Chemosensory Response of Desert Iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) to Skin Lipids from A Lizard-Eating Snake (Lampropeltis getula californiae)
Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard‐eating snakes with increased tongue‐extrusion rates. These substances also elicit antipredator behavior indicating that they have important ecological functions and the resulting behavior can have serious implications for individu...
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| Published in | Ethology Vol. 112; no. 5; pp. 503 - 509 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin, Germany
Blackwell Verlag, GmbH
01.05.2006
Blackwell Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0179-1613 1439-0310 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01182.x |
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| Abstract | Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard‐eating snakes with increased tongue‐extrusion rates. These substances also elicit antipredator behavior indicating that they have important ecological functions and the resulting behavior can have serious implications for individual fitness of lizards. However, the source and type of snake chemical cues that elicit these behavioral changes in lizards have yet to be determined. We tested the ability of adult desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) to detect and identify a potential predator by exposing them to lipids extracted from shed snakeskins. Lipids were extracted from cast skins of a known lizard‐eating snake, the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae), using chloroform and methanol. Test subjects were presented with skin lipids as well as clean, pungent, and chloroform controls on cotton‐tipped applicators in random order. Desert iguanas directed significantly more tongue extrusions toward applicators bearing snakeskin lipids when compared with controls. In addition, overall tongue‐extrusion frequency increased following exposure to lipids during the 5‐min trials. Desert iguanas clearly detected snakeskin lipids, but this stimulus failed to elicit changes in body posture and movement patterns previously observed in experiments using chemical cues from live snakes. Increased tongue flicking by lizards in response to snakeskin lipids may represent a generalized response to this class of chemicals. Additional potential sources of chemicals used in the detection of lizard‐eating snakes are discussed. |
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| AbstractList | Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard‐eating snakes with increased tongue‐extrusion rates. These substances also elicit antipredator behavior indicating that they have important ecological functions and the resulting behavior can have serious implications for individual fitness of lizards. However, the source and type of snake chemical cues that elicit these behavioral changes in lizards have yet to be determined. We tested the ability of adult desert iguanas (
Dipsosaurus dorsalis
) to detect and identify a potential predator by exposing them to lipids extracted from shed snakeskins. Lipids were extracted from cast skins of a known lizard‐eating snake, the California kingsnake (
Lampropeltis getula californiae
), using chloroform and methanol. Test subjects were presented with skin lipids as well as clean, pungent, and chloroform controls on cotton‐tipped applicators in random order. Desert iguanas directed significantly more tongue extrusions toward applicators bearing snakeskin lipids when compared with controls. In addition, overall tongue‐extrusion frequency increased following exposure to lipids during the 5‐min trials. Desert iguanas clearly detected snakeskin lipids, but this stimulus failed to elicit changes in body posture and movement patterns previously observed in experiments using chemical cues from live snakes. Increased tongue flicking by lizards in response to snakeskin lipids may represent a generalized response to this class of chemicals. Additional potential sources of chemicals used in the detection of lizard‐eating snakes are discussed. Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard‐eating snakes with increased tongue‐extrusion rates. These substances also elicit antipredator behavior indicating that they have important ecological functions and the resulting behavior can have serious implications for individual fitness of lizards. However, the source and type of snake chemical cues that elicit these behavioral changes in lizards have yet to be determined. We tested the ability of adult desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) to detect and identify a potential predator by exposing them to lipids extracted from shed snakeskins. Lipids were extracted from cast skins of a known lizard‐eating snake, the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae), using chloroform and methanol. Test subjects were presented with skin lipids as well as clean, pungent, and chloroform controls on cotton‐tipped applicators in random order. Desert iguanas directed significantly more tongue extrusions toward applicators bearing snakeskin lipids when compared with controls. In addition, overall tongue‐extrusion frequency increased following exposure to lipids during the 5‐min trials. Desert iguanas clearly detected snakeskin lipids, but this stimulus failed to elicit changes in body posture and movement patterns previously observed in experiments using chemical cues from live snakes. Increased tongue flicking by lizards in response to snakeskin lipids may represent a generalized response to this class of chemicals. Additional potential sources of chemicals used in the detection of lizard‐eating snakes are discussed. Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard-eating snakes with increased tongue-extrusion rates. These substances also elicit antipredator behavior indicating that they have important ecological functions and the resulting behavior can have serious implications for individual fitness of lizards. However, the source and type of snake chemical cues that elicit these behavioral changes in lizards have yet to be determined. We tested the ability of adult desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis ) to detect and identify a potential predator by exposing them to lipids extracted from shed snakeskins. Lipids were extracted from cast skins of a known lizard-eating snake, the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae ), using chloroform and methanol. Test subjects were presented with skin lipids as well as clean, pungent, and chloroform controls on cotton-tipped applicators in random order. Desert iguanas directed significantly more tongue extrusions toward applicators bearing snakeskin lipids when compared with controls. In addition, overall tongue-extrusion frequency increased following exposure to lipids during the 5-min trials. Desert iguanas clearly detected snakeskin lipids, but this stimulus failed to elicit changes in body posture and movement patterns previously observed in experiments using chemical cues from live snakes. Increased tongue flicking by lizards in response to snakeskin lipids may represent a generalized response to this class of chemicals. Additional potential sources of chemicals used in the detection of lizard-eating snakes are discussed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Bealor, Matthew T. O'Neil Krekorian, C. |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1530/rep.0.1210475 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90289-6 10.2307/1447596 10.1006/hbeh.1996.0005 10.1007/s00265-002-0477-z 10.1126/science.7292007 10.1006/anbe.1997.0596 10.1007/978-1-4615-0671-3_50 10.1023/A:1021053400551 10.1086/284025 10.1139/y59-099 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90319-0 10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0009:CIOLES]2.0.CO;2 10.2307/1565546 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90124-0 10.2307/1381277 10.1007/BF01021266 10.2307/1564443 10.1146/annurev.ne.10.030187.001545 10.1007/978-1-4684-2364-8_1 10.1006/anbe.2000.1658 10.1163/156853998792913447 10.4067/S0716-078X2002000100013 10.2307/2423863 10.2307/1443953 10.1007/BF00165833 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19961215)276:6<415::AID-JEZ5>3.0.CO;2-Q |
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| Keywords | Vertebrata Sauria Feeding behavior Captivity Lipids Reptilia Skin Antipredator behavior Desert Predation Dipsosaurus dorsalis Ophidia |
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| References | Godard, R. D., Bowers, B. B. & Wannamaker, C. 1998: Responses of golden shiner minnows to chemical cues from snake predators. Behaviour 135, 1213-1228. Dial, B. E., Weldon, P. J. & Curtis, B. 1989: Chemosensory identification of snake predators (Phyllorhynchus decurtatus) by banded geckos (Coleonyx variegatus). J. Herpetol. 23, 224-229. Vermeij, G. J. 1982: Unsuccessful predation and evolution. Am. Nat. 120, 701-720. Dial, B. E. & Schwenk, K. 1996: Olfaction and predator detection in Coleonyx brevis (Squamata: Eublepharidae), with comments on the functional significance of buccal pulsing in geckos. J. Exp. Zool. 276, 415-424. Randall, J. A., Hatch, S. M. & Hekkala, E. R. 1995: Interspecific variation in antipredator behavior in sympatric species of kangaroo rat. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 36, 243-250. Lai, S. C., Vasilieva, N. Y. & Johnston, R. E. 1996: Odors providing sexual information in Djungarian hamsters: evidence for an across-odor code. Horm. Behav. 30, 26-36. Griffiths, R. A., Schley, L., Sharp, P. E., Dennis, J. L. & Roman, A. 1998: Behavioural responses of Mallorcan midwife toad tadpoles to natural and unnatural snake predators. Anim. Behav. 55, 207-214. Bligh, E. B. & Dyer, W. J. 1959: A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917. Gartska, W. R. & Crews, D. 1981: Female sex pheromone in the skin and circulation of a garter snake. Science 214, 681-683. SAS Institute Inc. 1998: StatView, Version 5.0. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Downes, S. J. 2002: Does responsiveness to predator scents affect lizard survivorship? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52, 38-42. Bealor, M. T. & Krekorian, C. O. 2002: Chemosensory identification of lizard-eating snakes in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Squamata: Iguanidae). J. Herpetol. 36, 9-15. Burken, R. R., Wertz, P. W. & Downing, D. T. 1985b: A survey of polar and nonpolar lipids extracted from snakeskin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 81, 315-318. Minnich, J. E. & Shoemaker, V. H. 1970: Diet, behavior and water turnover in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Am. Midl. Nat. 84, 496-509. Chiszar, D., Walters, A., Urbaniak, J., Smith, H. M. & Mackessy, S. P. 1999: Discrimination between envenomated and nonenvenomated prey by western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox): chemosensory consequences of venom. Copeia 1999, 640-648. Blum, M. S., Byrd, J. B., Travis, J. R., Watkins, J. F. & Gehlbach, F. R. 1971: Chemistry of the cloacal sac secretion of the blind snake Leptotyphlops dulcis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 38, 103-107. Dehnhard, M., Heistermann, M., Goritz, F., Hermes, R., Hildebrandt, T. & Haber, H. 2001: Demonstration of 2-unsaturated C-19-steroids in the urine of female Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, and their dependence on ovarian activity. Reproduction 121, 475-484. LeMaster, M. P., Moore, I. T. & Mason, R. T. 2001: Conspecific trailing behaviour of red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, in the natural environment. Anim. Behav. 61, 827-833. Labra, A., Escobar, C. A., Ar, A. & Niemeyer, H. M. 2002: Sources of pheromones in the lizard Liolaemus tenuis. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 75, 141-147. Madison, D. M., Sullivan, A. M., Maerz, J. C., McDarby, J. H. & Rohr, J. R. 2002: A complex, cross-taxon, chemical releaser of antipredator behavior in amphibians. J. Chem. Ecol. 28, 2271-2282. Halpern, M. 1987: The organization and function of the vomeronasal system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 325-362. Burken, R. R., Wertz, P. W. & Downing, D. T. 1985a: The effect of lipids on trans-epidermal water permeation in snakes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 81, 213-216. Rodríguez-Robles, J. A., Bell, C. J. & Greene, H. W. 1999: Food habits of the glossy snake, Arizona elegans, with comparisons to the diet of sympatric long-nosed snakes, Rhinocheilus lecontei. J. Herpetol. 33, 87-92. Weldon, P. J., Ford, N. B. & Perryrichardson, J. J. 1990: Responses by corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) to chemicals from heterospecific snakes. J. Chem. Ecol. 16, 37-44. Stebbins, R. C. 1985: A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 2001; 121 2002; 36 1989; 23 1987; 10 2002; 52 2002; 75 1990; 16 1995; 36 1998 1985b; 81 1996; 30 1982; 120 1992 1976; 1976 1998; 135 1977 2002; 28 2001; 61 1985a; 81 2001 1971; 38 1981; 214 1999; 1999 1986 1999; 33 1985 1996; 276 1970; 84 1959; 37 1998; 55 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 Endler J. A. (e_1_2_6_12_1) 1986 e_1_2_6_30_1 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 e_1_2_6_21_1 e_1_2_6_20_1 Mason R. T. (e_1_2_6_22_1) 1992 SAS Institute Inc. (e_1_2_6_28_1) 1998 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Madison, D. M., Sullivan, A. M., Maerz, J. C., McDarby, J. H. & Rohr, J. R. 2002: A complex, cross-taxon, chemical releaser of antipredator behavior in amphibians. J. Chem. Ecol. 28, 2271-2282. – reference: Stebbins, R. C. 1985: A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. – reference: Minnich, J. E. & Shoemaker, V. H. 1970: Diet, behavior and water turnover in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Am. Midl. Nat. 84, 496-509. – reference: Godard, R. D., Bowers, B. B. & Wannamaker, C. 1998: Responses of golden shiner minnows to chemical cues from snake predators. Behaviour 135, 1213-1228. – reference: Bealor, M. T. & Krekorian, C. O. 2002: Chemosensory identification of lizard-eating snakes in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Squamata: Iguanidae). J. Herpetol. 36, 9-15. – reference: Griffiths, R. A., Schley, L., Sharp, P. E., Dennis, J. L. & Roman, A. 1998: Behavioural responses of Mallorcan midwife toad tadpoles to natural and unnatural snake predators. Anim. Behav. 55, 207-214. – reference: Burken, R. R., Wertz, P. W. & Downing, D. T. 1985b: A survey of polar and nonpolar lipids extracted from snakeskin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 81, 315-318. – reference: Chiszar, D., Walters, A., Urbaniak, J., Smith, H. M. & Mackessy, S. P. 1999: Discrimination between envenomated and nonenvenomated prey by western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox): chemosensory consequences of venom. Copeia 1999, 640-648. – reference: Gartska, W. R. & Crews, D. 1981: Female sex pheromone in the skin and circulation of a garter snake. Science 214, 681-683. – reference: Dial, B. E., Weldon, P. J. & Curtis, B. 1989: Chemosensory identification of snake predators (Phyllorhynchus decurtatus) by banded geckos (Coleonyx variegatus). J. Herpetol. 23, 224-229. – reference: Randall, J. A., Hatch, S. M. & Hekkala, E. R. 1995: Interspecific variation in antipredator behavior in sympatric species of kangaroo rat. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 36, 243-250. – reference: Weldon, P. J., Ford, N. B. & Perryrichardson, J. J. 1990: Responses by corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) to chemicals from heterospecific snakes. J. Chem. Ecol. 16, 37-44. – reference: Lai, S. C., Vasilieva, N. Y. & Johnston, R. E. 1996: Odors providing sexual information in Djungarian hamsters: evidence for an across-odor code. Horm. Behav. 30, 26-36. – reference: Burken, R. R., Wertz, P. W. & Downing, D. T. 1985a: The effect of lipids on trans-epidermal water permeation in snakes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 81, 213-216. – reference: LeMaster, M. P., Moore, I. T. & Mason, R. T. 2001: Conspecific trailing behaviour of red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, in the natural environment. Anim. Behav. 61, 827-833. – reference: Halpern, M. 1987: The organization and function of the vomeronasal system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 325-362. – reference: Rodríguez-Robles, J. A., Bell, C. J. & Greene, H. W. 1999: Food habits of the glossy snake, Arizona elegans, with comparisons to the diet of sympatric long-nosed snakes, Rhinocheilus lecontei. J. Herpetol. 33, 87-92. – reference: Blum, M. S., Byrd, J. B., Travis, J. R., Watkins, J. F. & Gehlbach, F. R. 1971: Chemistry of the cloacal sac secretion of the blind snake Leptotyphlops dulcis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 38, 103-107. – reference: Dial, B. E. & Schwenk, K. 1996: Olfaction and predator detection in Coleonyx brevis (Squamata: Eublepharidae), with comments on the functional significance of buccal pulsing in geckos. J. Exp. Zool. 276, 415-424. – reference: Downes, S. J. 2002: Does responsiveness to predator scents affect lizard survivorship? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52, 38-42. – reference: Labra, A., Escobar, C. A., Ar, A. & Niemeyer, H. M. 2002: Sources of pheromones in the lizard Liolaemus tenuis. Rev. Chil. Hist. 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| Snippet | Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard‐eating snakes with increased tongue‐extrusion rates. These substances also elicit... Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard-eating snakes with increased tongue-extrusion rates. These substances also elicit... |
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| SubjectTerms | Amphibia and reptilia Animal behavior Animal ethology Biochemistry Biological and medical sciences Chemicals Chloroform Deserts Dipsosaurus dorsalis Ecological function Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Lampropeltis getula californiae Lipids Lizards Predation Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Reptiles & amphibians Snakes Vertebrata |
| Title | Chemosensory Response of Desert Iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) to Skin Lipids from A Lizard-Eating Snake (Lampropeltis getula californiae) |
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