Validity, Reliability, and Diagnostic Cut-off of the Kinyarwandan Version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in Rwanda
Introduction : In Rwanda, major depressive disorder affects 11.9% of the population and up to 35% of genocide survivors. Mental health services remain underutilized due to stigma and lack of awareness. Increasing the ability and capacity to diagnose and treat mental disorders is considered important...
Saved in:
Published in | Frontiers in psychology Vol. 11; p. 1343 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Frontiers Media S.A
03.07.2020
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Introduction
: In Rwanda, major depressive disorder affects 11.9% of the population and up to 35% of genocide survivors. Mental health services remain underutilized due to stigma and lack of awareness. Increasing the ability and capacity to diagnose and treat mental disorders is considered important to close this gap. We describe the translation, validity, and reliability assessment of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) as a diagnostic tool for moderate to severe depression in Rwanda.
Methods
: The HDRS-21 was translated by a multi-group taskforce. We validated the translation against expert assessment in a comparative study on a sample of patients living with depression and of healthy volunteers. Psychometric properties, namely internal structure, reliability, and external validity were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, three reliability calculations, and correlation analysis, respectively. Maximized Youden’s index was used for determining diagnostic cut-off.
Results
: The translated version demonstrated a kappa of 0.93. We enrolled 105 healthy volunteers and 105 patients with confirmed mild to severe depression. In the confirmatory factor analysis, HDRS had good factor loadings of 0.32–0.80. Reliability coefficients above 0.92 indicated strong internal consistency. External validity was shown by good sensitivity (0.95) and specificity (0.94) to differentiate depression from absence of depression. At a cut-off point of 17 for the diagnosis of depression, sensitivity and specificity were both 0.95 relative to gold standard.
Conclusion
: The validated HDRS in Kinyarwanda with diagnostic cut-off provides mental healthcare staff with an accurate tool to diagnose moderate to severe depression, enabling closure of the diagnosis and treatment gap. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Introduction: In Rwanda, major depressive disorder affects 11.9% of the population and up to 35% of genocide survivors. Mental health services remain underutilized due to stigma and lack of awareness. Increasing the ability and capacity to diagnose and treat mental disorders is considered important to close this gap. We describe the translation, validity, and reliability assessment of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) as a diagnostic tool for moderate to severe depression in Rwanda.Methods: The HDRS-21 was translated by a multi-group taskforce. We validated the translation against expert assessment in a comparative study on a sample of patients living with depression and of healthy volunteers. Psychometric properties, namely internal structure, reliability, and external validity were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, three reliability calculations, and correlation analysis, respectively. Maximized Youden’s index was used for determining diagnostic cut-off.Results: The translated version demonstrated a kappa of 0.93. We enrolled 105 healthy volunteers and 105 patients with confirmed mild to severe depression. In the confirmatory factor analysis, HDRS had good factor loadings of 0.32–0.80. Reliability coefficients above 0.92 indicated strong internal consistency. External validity was shown by good sensitivity (0.95) and specificity (0.94) to differentiate depression from absence of depression. At a cut-off point of 17 for the diagnosis of depression, sensitivity and specificity were both 0.95 relative to gold standard.Conclusion: The validated HDRS in Kinyarwanda with diagnostic cut-off provides mental healthcare staff with an accurate tool to diagnose moderate to severe depression, enabling closure of the diagnosis and treatment gap. Introduction : In Rwanda, major depressive disorder affects 11.9% of the population and up to 35% of genocide survivors. Mental health services remain underutilized due to stigma and lack of awareness. Increasing the ability and capacity to diagnose and treat mental disorders is considered important to close this gap. We describe the translation, validity, and reliability assessment of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) as a diagnostic tool for moderate to severe depression in Rwanda. Methods : The HDRS-21 was translated by a multi-group taskforce. We validated the translation against expert assessment in a comparative study on a sample of patients living with depression and of healthy volunteers. Psychometric properties, namely internal structure, reliability, and external validity were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, three reliability calculations, and correlation analysis, respectively. Maximized Youden’s index was used for determining diagnostic cut-off. Results : The translated version demonstrated a kappa of 0.93. We enrolled 105 healthy volunteers and 105 patients with confirmed mild to severe depression. In the confirmatory factor analysis, HDRS had good factor loadings of 0.32–0.80. Reliability coefficients above 0.92 indicated strong internal consistency. External validity was shown by good sensitivity (0.95) and specificity (0.94) to differentiate depression from absence of depression. At a cut-off point of 17 for the diagnosis of depression, sensitivity and specificity were both 0.95 relative to gold standard. Conclusion : The validated HDRS in Kinyarwanda with diagnostic cut-off provides mental healthcare staff with an accurate tool to diagnose moderate to severe depression, enabling closure of the diagnosis and treatment gap. |
Author | Sebera, Fidele Teuwen, Dirk E. Boon, Paul A. J. M. Nickenig Vissoci, Joao Ricardo Dedeken, Peter Rutembesa, Eugene |
AuthorAffiliation | 5 Department of Neurology, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, CARAES Ndera , Kigali , Rwanda 2 Corporate Societal Responsibility, UCB Pharma , Brussels , Belgium 3 Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium 6 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rwanda , Kigali , Rwanda 4 Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, NC , United States 1 Department of Neurology, Heilig Hart Hospital , Lier , Belgium |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 6 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Rwanda , Kigali , Rwanda – name: 2 Corporate Societal Responsibility, UCB Pharma , Brussels , Belgium – name: 3 Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium – name: 4 Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham, NC , United States – name: 5 Department of Neurology, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, CARAES Ndera , Kigali , Rwanda – name: 1 Department of Neurology, Heilig Hart Hospital , Lier , Belgium |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Peter surname: Dedeken fullname: Dedeken, Peter – sequence: 2 givenname: Joao Ricardo surname: Nickenig Vissoci fullname: Nickenig Vissoci, Joao Ricardo – sequence: 3 givenname: Fidele surname: Sebera fullname: Sebera, Fidele – sequence: 4 givenname: Paul A. J. M. surname: Boon fullname: Boon, Paul A. J. M. – sequence: 5 givenname: Eugene surname: Rutembesa fullname: Rutembesa, Eugene – sequence: 6 givenname: Dirk E. surname: Teuwen fullname: Teuwen, Dirk E. |
BookMark | eNpVks1vFSEUxYmpsbV273KWLpwnH_MBGxPzqraxiUnVbskd5jKl4cET5tW8-M9L51Vj2XAP5_AjJOclOQoxICGvGV0JIdU7u837acUppyvKRCOekRPWdU3NaC-P_puPyVnOd7SspmQpf0GOBe-Z6gQ_Ib9vwLvRzfu31TV6B4Pzi4AwVucOphDz7Ey13s11tLaKtppvsfriwh7SrxKCUN1gyi6Gv94FbJyfiz7HbcK8WNcwuzBV3wx4rFzRy9VX5LkFn_HscT8lPz59_L6-qK--fr5cf7iqTSPUXLOOo-jsYAXKkbUdIo4tpyCl5cYOozWy5UwMXFAFUnGLLYcOUKnBtNaO4pRcHrhjhDu9TW4Daa8jOL0cxDRpSOWXHrUdW9v2qqGst40YymR4Z8XIpGiMElBY7w-s7W7Y4GgwzAn8E-hTJ7hbPcV73YuWSiUL4M0jIMWfO8yz3rhs0HsIGHdZ84ZL2omW9yVKD1GTYs4J7b9nGNUPFdBLBfRDBfRSAfEH_ienxg |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_2147_PRBM_S306530 crossref_primary_10_2147_NDT_S443811 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2022_108993 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bjoms_2023_05_003 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_874599 |
Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.08.013 10.1177/001316446002000104 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006778 10.1017/gmh.2016.12 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.003 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.03.001 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.028 10.1002/1099-1166(200012)15:12<1113::AID-GPS253>3.0.CO;2-Y 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.06.030 10.4135/9781446268261.n31 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1235 10.1007/s00127-012-0494-9 10.11613/BM.2012.031 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014067 10.1176/jnp.14.3.329 10.1007/bf03035120 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1818 10.1002/da.22142 10.1176/appi.psy.43.5.386 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd 10.1177/0013164415593776 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.007 10.1002/1099-1166(200007)15:7<644::AID-GPS167>3.0.CO;2-L 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30184-X 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.01.025 10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84 10.1176/appi.ps.000012011 10.1080/10705519909540118 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Copyright © 2020 Dedeken, Vissoci, Sebera, Boon, Rutembesa and Teuwen. 2020 Dedeken, Vissoci, Sebera, Boon, Rutembesa and Teuwen |
Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2020 Dedeken, Vissoci, Sebera, Boon, Rutembesa and Teuwen. 2020 Dedeken, Vissoci, Sebera, Boon, Rutembesa and Teuwen |
DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7X8 5PM DOA |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01343 |
DatabaseName | CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) Directory of Open Access Journals |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
DatabaseTitleList | |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Psychology |
EISSN | 1664-1078 |
EndPage | 1343 |
ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_fd5f5794017f43b794c26f3d1834c93a 10_3389_fpsyg_2020_01343 |
GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: UCB Pharma |
GroupedDBID | 53G 5VS 9T4 AAFWJ AAKDD AAYXX ABIVO ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACXDI ADBBV ADRAZ AEGXH AFPKN AIAGR ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS BAWUL BCNDV CITATION DIK EBS EJD EMOBN F5P GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HYE IAO ICO IEA IHR IHW IPY KQ8 M48 M~E O5R O5S OK1 P2P PGMZT RNS RPM 7X8 ITC 5PM |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c439t-162e36fbf3e8d156eeed520a88f2cfbdfc85213b2309a892fe52a6ae99bc5ffd3 |
IEDL.DBID | RPM |
ISSN | 1664-1078 |
IngestDate | Fri Oct 04 13:13:07 EDT 2024 Tue Sep 17 21:25:59 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 16 06:00:10 EDT 2024 Thu Sep 26 18:18:01 EDT 2024 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Language | English |
License | This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c439t-162e36fbf3e8d156eeed520a88f2cfbdfc85213b2309a892fe52a6ae99bc5ffd3 |
Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 This article was submitted to Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology Edited by: Stéphane Bouchard, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada Reviewed by: Catherine M. Kirk, Save the Children (United States), United States; Giovanni Galeoto, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Antonio Bulbena, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain |
OpenAccessLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7350898/ |
PMID | 32719632 |
PQID | 2428063527 |
PQPubID | 23479 |
PageCount | 1 |
ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_fd5f5794017f43b794c26f3d1834c93a pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7350898 proquest_miscellaneous_2428063527 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2020_01343 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 2020-07-03 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-07-03 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2020 text: 2020-07-03 day: 03 |
PublicationDecade | 2020 |
PublicationTitle | Frontiers in psychology |
PublicationYear | 2020 |
Publisher | Frontiers Media S.A |
Publisher_xml | – name: Frontiers Media S.A |
References | Hair (ref9) 2005 Rugema (ref25) 2013; 13 Smith (ref29) 2017; 7 Rathore (ref24) 2014; 37 Mottram (ref19) 2000; 15 (ref35) 2020 (ref34) 2017 Zimmerman (ref36) 2013; 150 (ref18) 2018 MacCallum (ref15) 1999; 4 Belkin (ref3) 2011; 62 Naarding (ref21) 2002; 14 Aben (ref1) 2002; 43 Ng (ref22) 2016; 3 (ref11) 2019 McHugh (ref17) 2012; 22 De Vellis (ref7) 2003 Mbewe (ref16) 2013; 27 Anderson (ref2) 2002; 44 Williams (ref33) 2001; 251 Costa (ref6) 2016; 38 Betancourt (ref4) 2012; 51 Kline (ref12) 2011 Lafta (ref13) 2016; 4 Munyandamutsa (ref20) 2012; 47 Rugema (ref26) 2015; 5 Sweetland (ref30) 2014; 31 Cohen (ref5) 1960; 20 Leentjens (ref14) 2000; 15 Hu (ref10) 1999; 6 Tavakol (ref31) 2011; 2 Padilla (ref23) 2016; 76 Ruhe (ref27) 2005; 46 Trajkovic (ref32) 2011; 189 (ref8) 2017 Serrano-Duenas (ref28) 2008; 14 |
References_xml | – year: 2019 ident: ref11 – volume: 14 start-page: 233 year: 2008 ident: ref28 article-title: Concurrent validation of the 21-item and 6-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale versus the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria to assess depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory analysis publication-title: Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.08.013 contributor: fullname: Serrano-Duenas – volume: 20 start-page: 37 year: 1960 ident: ref5 article-title: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales publication-title: Educ. Psychol. Meas. doi: 10.1177/001316446002000104 contributor: fullname: Cohen – year: 2017 ident: ref8 – year: 2020 ident: ref35 – volume-title: Analise Multivariada de Dados year: 2005 ident: ref9 contributor: fullname: Hair – volume: 5 start-page: e006778 year: 2015 ident: ref26 article-title: Traumatic episodes and mental health effects in young men and women in Rwanda, 17 years after the genocide publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006778 contributor: fullname: Rugema – volume: 3 start-page: e18 year: 2016 ident: ref22 article-title: Mental health care in post-genocide Rwanda: evaluation of a program specializing in posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse publication-title: Glob. Ment. Health doi: 10.1017/gmh.2016.12 contributor: fullname: Ng – year: 2018 ident: ref18 – volume: 51 start-page: 1284 year: 2012 ident: ref4 article-title: Validating the center for epidemiological studies depression scale for children in Rwanda publication-title: J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.003 contributor: fullname: Betancourt – volume: 46 start-page: 417 year: 2005 ident: ref27 article-title: Clinical use of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: is increased efficiency possible? A post hoc comparison of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Maier and Bech subscales, clinical global impression, and symptom checklist-90 scores publication-title: Compr. Psychiatry doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.03.001 contributor: fullname: Ruhe – volume: 150 start-page: 384 year: 2013 ident: ref36 article-title: Severity classification on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale publication-title: J. Affect. Disord. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.028 contributor: fullname: Zimmerman – year: 2017 ident: ref34 – volume: 15 start-page: 1113 year: 2000 ident: ref19 article-title: Validation of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Montgommery and Asberg Rating Scales in terms of AGECAT depression cases publication-title: Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry doi: 10.1002/1099-1166(200012)15:12<1113::AID-GPS253>3.0.CO;2-Y contributor: fullname: Mottram – volume: 37 start-page: 215 year: 2014 ident: ref24 article-title: Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening in adults with epilepsy publication-title: Epilepsy Behav. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.06.030 contributor: fullname: Rathore – volume-title: The SAGE handbook of innovation in social research methods year: 2011 ident: ref12 article-title: Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling doi: 10.4135/9781446268261.n31 contributor: fullname: Kline – volume: 13 start-page: 1235 year: 2013 ident: ref25 article-title: Traumatic episodes experienced during the genocide period in Rwanda influence life circumstances in young men and women 17 years later publication-title: BMC Public Health doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1235 contributor: fullname: Rugema – volume: 47 start-page: 1753 year: 2012 ident: ref20 article-title: Mental and physical health in Rwanda 14 years after the genocide publication-title: Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. doi: 10.1007/s00127-012-0494-9 contributor: fullname: Munyandamutsa – volume: 22 start-page: 276 year: 2012 ident: ref17 article-title: Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic publication-title: Biochem. Med. doi: 10.11613/BM.2012.031 contributor: fullname: McHugh – volume: 7 start-page: e014067 year: 2017 ident: ref29 article-title: Evaluating process and clinical outcomes of a primary care mental health integration project in rural Rwanda: a prospective mixed-methods protocol publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014067 contributor: fullname: Smith – volume: 14 start-page: 329 year: 2002 ident: ref21 article-title: Disease-specific properties of the rating scale for depression in patients with stroke, Alzheimer’s dementia, and Parkinson’s disease publication-title: J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci. doi: 10.1176/jnp.14.3.329 contributor: fullname: Naarding – volume: 251 start-page: Ii6 year: 2001 ident: ref33 article-title: Standardizing the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: past, present, and future publication-title: Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. doi: 10.1007/bf03035120 contributor: fullname: Williams – volume: 44 start-page: 415 year: 2002 ident: ref2 article-title: Depression in primary care: tools for screening, diagnosis, and measuring response to treatment publication-title: B. C. Med. J. contributor: fullname: Anderson – volume: 38 start-page: 154 year: 2016 ident: ref6 article-title: Accuracy of three depression screening scales to diagnose major depressive episodes in older adults without neurocognitive disorders publication-title: Braz. J. Psychiatry doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1818 contributor: fullname: Costa – volume: 31 start-page: 223 year: 2014 ident: ref30 article-title: Measuring depression and anxiety in sub-saharan Africa publication-title: Depress. Anxiety doi: 10.1002/da.22142 contributor: fullname: Sweetland – volume: 43 start-page: 386 year: 2002 ident: ref1 article-title: Validity of the beck depression inventory, hospital anxiety and depression scale, SCL-90, and hamilton depression rating scale as screening instruments for depression in stroke patients publication-title: Psychosomatics doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.43.5.386 contributor: fullname: Aben – volume: 2 start-page: 53 year: 2011 ident: ref31 article-title: Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha publication-title: Int. J. Med. Educ. doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd contributor: fullname: Tavakol – volume-title: Scale development: Theory and applications year: 2003 ident: ref7 contributor: fullname: De Vellis – volume: 76 start-page: 436 year: 2016 ident: ref23 article-title: A comparison of composite reliability estimators: coefficient omega confidence intervals in the current literature publication-title: Educ. Psychol. Meas. doi: 10.1177/0013164415593776 contributor: fullname: Padilla – volume: 189 start-page: 1 year: 2011 ident: ref32 article-title: Reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: a meta-analysis over a period of 49 years publication-title: Psychiatry Res. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.007 contributor: fullname: Trajkovic – volume: 15 start-page: 644 year: 2000 ident: ref14 article-title: The validity of the Hamilton and Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scales as screening and diagnostic tools for depression in Parkinson’s disease publication-title: Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry doi: 10.1002/1099-1166(200007)15:7<644::AID-GPS167>3.0.CO;2-L contributor: fullname: Leentjens – volume: 4 start-page: e666 year: 2016 ident: ref13 article-title: Health in times of uncertainty publication-title: Lancet Glob. Health doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30184-X contributor: fullname: Lafta – volume: 27 start-page: 296 year: 2013 ident: ref16 article-title: A primary healthcare screening tool to identify depression and anxiety disorders among people with epilepsy in Zambia publication-title: Epilepsy Behav. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.01.025 contributor: fullname: Mbewe – volume: 4 start-page: 84 year: 1999 ident: ref15 article-title: Sample size in factor analysis publication-title: Psychol. Methods doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84 contributor: fullname: MacCallum – volume: 62 start-page: 1494 year: 2011 ident: ref3 article-title: Scaling up for the bottom billion: 5 x 5 implementation of community mental health care in low-income regions publication-title: Psychiatr. Serv. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.000012011 contributor: fullname: Belkin – volume: 6 start-page: 1 year: 1999 ident: ref10 article-title: Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives publication-title: Struct. Equ. Model. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118 contributor: fullname: Hu |
SSID | ssj0000402002 |
Score | 2.3328266 |
Snippet | Introduction
: In Rwanda, major depressive disorder affects 11.9% of the population and up to 35% of genocide survivors. Mental health services remain... Introduction: In Rwanda, major depressive disorder affects 11.9% of the population and up to 35% of genocide survivors. Mental health services remain... |
SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral proquest crossref |
SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database |
StartPage | 1343 |
SubjectTerms | cut-off depression diagnosis Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Psychology Rwanda validation |
SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3Pb9MwFLZQT70g2IYoMGQkLpMIbezEiY-jW1VtEgdgqDfLSfygF3fqD6GKf36fnbRqTly4RHEcJ47fi9_3nj89M_ZRagsjZVWSpjaEbmqRaFGkiRAOaLwIPklkW3xV84fsbpEvTrb6CpywNj1wO3BjanLKoTTQHMpkhbNaKJINVDGrtWyhUZqfOFNxDg5uUaDuhHVJeGF6TI-b_S_4g2LyGagnkz07FNP19zBmnyF5YnJmL9jzDivy67aPL9kz58_Y8Dhl7c_Z35-A0Q2A9CceuMVtzm0UrG_4TUuiQ1s-3W2TFRFfEQfe4_dLv7frPyGG4HkXMDvUzUPAA3iQ3xwosp5_s4Ebzb9DnI4vUY5NL9jD7PbHdJ502ykkNVDHNkmVcFJRRdKVDdw2B_OYi4ktSxI1VQ3VJWy5rOCUaFtqQS4XVlmndVXnRI18xQZ-5d1rxgshJYBfllElcSBbqAoPc3WqlAVEHLGrw-CaxzZrhoG3EQRhoiBMEISJghixL2H0j_eFfNfxArTAdFpg_qUFI_bhIDuD_yMseljvVruNAQQpAcNyUYxY0RNq7439Gr_8HTNtFxL4VZdv_kcX37Jh-OhI9ZXv2GC73rlLAJpt9T7q7hNyG_XR priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – databaseName: Scholars Portal Open Access Journals dbid: M48 link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1LT9wwELYKvXBBfSGWPuRKvSA1wNqOkxyqqoWiVREcgEXcLCfxwEqVQ_ehdtU_389OlhKJQy9RHCeO4rFnvm88GTP2QRYWRsrqZDi0wXVTiaQQ2TARwgGNZ4GTxGiLMz0aq-_X6fW_36O7Dpw9Su3CflLj6Y-93z-XnzHhPwXGCXu7T3ez5Q2onjjYA6BRco09FUqqMN5PO7Af9XKgSm0QotYK-ifL23XLRxvp2amYzr-HQfsRlA9M0vEzttlhSf6lFf5z9sT5F2zjXqUtX7I_V4DZNYD2Rx5ij9uc3ChYX_OjNsgOz_LDxTxpiHhDHHiQn0z80k5_BR-D551DbVU3Cg4R4EV-tAqh9fzchthpfgFxOz5BOT76io2Pv10ejpJuu4WkAiqZJ0MtnNRUknR5DVrnYD5TcWDznERFZU1VDlsvS5CWwuaFIJcKq60rirJKiWq5xdZ9490245mQEsBQKSolDmQzXaIxV6HnLSDkgO2uOtfctVk1DNhIEISJgjBBECYKYsC-ht6_vy_kw44XmumN6aaXoTqlFKoF-oWULHFWCU2yhsJSVSHtgL1fyc5g_oRFEetds5gZQJQcMC0V2YBlPaH23tiv8ZPbmIk7k8C3Rb7zH62_Zhvhm2Kkr3zD1ufThXsLPDMv38Vh-hdtKPVz priority: 102 providerName: Scholars Portal |
Title | Validity, Reliability, and Diagnostic Cut-off of the Kinyarwandan Version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in Rwanda |
URI | https://search.proquest.com/docview/2428063527 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7350898 https://doaj.org/article/fd5f5794017f43b794c26f3d1834c93a |
Volume | 11 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Bb9MwFLa2nXZBMEAU2GSkXZBIu9iJEx-h21QxDSFgaDfLduytEnOqrtVU8ef57CbTcuViJXGcOH7Oe997_vJCyDGXGkZKiyzPdQzdWJZJVuUZYw5ovIo-SWJbfBOzq-LrdXm9Q8r-W5hE2rdmPg5_7sZhfpu4lYs7O-l5YpPvl9OKA1bIerJLdivOn7joSf1GjyiyduKSJBwwOfGL-80NXEF2MgbgKeKvczj6g6nHBtYoJe0fIM0hT_KJ4Tl_Tp51iJF-3vbsBdlx4YDsPyquzUvy9zfAdAM4_YlGhvE28zZ2dGjo6ZZKh7Z0ul5lrfe09RSoj17Mw0YvH2IkIdAubNbXzWLYA6iQnvZE2UB_6MiQpj8hVEfn2E9NX5Gr87Nf01nW_VQhs8AeqywXzHHhjeeubuC8ORjJkp3ouvbMetN4W8OicwPXROpaMu9KpoV2Uhpbet_w12QvtMG9IbRinAP-FYU3HIXXlTC4mLO5EBpAcUQ-9oOrFtvcGQo-R5SJSjJRUSYqyWREvsTRfzwvZr1OB9rljepkr3xT-hIKBFrEF9xgyzLheQO1VFjJ9Yh86GWn8JbEpQ8dXLu-VwAiNcBYyaoRqQZCHdxxWIPpl_Jtd9Pt7X-3fEf245Mmli9_T_ZWy7U7BJZZmaMUA0B5WdRHaR7_A2HL-LI |
link.rule.ids | 230,315,733,786,790,870,891,2115,24346,27957,27958,53827,53829 |
linkProvider | National Library of Medicine |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwEB6VcqCX8hZbXkbigkSyjZ04ybFsqRb6EIK26s2yHbus2jqrbVZo4c937CRVww0uURLHia0Zz3xjfxkDvGelRCcleZQk0k_daBqVNE8iSg2i8dzHJIFtccSnJ-nXs-xsDbL-X5hA2tdqFrvLq9jNfgZu5fxKj3ue2Pjb4SRnCCvKYnwP7uN4pfmdID0YYB8Ted6OX5TEEKwc2_n16hyDQbodI-RJ_eY5DFuEykcH_iik7R9gzSFT8o7r2XsIp32jW8bJRbxsVKx__5XP8Z979Qg2OzBKdtrix7Bm3BPYuLWJq6fw5xRxeoVI_SPx5OU2qTdeSFeR3Zalh3XJZNlEtbWktgQBJdmfuZVc_PKTFI50M3J92dTPqCDgJLs9B9eR79KTr8kP1BdDZngdqj6Dk73Px5Np1O3XEGmENU2UcGoYt8oyU1QYFxr0vxndlkVhqbaqsrpAsMAURj2lLEpqTUYll6Yslc6srdhzWHe1My-A5JQxRJZpahXDg5U5V_gyoxPOJWLQEXzopSbmbVoOgeGMF7YIwhZe2CIIewSfvFhvn_MJtcONenEuOgEIW2U2Q9uEBsqmTOGZptyyCi1eqksmR_CuVwqBA9Cvqkhn6uW1QIxTIM7LaD6CfKAtgy8OS1AHQirvTuZb_13zLTyYHh8eiIMvR_svYcP3OpCJ2StYbxZL8xohU6PehAFyA2URGPI |
linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9QwELagSKgX3qjb8jASFySSbey8fIRdVguFqgKKKi6W7XjKCuqstlmhhT_P2EmqDcdeoiS2E1sznvnG_jQm5CUXCp2UyqMkUX7pxrBIsCKJGLOIxgsfkwS2xXE-P00_nGVnW0d9BdK-0YvY_bqI3eJH4FYuL8y454mNTz5NCo6wQpTjZQXjm-QWzlkmtgL1YIR9XOS5O35jEsMwMYbl5eYcA0J2GCPsSf0BOhx7hQrIBj4ppO4f4M0hW3LL_czuku99x1vWyc943ejY_Pkvp-O1RnaP3OlAKX3TVrlPblj3gOxe2cbNQ_L3G-L1ChH7a-pJzG1yb3xQrqLTlq2Hbelk3UQ1AK2BIrCkRwu3UavffrHC0W5lri-b-5UVBJ502nNxHf2sPAmbfkG9sXSBz6HpI3I6e_d1Mo-6cxsig_CmiZKcWZ6DBm7LCuNDi344Y4eqLIEZ0BWYEkED1xj9CFUKBjZjKldWCG0ygIo_JjuudnaP0IJxjggzTUFzvIAqco0fsybJc4VYdERe9ZKTyzY9h8SwxgtcBoFLL3AZBD4ib71or-r5xNrhRb06l50QJFQZZGij0FBByjXeGZYDr9DypUZwNSIvesWQOBH97opytl5fSsQ6JeK9jBUjUgw0ZvDHYQnqQUjp3cl9_9otn5PbJ9OZ_Pj--OiA7PpBB04xf0J2mtXaPkXk1OhnYY78AxNxG3I |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Validity%2C+Reliability%2C+and+Diagnostic+Cut-off+of+the+Kinyarwandan+Version+of+the+Hamilton+Depression+Rating+Scale+in+Rwanda&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+psychology&rft.au=Dedeken%2C+Peter&rft.au=Nickenig+Vissoci%2C+Joao+Ricardo&rft.au=Sebera%2C+Fidele&rft.au=Boon%2C+Paul+A+J+M&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft.eissn=1664-1078&rft.volume=11&rft.spage=1343&rft.epage=1343&rft_id=info:doi/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01343&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1664-1078&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1664-1078&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1664-1078&client=summon |