Environmental Adaptability and Energy Investment Strategy of Different Cunninghamia lanceolata Clones Based on Leaf Calorific Value and Construction Cost Characteristics
The calorific value and construction cost of leaves reflect the utilization strategy of plants for environmental resources. Their genetic characteristics and leaf functional traits as well as climate change affect the calorific values. This study explores the differences in energy investment strateg...
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| Published in | Plants (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 14; p. 2723 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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21.07.2023
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| Abstract | The calorific value and construction cost of leaves reflect the utilization strategy of plants for environmental resources. Their genetic characteristics and leaf functional traits as well as climate change affect the calorific values. This study explores the differences in energy investment strategies and the response characteristics of energy utilization in leaves to climate change among nine clones of Chinese fir (
). Considering the objectives, the differences in the energy utilization strategies were analyzed by determining the leaf nutrients, specific leaf area, and leaf calorific value and by calculating the construction cost. The results showed a significant difference in the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves among different Chinese fir clones (
< 0.05). There were also significant differences in leaf carbon (C) content, leaf nitrogen (N) content, specific leaf area, and ash content. The correlation analysis showed that leaves' ash-free calorific value and construction cost were positively correlated with the C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that P2 is inclined to the "fast investment return" energy investment strategy, while L27 is inclined to the "slow investment return" energy investment strategy. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicates that the monthly average temperature strongly correlates positively with leaf construction cost, N content, and specific leaf area. The monthly average precipitation positively impacts the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves. In conclusion, there are obvious differences in energy investment strategies among different Chinese fir clones. When temperature and precipitation change, Chinese fir leaves can adjust their energy investment to adapt to environmental changes. In the future, attention should be paid to the impact of climate change-related aspects on the growth and development of Chinese fir plantations. |
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| AbstractList | The calorific value and construction cost of leaves reflect the utilization strategy of plants for environmental resources. Their genetic characteristics and leaf functional traits as well as climate change affect the calorific values. This study explores the differences in energy investment strategies and the response characteristics of energy utilization in leaves to climate change among nine clones of Chinese fir (
). Considering the objectives, the differences in the energy utilization strategies were analyzed by determining the leaf nutrients, specific leaf area, and leaf calorific value and by calculating the construction cost. The results showed a significant difference in the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves among different Chinese fir clones (
< 0.05). There were also significant differences in leaf carbon (C) content, leaf nitrogen (N) content, specific leaf area, and ash content. The correlation analysis showed that leaves' ash-free calorific value and construction cost were positively correlated with the C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that P2 is inclined to the "fast investment return" energy investment strategy, while L27 is inclined to the "slow investment return" energy investment strategy. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicates that the monthly average temperature strongly correlates positively with leaf construction cost, N content, and specific leaf area. The monthly average precipitation positively impacts the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves. In conclusion, there are obvious differences in energy investment strategies among different Chinese fir clones. When temperature and precipitation change, Chinese fir leaves can adjust their energy investment to adapt to environmental changes. In the future, attention should be paid to the impact of climate change-related aspects on the growth and development of Chinese fir plantations. The calorific value and construction cost of leaves reflect the utilization strategy of plants for environmental resources. Their genetic characteristics and leaf functional traits as well as climate change affect the calorific values. This study explores the differences in energy investment strategies and the response characteristics of energy utilization in leaves to climate change among nine clones of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Considering the objectives, the differences in the energy utilization strategies were analyzed by determining the leaf nutrients, specific leaf area, and leaf calorific value and by calculating the construction cost. The results showed a significant difference in the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves among different Chinese fir clones (p < 0.05). There were also significant differences in leaf carbon (C) content, leaf nitrogen (N) content, specific leaf area, and ash content. The correlation analysis showed that leaves' ash-free calorific value and construction cost were positively correlated with the C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that P2 is inclined to the "fast investment return" energy investment strategy, while L27 is inclined to the "slow investment return" energy investment strategy. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicates that the monthly average temperature strongly correlates positively with leaf construction cost, N content, and specific leaf area. The monthly average precipitation positively impacts the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves. In conclusion, there are obvious differences in energy investment strategies among different Chinese fir clones. When temperature and precipitation change, Chinese fir leaves can adjust their energy investment to adapt to environmental changes. In the future, attention should be paid to the impact of climate change-related aspects on the growth and development of Chinese fir plantations.The calorific value and construction cost of leaves reflect the utilization strategy of plants for environmental resources. Their genetic characteristics and leaf functional traits as well as climate change affect the calorific values. This study explores the differences in energy investment strategies and the response characteristics of energy utilization in leaves to climate change among nine clones of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Considering the objectives, the differences in the energy utilization strategies were analyzed by determining the leaf nutrients, specific leaf area, and leaf calorific value and by calculating the construction cost. The results showed a significant difference in the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves among different Chinese fir clones (p < 0.05). There were also significant differences in leaf carbon (C) content, leaf nitrogen (N) content, specific leaf area, and ash content. The correlation analysis showed that leaves' ash-free calorific value and construction cost were positively correlated with the C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that P2 is inclined to the "fast investment return" energy investment strategy, while L27 is inclined to the "slow investment return" energy investment strategy. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicates that the monthly average temperature strongly correlates positively with leaf construction cost, N content, and specific leaf area. The monthly average precipitation positively impacts the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves. In conclusion, there are obvious differences in energy investment strategies among different Chinese fir clones. When temperature and precipitation change, Chinese fir leaves can adjust their energy investment to adapt to environmental changes. In the future, attention should be paid to the impact of climate change-related aspects on the growth and development of Chinese fir plantations. The calorific value and construction cost of leaves reflect the utilization strategy of plants for environmental resources. Their genetic characteristics and leaf functional traits as well as climate change affect the calorific values. This study explores the differences in energy investment strategies and the response characteristics of energy utilization in leaves to climate change among nine clones of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Considering the objectives, the differences in the energy utilization strategies were analyzed by determining the leaf nutrients, specific leaf area, and leaf calorific value and by calculating the construction cost. The results showed a significant difference in the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves among different Chinese fir clones (p < 0.05). There were also significant differences in leaf carbon (C) content, leaf nitrogen (N) content, specific leaf area, and ash content. The correlation analysis showed that leaves’ ash-free calorific value and construction cost were positively correlated with the C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that P2 is inclined to the “fast investment return” energy investment strategy, while L27 is inclined to the “slow investment return” energy investment strategy. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicates that the monthly average temperature strongly correlates positively with leaf construction cost, N content, and specific leaf area. The monthly average precipitation positively impacts the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves. In conclusion, there are obvious differences in energy investment strategies among different Chinese fir clones. When temperature and precipitation change, Chinese fir leaves can adjust their energy investment to adapt to environmental changes. In the future, attention should be paid to the impact of climate change–related aspects on the growth and development of Chinese fir plantations. The calorific value and construction cost of leaves reflect the utilization strategy of plants for environmental resources. Their genetic characteristics and leaf functional traits as well as climate change affect the calorific values. This study explores the differences in energy investment strategies and the response characteristics of energy utilization in leaves to climate change among nine clones of Chinese fir ( Cunninghamia lanceolata ). Considering the objectives, the differences in the energy utilization strategies were analyzed by determining the leaf nutrients, specific leaf area, and leaf calorific value and by calculating the construction cost. The results showed a significant difference in the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves among different Chinese fir clones ( p < 0.05). There were also significant differences in leaf carbon (C) content, leaf nitrogen (N) content, specific leaf area, and ash content. The correlation analysis showed that leaves’ ash-free calorific value and construction cost were positively correlated with the C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that P2 is inclined to the “fast investment return” energy investment strategy, while L27 is inclined to the “slow investment return” energy investment strategy. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicates that the monthly average temperature strongly correlates positively with leaf construction cost, N content, and specific leaf area. The monthly average precipitation positively impacts the ash-free calorific value and construction cost of leaves. In conclusion, there are obvious differences in energy investment strategies among different Chinese fir clones. When temperature and precipitation change, Chinese fir leaves can adjust their energy investment to adapt to environmental changes. In the future, attention should be paid to the impact of climate change–related aspects on the growth and development of Chinese fir plantations. |
| Author | Zou, Xianhua Li, Nana Zhang, Ting Cao, Yue Wu, Pengfei Wu, Jinghui Ma, Xiangqing |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; fafulinana@126.com (N.L.); cyue2020@126.com (Y.C.); zhangting8519@163.com (T.Z.); lxymxq@126.com (X.M.) 2 Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China; zhouxianhua111@163.com 3 Fujian Shanghang Baisha Forestry Farm, Longyan 364205, China; 27wjh@163.com |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China; zhouxianhua111@163.com – name: 1 College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; fafulinana@126.com (N.L.); cyue2020@126.com (Y.C.); zhangting8519@163.com (T.Z.); lxymxq@126.com (X.M.) – name: 3 Fujian Shanghang Baisha Forestry Farm, Longyan 364205, China; 27wjh@163.com |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Nana surname: Li fullname: Li, Nana organization: Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Yue surname: Cao fullname: Cao, Yue organization: Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Jinghui surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Jinghui organization: Fujian Shanghang Baisha Forestry Farm, Longyan 364205, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Ting surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Ting organization: Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Xianhua surname: Zou fullname: Zou, Xianhua organization: Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Xiangqing surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Xiangqing organization: Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Pengfei orcidid: 0000-0001-7426-2335 surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Pengfei organization: Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, China |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1007/s00468-018-1738-4 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.032 10.1093/aob/mcv179 10.1007/s11676-014-0525-3 10.1007/s11629-019-5630-5 10.1038/s41598-018-26883-7 10.3389/fevo.2022.1028686 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00677.x 10.1007/s13196-019-00246-9 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110897 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01209 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.056 10.1177/0967033517689981 10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604754 10.1038/s41598-020-64161-7 10.1134/S102144371406017X 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111958 10.1093/aob/mcq119 10.1371/journal.pone.0157833 10.1038/nature02403 10.1371/journal.pone.0199762 10.1038/srep36674 10.1371/journal.pone.0149262 10.1038/nature16489 10.1007/s10570-020-03039-3 10.1007/s40626-017-0087-9 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.06.012 10.1007/s11258-021-01140-6 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117815 10.3389/fenvs.2022.927572 10.1111/nph.14115 |
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| Copyright | 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2023 by the authors. 2023 |
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| Keywords | calorific value Chinese fir leaf functional traits subtropical region utilization strategy climate change |
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| SubjectTerms | Adaptability Ashes Calorific value Chinese fir Climate change Cloning Construction Construction costs Correlation analysis Cost analysis Cunninghamia lanceolata Drought Efficiency Energy consumption Energy utilization Environmental changes Environmental impact Investment policy Investment strategy Leaf area leaf functional traits Leaves Lignin Nitrogen Nutrients Physiology Precipitation Principal components analysis Redundancy subtropical region utilization strategy |
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| Title | Environmental Adaptability and Energy Investment Strategy of Different Cunninghamia lanceolata Clones Based on Leaf Calorific Value and Construction Cost Characteristics |
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