Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships
Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5–8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO 3 − ), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO 2 − ]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship b...
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| Published in | Journal of applied physiology (1985) Vol. 115; no. 3; pp. 325 - 336 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Physiological Society
01.08.2013
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5–8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO
3
−
), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO
2
−
]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated. In a balanced crossover design, 10 healthy men ingested 70, 140, or 280 ml concentrated BR (containing 4.2, 8.4, and 16.8 mmol NO
3
−
, respectively) or no supplement to establish the effects of BR on resting plasma [NO
3
−
] and [NO
2
−
] over 24 h. Subsequently, on six separate occasions, 10 subjects completed moderate-intensity and severe-intensity cycle exercise tests, 2.5 h postingestion of 70, 140, and 280 ml BR or NO
3
−
-depleted BR as placebo (PL). Following acute BR ingestion, plasma [NO
2
−
] increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the peak changes occurring at approximately 2–3 h. Compared with PL, 70 ml BR did not alter the physiological responses to exercise. However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O
2
) uptake during moderate-intensity exercise by 1.7% ( P = 0.06) and 3.0% ( P < 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P < 0.05), respectively, compared with PL. The results indicate that whereas plasma [NO
2
−
] and the O
2
cost of moderate-intensity exercise are altered dose dependently with NO
3
−
-rich BR, there is no additional improvement in exercise tolerance after ingesting BR containing 16.8 compared with 8.4 mmol NO
3
−
. These findings have important implications for the use of BR to enhance cardiovascular health and exercise performance in young adults. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5-8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3-), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO2-]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated. In a balanced crossover design, 10 healthy men ingested 70, 140, or 280 ml concentrated BR (containing 4.2, 8.4, and 16.8 mmol NO..., respectively) or no supplement to establish the effects of BR on resting plasma [NO3-] and [NO...] over 24 h. Subsequently, on six separate occasions, 10 subjects completed moderate-intensity and severe-intensity cycle exercise tests, 2.5 h postingestion of 70, 140, and 280 ml BR or NO...-depleted BR as placebo (PL). Following acute BR ingestion, plasma [NO...] increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the peak changes occurring at approximately 2-3 h. Compared with PL, 70 ml BR did not alter the physiological responses to exercise. However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O2) uptake during moderate-intensity exercise by 1.7% (P = 0.06) and 3.0% (P < 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P < 0.05), respectively, compared with PL. The results indicate that whereas plasma [NO...] and the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise are altered dose dependently with NO...-rich BR, there is no additional improvement in exercise tolerance after ingesting BR containing 16.8 compared with 8.4 mmol NO... These findings have important implications for the use of BR to enhance cardiovascular health and exercise performance in young adults. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.) Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5–8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO 3 − ), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO 2 − ]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated. In a balanced crossover design, 10 healthy men ingested 70, 140, or 280 ml concentrated BR (containing 4.2, 8.4, and 16.8 mmol NO 3 − , respectively) or no supplement to establish the effects of BR on resting plasma [NO 3 − ] and [NO 2 − ] over 24 h. Subsequently, on six separate occasions, 10 subjects completed moderate-intensity and severe-intensity cycle exercise tests, 2.5 h postingestion of 70, 140, and 280 ml BR or NO 3 − -depleted BR as placebo (PL). Following acute BR ingestion, plasma [NO 2 − ] increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the peak changes occurring at approximately 2–3 h. Compared with PL, 70 ml BR did not alter the physiological responses to exercise. However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O 2 ) uptake during moderate-intensity exercise by 1.7% ( P = 0.06) and 3.0% ( P < 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P < 0.05), respectively, compared with PL. The results indicate that whereas plasma [NO 2 − ] and the O 2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise are altered dose dependently with NO 3 − -rich BR, there is no additional improvement in exercise tolerance after ingesting BR containing 16.8 compared with 8.4 mmol NO 3 − . These findings have important implications for the use of BR to enhance cardiovascular health and exercise performance in young adults. Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5-8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3(-)), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO2(-)]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated. In a balanced crossover design, 10 healthy men ingested 70, 140, or 280 ml concentrated BR (containing 4.2, 8.4, and 16.8 mmol NO3(-), respectively) or no supplement to establish the effects of BR on resting plasma [NO3(-)] and [NO2(-)] over 24 h. Subsequently, on six separate occasions, 10 subjects completed moderate-intensity and severe-intensity cycle exercise tests, 2.5 h postingestion of 70, 140, and 280 ml BR or NO3(-)-depleted BR as placebo (PL). Following acute BR ingestion, plasma [NO2(-)] increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the peak changes occurring at approximately 2-3 h. Compared with PL, 70 ml BR did not alter the physiological responses to exercise. However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O2) uptake during moderate-intensity exercise by 1.7% (P = 0.06) and 3.0% (P < 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P < 0.05), respectively, compared with PL. The results indicate that whereas plasma [NO2(-)] and the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise are altered dose dependently with NO3(-)-rich BR, there is no additional improvement in exercise tolerance after ingesting BR containing 16.8 compared with 8.4 mmol NO3(-). These findings have important implications for the use of BR to enhance cardiovascular health and exercise performance in young adults.Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5-8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3(-)), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO2(-)]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated. In a balanced crossover design, 10 healthy men ingested 70, 140, or 280 ml concentrated BR (containing 4.2, 8.4, and 16.8 mmol NO3(-), respectively) or no supplement to establish the effects of BR on resting plasma [NO3(-)] and [NO2(-)] over 24 h. Subsequently, on six separate occasions, 10 subjects completed moderate-intensity and severe-intensity cycle exercise tests, 2.5 h postingestion of 70, 140, and 280 ml BR or NO3(-)-depleted BR as placebo (PL). Following acute BR ingestion, plasma [NO2(-)] increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the peak changes occurring at approximately 2-3 h. Compared with PL, 70 ml BR did not alter the physiological responses to exercise. However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O2) uptake during moderate-intensity exercise by 1.7% (P = 0.06) and 3.0% (P < 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P < 0.05), respectively, compared with PL. The results indicate that whereas plasma [NO2(-)] and the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise are altered dose dependently with NO3(-)-rich BR, there is no additional improvement in exercise tolerance after ingesting BR containing 16.8 compared with 8.4 mmol NO3(-). These findings have important implications for the use of BR to enhance cardiovascular health and exercise performance in young adults. Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5-8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3(-)), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO2(-)]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated. In a balanced crossover design, 10 healthy men ingested 70, 140, or 280 ml concentrated BR (containing 4.2, 8.4, and 16.8 mmol NO3(-), respectively) or no supplement to establish the effects of BR on resting plasma [NO3(-)] and [NO2(-)] over 24 h. Subsequently, on six separate occasions, 10 subjects completed moderate-intensity and severe-intensity cycle exercise tests, 2.5 h postingestion of 70, 140, and 280 ml BR or NO3(-)-depleted BR as placebo (PL). Following acute BR ingestion, plasma [NO2(-)] increased in a dose-dependent manner, with the peak changes occurring at approximately 2-3 h. Compared with PL, 70 ml BR did not alter the physiological responses to exercise. However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O2) uptake during moderate-intensity exercise by 1.7% (P = 0.06) and 3.0% (P < 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P < 0.05), respectively, compared with PL. The results indicate that whereas plasma [NO2(-)] and the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise are altered dose dependently with NO3(-)-rich BR, there is no additional improvement in exercise tolerance after ingesting BR containing 16.8 compared with 8.4 mmol NO3(-). These findings have important implications for the use of BR to enhance cardiovascular health and exercise performance in young adults. |
| Author | Wylie, Lee J. Bailey, Stephen J. Jeukendrup, Asker E. Winyard, Paul G. Vanhatalo, Anni Blackwell, Jamie R. Skiba, Philip F. Kelly, James Jones, Andrew M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lee J. surname: Wylie fullname: Wylie, Lee J. organization: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: James surname: Kelly fullname: Kelly, James organization: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 3 givenname: Stephen J. surname: Bailey fullname: Bailey, Stephen J. organization: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 4 givenname: Jamie R. surname: Blackwell fullname: Blackwell, Jamie R. organization: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 5 givenname: Philip F. surname: Skiba fullname: Skiba, Philip F. organization: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 6 givenname: Paul G. surname: Winyard fullname: Winyard, Paul G. organization: University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom; and – sequence: 7 givenname: Asker E. surname: Jeukendrup fullname: Jeukendrup, Asker E. organization: Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, Illinois – sequence: 8 givenname: Anni surname: Vanhatalo fullname: Vanhatalo, Anni organization: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom – sequence: 9 givenname: Andrew M. surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Andrew M. organization: Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter, United Kingdom |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23640589$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5–8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Algorithms Analysis of Variance Beta vulgaris - physiology Beverages Blood pressure Blood Pressure - physiology Body Mass Index Carbon Dioxide - blood Dietary Supplements Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Exercise Exercise - physiology Female Heart Rate - physiology Humans Ingestion Lactic Acid - blood Male Nitrates Nitrates - blood Nitrites - blood Nitrogen dioxide Oxygen Oxygen - blood Oxygen Consumption - physiology Oxygen uptake Physiological responses Physiology Plasma Vegetable juices Young Adult Young adults |
| Title | Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships |
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