Seasonality in Diffusive Methane Emissions Differs Between Bog Microforms

ABSTRACT Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse‐resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated th...

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Published inGlobal change biology Vol. 31; no. 7; pp. e70372 - n/a
Main Authors Jentzsch, Katharina, Männistö, Elisa, Marushchak, Maija E., Rettelbach, Tabea, Golde, Lion, Korrensalo, Aino, Hashemi, Joshua, Delden, Lona, Tuittila, Eeva‐Stiina, Knoblauch, Christian, Treat, Claire C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2025
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Subjects
Air Pollutants - analysis
Bogs
boreal
Budgets
chamber measurements
Climate change
Ecosystems
Emission measurements
Emissions
Finland
Fluxes
Groundwater table
Heterogeneity
Hydrology
Land cover
Leaf area
Methane
Methane - analysis
microtopography
Oxidation
Patchiness
Peat
peatland
Peatlands
Pore water
Seasonal variation
Seasonal variations
Seasonality
Seasons
Spatial heterogeneity
spatial variation
Spatial variations
subarctic
temperature
upscaling
vegetation
vegetation removal experiment
Water analysis
Water sampling
Water table
Wetlands
Finland
chamber measurements
boreal
peatland
methane
subarctic
vegetation removal experiment
upscaling
microtopography
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Abstract ABSTRACT Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse‐resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small‐scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem‐scale CH4 emissions. We conducted chamber‐based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH4 fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High‐resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone‐based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m2) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km2). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH4 production, CH4 oxidation and plant‐mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH4 emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem‐scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH4 modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms—and with it, the seasonal and annual CH4 budget. This study shows that small‐scale landscape features within a boreal bog strongly influence seasonal patterns of methane emissions. By combining ground‐based measurements with high‐resolution drone mapping, the research highlights that wetter areas dominate methane emissions in spring and summer, while emissions from drier areas gain importance in the fall. These contrasting seasonal dynamics highlight the need to incorporate fine‐scale spatial variation into climate models predicting methane release from wetlands.
AbstractList Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH 4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse‐resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small‐scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem‐scale CH 4 emissions. We conducted chamber‐based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH 4 fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High‐resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone‐based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m 2 ) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km 2 ). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH 4 production, CH 4 oxidation and plant‐mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH 4 emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem‐scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH 4 modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms—and with it, the seasonal and annual CH 4 budget.
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH 4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse‐resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small‐scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem‐scale CH 4 emissions. We conducted chamber‐based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH 4 fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High‐resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone‐based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m 2 ) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km 2 ). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH 4 production, CH 4 oxidation and plant‐mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH 4 emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem‐scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH 4 modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms—and with it, the seasonal and annual CH 4 budget. This study shows that small‐scale landscape features within a boreal bog strongly influence seasonal patterns of methane emissions. By combining ground‐based measurements with high‐resolution drone mapping, the research highlights that wetter areas dominate methane emissions in spring and summer, while emissions from drier areas gain importance in the fall. These contrasting seasonal dynamics highlight the need to incorporate fine‐scale spatial variation into climate models predicting methane release from wetlands.
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH₄), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH₄ budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse‐resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small‐scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem‐scale CH₄ emissions. We conducted chamber‐based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH₄ fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High‐resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone‐based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m²) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km²). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH₄ production, CH₄ oxidation and plant‐mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH₄ emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem‐scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH₄ modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms—and with it, the seasonal and annual CH₄ budget.
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse‐resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small‐scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem‐scale CH4 emissions. We conducted chamber‐based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH4 fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High‐resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone‐based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m2) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km2). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH4 production, CH4 oxidation and plant‐mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH4 emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem‐scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH4 modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms—and with it, the seasonal and annual CH4 budget.
ABSTRACT Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse‐resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small‐scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem‐scale CH4 emissions. We conducted chamber‐based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH4 fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High‐resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone‐based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m2) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km2). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH4 production, CH4 oxidation and plant‐mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH4 emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem‐scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH4 modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms—and with it, the seasonal and annual CH4 budget. This study shows that small‐scale landscape features within a boreal bog strongly influence seasonal patterns of methane emissions. By combining ground‐based measurements with high‐resolution drone mapping, the research highlights that wetter areas dominate methane emissions in spring and summer, while emissions from drier areas gain importance in the fall. These contrasting seasonal dynamics highlight the need to incorporate fine‐scale spatial variation into climate models predicting methane release from wetlands.
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse-resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small-scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem-scale CH4 emissions. We conducted chamber-based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH4 fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High-resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone-based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m2) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km2). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH4 production, CH4 oxidation and plant-mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH4 emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem-scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH4 modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms-and with it, the seasonal and annual CH4 budget.Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse-resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small-scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem-scale CH4 emissions. We conducted chamber-based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH4 fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High-resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone-based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m2) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km2). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH4 production, CH4 oxidation and plant-mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH4 emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem-scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH4 modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms-and with it, the seasonal and annual CH4 budget.
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH ), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH budget, partly due to a mismatch in spatial scale between detailed in situ flux measurements and coarse-resolution land surface models. In this study, we evaluated the importance of capturing small-scale spatial heterogeneity within a patterned bog to better explain seasonal variation in ecosystem-scale CH emissions. We conducted chamber-based flux measurements and pore water sampling on vegetation removal plots across different microtopographic features (microforms) of Siikaneva bog, southern Finland, during seasonal field campaigns in 2022. Seasonal and spatial patterns in CH fluxes were analyzed in relation to key environmental and ecological drivers. High-resolution (6 cm ground sampling distance) drone-based land cover mapping enabled the extrapolation of microscale (< 0.1 m ) fluxes to the ecosystem scale (0.75 km ). Methane emissions from wetter microforms (mud bottoms and hollows) closely followed seasonal changes in peat temperature and green leaf area of aerenchymatous plants, while emissions from drier microforms (high lawns and hummocks) remained seasonally stable. This constancy was attributed to persistently low water tables, which moderated environmental fluctuations and reduced seasonality of CH production, CH oxidation and plant-mediated transport. The strong spatial pattern in CH emissions and their seasonal dynamics made both the magnitude and seasonal cycle of ecosystem-scale emissions highly sensitive to the areal distribution of microforms. Our findings underscore the need to integrate microscale spatial variability into CH modelling frameworks, as future shifts in peatland hydrology due to climate change may alter the balance between wet and dry microforms-and with it, the seasonal and annual CH budget.
Author Knoblauch, Christian
Jentzsch, Katharina
Treat, Claire C.
Marushchak, Maija E.
Hashemi, Joshua
Korrensalo, Aino
Männistö, Elisa
Golde, Lion
Delden, Lona
Tuittila, Eeva‐Stiina
Rettelbach, Tabea
AuthorAffiliation 6 Institute of Geosciences University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
11 Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
2 Institute of Environmental Science and Geography University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
1 Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Potsdam Germany
5 Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
7 Fachbereich III Umweltingenieurwesen—Bau Berliner Hochschule für Technik Berlin Germany
4 Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
9 Department of Earth System Sciences University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
8 Natural Resources Institute Finland Joensuu Finland
10 Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
3 School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
– name: 7 Fachbereich III Umweltingenieurwesen—Bau Berliner Hochschule für Technik Berlin Germany
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– name: 8 Natural Resources Institute Finland Joensuu Finland
– name: 9 Department of Earth System Sciences University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
– name: 5 Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
– name: 10 Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
– name: 1 Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Potsdam Germany
– name: 3 School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland
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  organization: University of Eastern Finland
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  surname: Golde
  fullname: Golde, Lion
  organization: Berliner Hochschule für Technik
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  surname: Delden
  fullname: Delden, Lona
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  givenname: Claire C.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1225-8178
  surname: Treat
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  organization: Aarhus University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40709770$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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IngestDate Thu Aug 21 18:34:31 EDT 2025
Fri Aug 22 20:22:39 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 18:52:23 EDT 2025
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IsDoiOpenAccess true
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Issue 7
Keywords chamber measurements
boreal
peatland
methane
subarctic
vegetation removal experiment
upscaling
microtopography
Language English
License Attribution
2025 The Author(s). Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4392-8778ed21359c5da7ebc18d66e74c1ca59a0bc75922d45a6e0784d8620f8037ae3
Notes The contribution of Katharina Jentzsch, Lona van Delden and Claire C. Treat is part of the FluxWIN project, funded with a Starting Grant by the European Research Council (ERC) (ID 851181). The work by Katharina Jentzsch was supported by a fellowship of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). The contribution of Maija E. Marushchak was supported by the Research Council of Finland‐funded projects PANDA (317054) and Thaw‐N (349503) and the ACCC flagship (337550 and 357905). Christian Knoblauch received support from the German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (project MOMENT, 03F0931A).
Funding
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
Funding: The contribution of Katharina Jentzsch, Lona van Delden and Claire C. Treat is part of the FluxWIN project, funded with a Starting Grant by the European Research Council (ERC) (ID 851181). The work by Katharina Jentzsch was supported by a fellowship of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). The contribution of Maija E. Marushchak was supported by the Research Council of Finland‐funded projects PANDA (317054) and Thaw‐N (349503) and the ACCC flagship (337550 and 357905). Christian Knoblauch received support from the German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (project MOMENT, 03F0931A).
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OpenAccessLink https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fgcb.70372
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Snippet ABSTRACT Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a...
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH 4 budget, partly due to a...
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH ), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH budget, partly due to a mismatch in...
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH4 budget, partly due to a mismatch...
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH₄), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH₄ budget, partly due to a mismatch...
Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ), but substantial uncertainties remain in the global CH 4 budget, partly due to a...
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SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage e70372
SubjectTerms Air Pollutants - analysis
Bogs
boreal
Budgets
chamber measurements
Climate change
Ecosystems
Emission measurements
Emissions
Finland
Fluxes
Groundwater table
Heterogeneity
Hydrology
Land cover
Leaf area
Methane
Methane - analysis
microtopography
Oxidation
Patchiness
Peat
peatland
Peatlands
Pore water
Seasonal variation
Seasonal variations
Seasonality
Seasons
Spatial heterogeneity
spatial variation
Spatial variations
subarctic
temperature
upscaling
vegetation
vegetation removal experiment
Water analysis
Water sampling
Water table
Wetlands
Title Seasonality in Diffusive Methane Emissions Differs Between Bog Microforms
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fgcb.70372
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40709770
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3234073534
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3233259751
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3242085553
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12291433
Volume 31
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