. (e_1_2_5_18_1) 2005 Schumpeter J.A. (e_1_2_5_23_1) 1934 e_1_2_5_21_1 e_1_2_5_29_1 e_1_2_5_20_1 e_1_2_5_15_1 e_1_2_5_9_1 e_1_2_5_16_1 Russo J.E. (e_1_2_5_22_1) 1990 e_1_2_5_8_1 e_1_2_5_11_1 e_1_2_5_6_1 e_1_2_5_5_1 e_1_2_5_4_1 Bandura A. (e_1_2_5_2_1) 1994 e_1_2_5_3_1 Carland J.W. (e_1_2_5_7_1) 1995; 7 e_1_2_5_19_1 Shapira Z. (e_1_2_5_24_1) 1995 Knight F.H. (e_1_2_5_12_1) 1921 Kornai J. (e_1_2_5_13_1) 1971 |
References_xml | – reference: Masters, R., & Meier, R. (1988). Sex differences and risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 1, 31-35. – reference: Tyszka, T., & Zaleśkiewicz, T. (2006). When does information about probability count in choices under risk? Risk Analysis, 26, 1623-1636. – reference: Russo, J.E., & Schoemaker, P.J.H. (1990) Decision traps: Ten barriers to brilliant decision making and how to overcome them. New York: Simon & Schuster. – reference: Carland, J.W. III, Carland, J.W., Carland, J.C., & Pearce, J.W. (1995). Risk taking propensity among entrepreneurs, small business owners, and managers. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 15-23. – reference: Shapira, Z. (1995). Risk taking: A managerial perspective. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. – reference: Krueger, N., & Dickson, P.R. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 23, 385-401. – reference: Palich, L.E., & Bagby, R.D. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk taking: Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10, 425-438. – reference: Camerer, C., & Lovallo, D.P. (1999). Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental approach. American Economic Review, 89(1), 306-318. – reference: Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. – reference: Knight, F.H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Boston MA: Hart, Schaffner & Marx; Hughton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 29 December 2006 from http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Knight/knRUP1.html. – reference: Byrnes, J.P., Miller, D.C., & Schafer, W.D. (1999). Gender differences in risk-taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367-383. – reference: Weinstein, N.D. (1984). Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility. Health Psychology, 3, 431-457. – reference: Stewart, W.H., Watson, W.E., Carland, J.C., & Carland, J.W. (1999). A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 14, 189-214. – reference: Vlek, C., & Stallen, P.J. (1981). Judging risks and benefits in the small and in the large. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28, 235-271. – reference: Begley, T., & Boyd, D. (1987). A comparison of entrepreneurs and managers of small business firms. Journal of Management, 13(1), 99-108. – reference: Osborn, E., & Slomczynski, K.M. (2005). Open for business: The persistent entrepreneurial class in Poland. Warsaw: IFiS PAN. – reference: Brockhaus, R.H. (1980). Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 509-520. – reference: Heath, C., & Tversky, A. (1991). Preference and belief: Ambiguity and competence in choice under uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 4, 5-28. – reference: Rottenstreich, Y., & Kivetz, R. (2006). On decision making without likelihood judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 101, 74-88. – reference: Langer, E.J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311-328. – reference: Huber, O., Beutter, C., Montoya, J., & Huber, O.W. (2001). Risk-defusing behaviour: Towards an understanding of risky decision making. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13, 409-426. – reference: Chen, C., Greene, P.G., & Creek, A. (1998). Does self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 295-316. – reference: Kornai, J. (1971). Anti-equilibrium: On economic systems theory and the tasks of research. 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