Therapeutic targeting of VEGF and/or TGF-β to enhance anti-PD-(L)1 therapy: The evidence from clinical trials

• Published in: Frontiers in oncology Vol. 12; p. 905520
• Main Authors: Li, Linwei, Wen, Qinglian, Ding, Ruilin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Frontiers Media S.A 26.07.2022
• Subjects: immunotherapy; Oncology; PD-1; review; TGF-β; tumor microenvironment; VEGF

Normalizing the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a potential strategy to improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathways play an important role in the development and function of the TME, contributing to the immunos...