Hormonally Active Contraceptives, Part II: Sociological, Environmental, and Economic Impact

To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inThe Linacre quarterly Vol. 88; no. 3; pp. 291 - 316
Main Authors Williams, William V., Brind, Joel, Haynes, Laura, Manhart, Michael D., Klaus, Hanna, Lanfranchi, Angela, Migeon, Gerard, Gaskins, Michael, Šeman, Elvis I., Ruppersberger, Lester, Raviele, Kathleen M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.08.2021
Subjects
Autoimmunity
Osteoporosis
Sociology
Human interaction with the environment
Cardiovascular disease
Depression
Contraception
Economic impact
Epidemiology
Cancer
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women’s health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public. Summary: Hormonal contraceptives have wide-ranging effects.  The potential economic impact of the medical side effects is estimated. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage and an increase in divorce with negative effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality and incarceration among others. The environmental impact includes hormonal effects on fish with declining fish populations. Women seeking birth control have a right to know about how to avoid these risks by using effective hormone-free methods like Fertility Awareness Methods.
AbstractList To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women's health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public. Hormonal contraceptives have wide-ranging effects.  The potential economic impact of the medical side effects is estimated. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage and an increase in divorce with negative effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality and incarceration among others. The environmental impact includes hormonal effects on fish with declining fish populations. Women seeking birth control have a right to know about how to avoid these risks by using effective hormone-free methods like Fertility Awareness Methods.
To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women’s health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public. Summary: Hormonal contraceptives have wide-ranging effects.  The potential economic impact of the medical side effects is estimated. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage and an increase in divorce with negative effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality and incarceration among others. The environmental impact includes hormonal effects on fish with declining fish populations. Women seeking birth control have a right to know about how to avoid these risks by using effective hormone-free methods like Fertility Awareness Methods.
To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women’s health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public. Summary: Hormonal contraceptives have wide-ranging effects.  The potential economic impact of the medical side effects is estimated. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage and an increase in divorce with negative effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality and incarceration among others. The environmental impact includes hormonal effects on fish with declining fish populations. Women seeking birth control have a right to know about how to avoid these risks by using effective hormone-free methods like Fertility Awareness Methods.
To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women’s health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public.
Author Raviele, Kathleen M.
Migeon, Gerard
Gaskins, Michael
Lanfranchi, Angela
Brind, Joel
Manhart, Michael D.
Ruppersberger, Lester
Klaus, Hanna
Williams, William V.
Šeman, Elvis I.
Haynes, Laura
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: William V.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3611-9284
  surname: Williams
  fullname: Williams, William V.
  email: william.v.williams@verizon.net
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Joel
  surname: Brind
  fullname: Brind, Joel
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Laura
  surname: Haynes
  fullname: Haynes, Laura
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Michael D.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1727-1846
  surname: Manhart
  fullname: Manhart, Michael D.
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Hanna
  surname: Klaus
  fullname: Klaus, Hanna
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Angela
  surname: Lanfranchi
  fullname: Lanfranchi, Angela
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Gerard
  surname: Migeon
  fullname: Migeon, Gerard
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Michael
  surname: Gaskins
  fullname: Gaskins, Michael
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Elvis I.
  surname: Šeman
  fullname: Šeman, Elvis I.
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Lester
  surname: Ruppersberger
  fullname: Ruppersberger, Lester
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Kathleen M.
  surname: Raviele
  fullname: Raviele, Kathleen M.
  organization: The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34565905$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9kN1Kw0AQhRep2B99AG8kD9DU2b9k44VQSrWBgoJ65UXYbjZ1S7JbNmmhb29CtSiCV8NhzjkzfEPUs85qhK4xTDCO41sAwmhEE4IxAMcEn6EBAQ6h4CzpoUG3DztDHw3regNAkxiTC9SnjEc8AT5A7wvnK2dlWR6CqWrMXgczZxsvld52qh4Hz9I3QZreBS9OGVe6tVGyHAdzuzfe2UrbppPS5sFcOesqo4K02krVXKLzQpa1vvqaI_T2MH-dLcLl02M6my5DxahoQpHHnOQR0VgnQhRaJUUODABTJqgkYoVxzlgeE6YhKqTijOaxlioqCEAiEjpC98fe7W5V6Vzp7v8y23pTSX_InDTZ7401H9na7TNBY04FbQvwsUB5V9deF6cshqwjnf0h3WZufh49Jb7RtobJ0VDLtc42budbyvU_jZ_Hvoio
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2023_1167504
Cites_doi 10.1002/art.24398
10.1016/j.ogc.2014.05.004
10.1097/AOG.0b013e318283d1a1
10.1016/j.contraception.2010.05.010
10.1371/journal.pone.0049986
10.1002/art.22510
10.1371/journal.pone.0149094
10.1073/pnas.0609568104
10.1002/etc.1825
10.1897/04-227R.1
10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000009
10.1089/105072502753451995
10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00212-0
10.1155/2005/958678
10.18553/jmcp.2017.23.4.474
10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00112-X
10.1177/0024363918811637
10.1097/AOG.0000000000002317
10.1002/etc.3304
10.1371/journal.pone.0165539
10.1093/ndt/15.9.1269
10.1097/MIB.0000000000000977
10.1021/es9710870
10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
10.1371/journal.pone.0147029
10.1002/acr.22574
10.1016/j.cgh.2007.07.012
10.1289/ehp.8050
10.1089/105072502761016548
10.1136/bmj.2.6151.1531
10.1002/ijc.22699
10.1007/s10654-015-0030-9
10.1016/j.jocn.2017.06.005
10.1080/02757549408038554
10.1097/01.ju.0000146114.53828.82
10.3111/13696998.2015.1021353
10.1095/biolreprod67.2.515
10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.07.001
10.1080/00243639.2017.1360065
10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.04.019
10.1136/bmj.e2990
10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02564.x
10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.006
10.1177/0024363918770462
10.15585/mmwr.mm6542a3
10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.009
10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.012
10.1097/MLR.0000000000000308
10.1002/ijc.29471
10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.132
10.4065/81.10.1290
10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.024
10.3747/co.23.2598
10.1152/physrev.00017.2015
10.1093/humupd/dmx022
10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.011
10.1016/0140-6736(93)90953-E
10.1136/sti.2007.026245
10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230
10.1359/jbmr.090523
10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00719.x
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387
10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.039
10.1016/0378-4274(95)03517-6
10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02064.x
10.1007/s00198-017-3909-3
10.1897/03-166
10.1007/s00192-015-2833-3
10.1071/PY16097
10.1080/10408449891344236
10.1007/s10552-015-0702-5
10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302362
10.1038/bjc.2011.371
10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01862.x
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Catholic Medical Association 2021
Catholic Medical Association 2021.
Catholic Medical Association 2021 2021 Catholic Medical Association. All Rights Reserved
Copyright_xml – notice: Catholic Medical Association 2021
– notice: Catholic Medical Association 2021.
– notice: Catholic Medical Association 2021 2021 Catholic Medical Association. All Rights Reserved
DBID NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
5PM
DOI 10.1177/00243639211005121
DatabaseName PubMed
CrossRef
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle PubMed
CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList PubMed

CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
EISSN 2050-8549
EndPage 316
ExternalDocumentID 10_1177_00243639211005121
34565905
10.1177_00243639211005121
Genre Journal Article
GroupedDBID -ET
-TM
.GJ
002
0R~
4.4
54M
AADUE
AAGGD
AAHPS
AALUX
AAPEO
AARIX
AATAA
AAULN
AAWLO
ABCCA
ABDWY
ABFWQ
ABFXH
ABJNI
ABKRH
ABLUO
ABOWD
ABPNF
ABQPY
ABRHV
ABUPF
ABWCV
ABYTW
ABZEW
ACDXX
ACFZE
ACGBL
ACGFS
ACKZS
ACOFE
ACOXC
ACROE
ACSIQ
ACUAV
ACUFS
ACUIR
ACVIN
ACXKE
ADBBV
ADCVX
ADEIA
ADFOM
ADFZZ
ADMOY
ADPEE
ADRRZ
ADUKL
AEIIZ
AEIJN
AEJBQ
AESZF
AEWDL
AEWHI
AEXNY
AFFNX
AFKRG
AFLEI
AFMOU
AFQAA
AFUIA
AGDVU
AGHSJ
AGKLV
AGNHF
AGNWV
AHBZF
AHWHD
AIJEM
AIOMO
AJEFB
AJUZI
AJVHN
AKSRI
ALFTD
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ANDLU
AOIJS
ARJSQ
ARTOV
AYPQM
BAWUL
BBRGL
BDDNI
BPACV
BRMBE
CBRKF
CCGJY
CEADM
CFDXU
CORYS
CYYVM
CZDIS
DF.
DIK
DO4
DOPDO
DRXRE
DV7
DV8
E01
EBS
EJD
EU8
F5P
FHBDP
GROUPED_SAGE_PREMIER_JOURNAL_COLLECTION
HCLVR
HYE
HZ~
J5H
J8X
JCYGO
JENTW
K.F
M46
M4V
M4Z
O9-
OK1
P76
P7B
Q1R
QQXMO
RPM
SAFTQ
SCNPE
SFC
SJN
SPV
TDBHL
TFL
TFW
UPT
URO
WH7
YQT
YZZ
ZGI
ZPLXX
ZPPRI
ZRKOI
ZXP
~32
AAORF
ACJER
ADVBO
AEDXQ
H13
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c438t-8d752d62e1e988fec9fd040013483a28b11d44d724e06fac543d7eac6f2009893
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 0024-3639
IngestDate Tue Sep 17 21:28:43 EDT 2024
Wed Oct 02 14:44:19 EDT 2024
Sat Nov 02 12:29:40 EDT 2024
Tue Jul 16 20:43:10 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess false
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Keywords Autoimmunity
Osteoporosis
Sociology
Human interaction with the environment
Cardiovascular disease
Depression
Contraception
Economic impact
Epidemiology
Cancer
Language English
License Catholic Medical Association 2021.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c438t-8d752d62e1e988fec9fd040013483a28b11d44d724e06fac543d7eac6f2009893
ORCID 0000-0003-1727-1846
0000-0003-3611-9284
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8375383
PMID 34565905
PageCount 26
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8375383
crossref_primary_10_1177_00243639211005121
pubmed_primary_34565905
sage_journals_10_1177_00243639211005121
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2021-08-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-08-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 08
  year: 2021
  text: 2021-08-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Los Angeles, CA
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Los Angeles, CA
– name: United States
– name: Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA
PublicationTitle The Linacre quarterly
PublicationTitleAlternate Linacre Q
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher SAGE Publications
Publisher_xml – name: SAGE Publications
References McLennan 2014; 41
Park, Kidd 2009; 24
Aral, Fenton, Holmes 2007; 83
Coleman 2011; 199
Jobling, Coey, Whitmore, Kime, Van Look, McAllister, Beresford 2002; 67
Mørch, Skovlund, Hannaford, Iversen, Fielding, Lidegaard 2017; 377
Cohen, Skup, Ozbay, Rizzo, Yang, Diener, Chao 2015; 18
Pendrith, Thind, Zaric, Sarma 2016; 23
Kahlenborn, Modugno, Potter, Severs 2006; 81
Rao, Click, Koutroubakis, Ramos Rivers, Regueiro, Swoger, Schwartz 2017; 23
Brody, Pratt, Hughes 2018; 303
Schackman, Fleishman, Su, Berkowitz, Moore, Walensky, Becker 2015; 53
Smock, Greenland 2010; 72
Lund, Bakken, Dumeaux, Andersen, Kumle 2007; 121
Chen, Chonghasawat, Leadholm 2017; 45
Fortner, Ose, Merritt, Schock, Tjønneland, Hansen, Overvad 2015; 137
Larsson, Adolfsson-Erici, Parkkonen, Pettersson, Berg, Olsson, Forlin 1999; 45
Skovlund, Mørch, Kessling, Lidegaard 2016; 73
Tsilidis, Allen, Key, Dossus, Lukanova, Bakken, Lund 2011; 105
Jobling, Nolan, Tyler, Brighty, Sumpter 1998; 32
Regnerus 2012; 41
Fehring, Bouchard, Meyers 2018; 85
Sumpter 1995
Gajendran, Loganathan, Catinella, Hashash 2018; 64
Michael 1988
Turner 2016; 22
Chen, Choi, Li, Yeh, Lee, Kao, Liang 2015; 67
Marks 2012; 41
King, van de Merwe, McDonald, Leusch 2016; 35
Bercow, Chen, Chatterjee, Tergas, Hou, Burke, Ananth, Neugut, Hershman, Wright 2017; 130
Frank, Kay 1978; 2
Ballane, Cauley, Luckey, El-Hajj Fuleihan 2017; 28, no
Besse, Garric 2009; 157
Purdom, Hardiman, Bye, Eno, Tyler, Sumpter 1994; 8
Kappelman, Rifas-Shiman, Kleinman, Ollendorf, Bousvaros, Grand, Finkelstein 2007; 5
Shivashankar, Tremaine, Harmsen, Loftus 2017; 15
Strieder, Prummel, Tijssen, Endert, Wiersinga 2003; 59
Williams, Carlson, Mitchell, Raviele 2018; 85
Nicolle 2005; 16
Hüsing, Dossus, Ferrari, Tjønneland, Hansen, Fagherazzi, Baglietto 2016; 31
Kilgore, Morrisey, Becker, Gary, Curtis, Saag, Yun 2009; 24
Tung, Hepp, Bansal, Devine 2017; 23
Barad, Kooperberg, Wactawski-Wende, Liu, Hendrix, Watts 2005; 84
2015; 16
Nichols, Bell, Pedula, Rosetti 2010; 16
Blumen, Fitch, Polkus 2016; 9
Hellwig, Chen, Stancyzk, Langer-Gould 2016; 11
Cornish, Tan, Simillis, Clark, Teare, Tekkis 2008; 103
Costenbader, Feskanich, Stampfer, Karlson 2007; 56
Vestergaard, Rejnmark, Weeke, Hoeck, Nielsen, Rungby, Laurberg, Mosekilde 2002; 12
Daniels, Daugherty, Jones, Mosher 2015; 86
Dueñas, Lete, Bermejo, Arbat, Pérez-Campos, Martínez-Salmeán, Serrano, Doval, Coll 2011; 83
García Rodríguez, González-Pérez, Johansson, Wallander 2005; 22
Dahlhamer, Zammitti, Ward, Wheaton, Croft 2016; 65
Levine, Jørgensen, Martino-Andrade, Mendiola, Weksler-Derri, Mindlis, Pinotti, Swan 2017; 23
Woodling, Lopez, Maldonado, Norris, Vajda 2006; 144
Pennington, Gentry-Maharaj, Karpinskyj, Miners, Taylor, Manchanda, Iyer 2016; 11
Kirby, Allen, Dyer, Feist, Katsiadaki, Matthiessen, Scott 2004; 23
Wedekind, Penn 2000; 15
Bernier, Mikaeloff, Hudson, Suissa 2009; 61
Clemens, Meenan, Rosetti, Gao, Calhoun 2005; 173
Williams 2017; 84
Lanza, McQuay, Rothman, Bone, Kaunitz, Harel, Ataher, Ross, Arena, Wolter 2013; 121
Heikkinen, Koskenvuo, Malila, Sarkeala, Pukkala, Pitkäniemi 2016; 27
Skakkebaek, De Meyts, Louis, Toppari, Andersson, Eisenberg, Jensen 2016; 96
Lidegaard, Nielsen, Skovlund, Løkkegaard 2012; 344
Tyler, Jobling, Sumpter 1998; 28
Stanczyk, Archer, Bhavnani 2013; 87
Klaus, Cortes 2015; 82
Sutton, Cretella 2019; 9
Ventura, Abma, Mosher, Henshaw 2003; 52
Kahaly, Dietlein 2002; 12
Jobling, Williams, Johnson, Taylor, Gross-Sorokin, Nolan, Tyler, van Aerle, Santos, Brighty 2006; 114
Mascola, Cates, Reynolds, Blount 1983; 32
Khalili, Higuchi, Ananthakrishnan, Richter, Feskanich, Fuchs, Chan 2013; 62
Roura, Travier, Waterboer, de Sanjosé, Bosch, Pawlita, Pala 2016; 11
Champaneria, D’Andrea, Latthe 2016; 27
Kostich, Flick, Martinson 2013; 178
Abma, Chandra, Mosher, Peterson, Piccinino 1997; 23
Byrd 2010; 2
Sharpe, Skakkebaek 1993; 341
Caldwell, Mastrocco, Anderson, Lange, Sumpter 2012; 31
bibr25-00243639211005121
Orr S. (bibr103-00243639211005121) 1999
bibr12-00243639211005121
bibr80-00243639211005121
bibr108-00243639211005121
bibr122-00243639211005121
bibr2-00243639211005121
bibr65-00243639211005121
bibr78-00243639211005121
bibr136-00243639211005121
bibr123-00243639211005121
bibr38-00243639211005121
Feldhahn S. (bibr44-00243639211005121) 2014
bibr109-00243639211005121
Brody D. J. (bibr16-00243639211005121) 2018; 303
bibr92-00243639211005121
bibr3-00243639211005121
bibr64-00243639211005121
bibr39-00243639211005121
bibr124-00243639211005121
bibr134-00243639211005121
Michael R. (bibr93-00243639211005121) 1988
bibr49-00243639211005121
bibr24-00243639211005121
bibr54-00243639211005121
Nichols G. A. (bibr101-00243639211005121) 2010; 16
bibr14-00243639211005121
bibr79-00243639211005121
bibr135-00243639211005121
Mascola L. (bibr91-00243639211005121) 1983; 32
bibr63-00243639211005121
bibr53-00243639211005121
bibr23-00243639211005121
bibr13-00243639211005121
bibr120-00243639211005121
Michael R. (bibr94-00243639211005121) 2005
bibr100-00243639211005121
bibr76-00243639211005121
Byrd D. (bibr17-00243639211005121) 2010; 2
Hardon J. (bibr52-00243639211005121) 1981
bibr125-00243639211005121
bibr112-00243639211005121
bibr105-00243639211005121
bibr5-00243639211005121
bibr28-00243639211005121
bibr88-00243639211005121
bibr68-00243639211005121
bibr48-00243639211005121
bibr139-00243639211005121
bibr51-00243639211005121
Kinsey A. C. (bibr75-00243639211005121) 1953
Provan C. (bibr110-00243639211005121) 1989
bibr147-00243639211005121
bibr26-00243639211005121
bibr107-00243639211005121
bibr137-00243639211005121
bibr117-00243639211005121
bibr127-00243639211005121
bibr21-00243639211005121
bibr71-00243639211005121
bibr81-00243639211005121
bibr11-00243639211005121
bibr61-00243639211005121
bibr31-00243639211005121
bibr142-00243639211005121
bibr41-00243639211005121
bibr66-00243639211005121
bibr46-00243639211005121
bibr36-00243639211005121
bibr130-00243639211005121
bibr143-00243639211005121
bibr32-00243639211005121
bibr73-00243639211005121
bibr86-00243639211005121
bibr128-00243639211005121
Abma J. (bibr1-00243639211005121) 1997; 23
bibr102-00243639211005121
bibr7-00243639211005121
bibr99-00243639211005121
bibr115-00243639211005121
bibr8-00243639211005121
bibr72-00243639211005121
bibr98-00243639211005121
bibr116-00243639211005121
bibr18-00243639211005121
bibr45-00243639211005121
Kinsey A. C. (bibr74-00243639211005121) 1948
bibr85-00243639211005121
bibr129-00243639211005121
bibr19-00243639211005121
bibr114-00243639211005121
bibr104-00243639211005121
bibr29-00243639211005121
bibr84-00243639211005121
bibr9-00243639211005121
bibr34-00243639211005121
Blumen H. (bibr15-00243639211005121) 2016; 9
bibr59-00243639211005121
Hilgers T. W. (bibr58-00243639211005121) 2010
bibr43-00243639211005121
Sutton P. M. (bibr132-00243639211005121) 2019; 9
bibr69-00243639211005121
bibr145-00243639211005121
Laumann E. (bibr83-00243639211005121) 1994
bibr33-00243639211005121
Daniels K. (bibr40-00243639211005121) 2015; 86
bibr144-00243639211005121
bibr35-00243639211005121
bibr22-00243639211005121
Schumm W. R. (bibr118-00243639211005121) 2018
bibr90-00243639211005121
Ventura S. J. (bibr140-00243639211005121) 2003; 52
bibr89-00243639211005121
bibr4-00243639211005121
bibr106-00243639211005121
bibr95-00243639211005121
bibr113-00243639211005121
bibr126-00243639211005121
bibr42-00243639211005121
bibr62-00243639211005121
bibr146-00243639211005121
bibr55-00243639211005121
bibr82-00243639211005121
bibr97-00243639211005121
bibr6-00243639211005121
bibr67-00243639211005121
bibr77-00243639211005121
bibr47-00243639211005121
Hertzog E. (bibr56-00243639211005121) 1973
bibr27-00243639211005121
bibr20-00243639211005121
bibr30-00243639211005121
bibr37-00243639211005121
bibr138-00243639211005121
Bennett W. (bibr10-00243639211005121) 1993
bibr50-00243639211005121
Hilgers T. W. (bibr57-00243639211005121) 2002
bibr60-00243639211005121
bibr131-00243639211005121
bibr121-00243639211005121
bibr111-00243639211005121
References_xml – volume: 64
  start-page: 20
  issue: 2
  year: 2018
  end-page: 57
  article-title: A Comprehensive Review and Update on Crohn’s Disease
  publication-title: Disease Monthly
  contributor:
    fullname: Hashash
– volume: 114
  start-page: 32
  issue: Suppl. 1
  year: 2006
  end-page: 39
  article-title: Predicted Exposures to Steroid Estrogens in U.K. Rivers Correlate with Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish Populations
  publication-title: Environmental Health Perspectives
  contributor:
    fullname: Brighty
– volume: 23
  start-page: 107
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  end-page: 15
  article-title: The Cost of Crohn’s Disease: Varied Healthcare Expenditure Patterns across Distinct Disease Trajectories
  publication-title: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  contributor:
    fullname: Schwartz
– volume: 83
  start-page: 82
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  end-page: 87
  article-title: Trends in the Use of Contraceptive Methods and Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in the Spanish Population during 1997-2007
  publication-title: Contraception
  contributor:
    fullname: Coll
– volume: 16
  start-page: e86
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  end-page: 93
  article-title: Medical Care Costs among Patients with Established Cardiovascular Disease
  publication-title: The American Journal of Managed Care
  contributor:
    fullname: Rosetti
– volume: 53
  start-page: 293
  issue: 4
  year: 2015
  end-page: 301
  article-title: The Lifetime Medical Cost Savings from Preventing HIV in the United States
  publication-title: Medical Care
  contributor:
    fullname: Becker
– volume: 105
  start-page: 1436
  issue: 9
  year: 2011
  end-page: 42
  article-title: Oral Contraceptive Use and Reproductive Factors and Risk of Ovarian Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
  publication-title: British Journal of Cancer
  contributor:
    fullname: Lund
– volume: 23
  start-page: e109
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  end-page: 15
  article-title: Costs of Cervical Cancer Treatment: Population-Based Estimates from Ontario
  publication-title: Current Oncology
  contributor:
    fullname: Sarma
– volume: 11
  start-page: e0165539
  issue: 11
  year: 2016
  article-title: Long-Term Secondary Care Costs of Endometrial Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study Nested within the United Kingdom Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS)
  publication-title: PLoS One
  contributor:
    fullname: Iyer
– volume: 41
  start-page: 252
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 70
  article-title: How Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study
  publication-title: Social Science Research
  contributor:
    fullname: Regnerus
– volume: 96
  start-page: 55
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  end-page: 97
  article-title: Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility
  publication-title: Physiological Reviews
  contributor:
    fullname: Jensen
– volume: 157
  start-page: 3485
  issue: 12
  year: 2009
  end-page: 94
  article-title: Progestagens for Human Use, Exposure and Hazard Assessment for the Aquatic Environment
  publication-title: Environmental Pollution
  contributor:
    fullname: Garric
– volume: 130
  start-page: 1269
  year: 2017
  end-page: 75
  article-title: Cost of Care for the Initial Management of Ovarian Cancer
  publication-title: Obstetrics & Gynecology
  contributor:
    fullname: Wright
– volume: 2
  start-page: 1531
  year: 1978
  article-title: Incidence of Thyroid Disease Associated with Oral Contraceptives
  publication-title: British Medical Journal
  contributor:
    fullname: Kay
– volume: 85
  start-page: 412
  issue: 4
  year: 2018
  end-page: 52
  article-title: Association of Combined Estrogen-Progestogen and Progestogen Only Contraceptives with the Development of Cancer
  publication-title: The Linacre Quarterly
  contributor:
    fullname: Raviele
– volume: 15
  start-page: 857
  issue: 6
  year: 2017
  end-page: 63
  article-title: Incidence and Prevalence of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1970 through 2010
  publication-title: Clinical Gastroenterology Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Loftus
– volume: 67
  start-page: 1086
  issue: 8
  year: 2015
  end-page: 94
  article-title: Glucocorticoid Use in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association between Dose and Health Care Utilization and Costs.”
  publication-title: Arthritis Care and Research
  contributor:
    fullname: Liang
– volume: 27
  start-page: 249
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  end-page: 58
  article-title: Use of Exogenous Hormones and the Risk of Breast Cancer: Results from Self-Reported Survey Data with Validity Assessment
  publication-title: Cancer Causes Control
  contributor:
    fullname: Pitkäniemi
– volume: 23
  start-page: 748
  issue: 3
  year: 2004
  end-page: 58
  article-title: Surveys of Plasma Vitellogenin and Intersex in Male Flounder ( ) as Measures of Endocrine Disruption by Estrogenic Contamination in United Kingdom Estuaries: Temporal Trends, 1996 to 2001
  publication-title: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
  contributor:
    fullname: Scott
– volume: 35
  start-page: 1378
  issue: 6
  year: 2016
  end-page: 85
  article-title: Concentrations of Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol in Wastewater Effluents: Is the Progestin also Cause for Concern?
  publication-title: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
  contributor:
    fullname: Leusch
– volume: 32
  start-page: 2498
  issue: 17
  year: 1998
  end-page: 506
  article-title: Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wild Fish
  publication-title: Environmental Science and Technology
  contributor:
    fullname: Sumpter
– volume: 8
  start-page: 275
  issue: 4
  year: 1994
  end-page: 85
  article-title: Estrogenic Effects of Effluents from Sewage Treatment Works
  publication-title: Chemical Ecology
  contributor:
    fullname: Sumpter
– volume: 28, no
  start-page: 1531
  issue: 5
  year: 2017
  end-page: 42
  article-title: Worldwide Prevalence and Incidence of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures
  publication-title: Osteoporosis International
  contributor:
    fullname: El-Hajj Fuleihan
– volume: 61
  start-page: 476
  issue: 24
  year: 2009
  end-page: 81
  article-title: Combined Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  publication-title: Arthritis and Rheumatism
  contributor:
    fullname: Suissa
– volume: 27
  start-page: 709
  issue: 5
  year: 2016
  end-page: 22
  article-title: Hormonal Contraception and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: A Systematic Review
  publication-title: International Urogynecology Journal
  contributor:
    fullname: Latthe
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1269
  issue: 9
  year: 2000
  end-page: 71
  article-title: MHC Genes, Body Odours, and Odour Preferences
  publication-title: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
  contributor:
    fullname: Penn
– volume: 341
  start-page: 1392
  issue: 8857
  year: 1993
  end-page: 95
  article-title: Are Oestrogens Involved in Falling Sperm Counts and Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract?
  publication-title: Lancet
  contributor:
    fullname: Skakkebaek
– volume: 23
  start-page: 646
  issue: 6
  year: 2017
  end-page: 59
  article-title: Temporal Trends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis
  publication-title: Human Reproduction Update
  contributor:
    fullname: Swan
– volume: 32
  start-page: 25
  issue: 3
  year: 1983
  end-page: 30
  article-title: Gonorrhea and Salpingitis among American Teenagers, 1960-1981
  publication-title: MMWR CDC Surveillance Summary
  contributor:
    fullname: Blount
– volume: 52
  start-page: 1
  issue: 7
  year: 2003
  end-page: 16
  article-title: Revised Pregnancy Rates, 1990-1997 and New Rates for 1998-1999: United States
  publication-title: National Vital Statistics Reports
  contributor:
    fullname: Henshaw
– volume: 22
  start-page: 309
  issue: 4
  year: 2005
  end-page: 15
  article-title: Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the General Population
  publication-title: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
  contributor:
    fullname: Wallander
– volume: 24
  start-page: 2050
  issue: 12
  year: 2009
  end-page: 55
  article-title: Health Care Expenditures Associated with Skeletal Fractures among Medicare Beneficiaries, 1999-2005
  publication-title: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
  contributor:
    fullname: Yun
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1396
  issue: 6
  year: 2012
  end-page: 406
  article-title: Predicted-No-Effect Concentrations for the Steroid Estrogens Estrone, 17b-Estradiol, Estriol, and 17a-Ethinylestradiol
  publication-title: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
  contributor:
    fullname: Sumpter
– volume: 67
  start-page: 515
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  end-page: 24
  article-title: Wild Intersex Roach ( ) Have Reduced Fertility
  publication-title: Biology of Reproduction
  contributor:
    fullname: Beresford
– volume: 72
  start-page: 576
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  end-page: 93
  article-title: Diversity in Pathways to Parenthood: Patterns, Implications, and Emerging Research Directions
  publication-title: Journal of Marriage and Family
  contributor:
    fullname: Greenland
– volume: 31
  start-page: 51
  year: 2016
  end-page: 60
  article-title: An Epidemiological Model for Prediction of Endometrial Cancer Risk in Europe
  publication-title: European Journal of Epidemiology
  contributor:
    fullname: Baglietto
– volume: 28
  start-page: 319
  issue: 4
  year: 1998
  end-page: 61
  article-title: Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife: A Critical Review of the Evidence
  publication-title: Critical Reviews in Toxicology
  contributor:
    fullname: Sumpter
– volume: 18
  start-page: 447
  issue: 6
  year: 2015
  end-page: 56
  article-title: Direct and Indirect Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs Associated with Ulcerative Colitis in a Privately-Insured Employed Population in the US
  publication-title: Journal of Medical Economics
  contributor:
    fullname: Chao
– volume: 344
  start-page: e2990
  year: 2012
  article-title: Venous Thrombosis in Users of Non-Oral Hormonal Contraception: Follow-Up Study, Denmark 2001–10
  publication-title: British Medical Journal
  contributor:
    fullname: Løkkegaard
– volume: 121
  start-page: 593
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  end-page: 600
  article-title: Use of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Contraception and Incidence of Bone Fracture
  publication-title: Obstetrics and Gynecology
  contributor:
    fullname: Wolter
– volume: 199
  start-page: 180
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  end-page: 86
  article-title: Abortion and Mental Health: Quantitative Synthesis and Analysis of Research Published 1995-2009
  publication-title: Journal of British Psychiatry
  contributor:
    fullname: Coleman
– volume: 2
  start-page: 102
  year: 2010
  end-page: 23
  article-title: Dual-Gender Parenting for Optimal Child Development
  publication-title: Journal of Human Sexuality
  contributor:
    fullname: Byrd
– volume: 178
  start-page: 271
  year: 2013
  end-page: 77
  article-title: Comparing Predicted Estrogen Concentrations with Measurements in US Waters
  publication-title: Environmental Pollution
  contributor:
    fullname: Martinson
– volume: 84
  start-page: 275
  issue: 3
  year: 2017
  end-page: 95
  article-title: Hormonal Contraception and the Development of Autoimmunity: A Review of the Literature
  publication-title: The Linacre Quarterly
  contributor:
    fullname: Williams
– volume: 45
  start-page: 180
  year: 2017
  end-page: 86
  article-title: Multiple Sclerosis: Frequency, Cost, and Economic Burden in the United States
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
  contributor:
    fullname: Leadholm
– volume: 23
  start-page: 474
  issue: 4
  year: 2017
  end-page: 82
  article-title: Characterizing Health Care Utilization, Direct Costs, and Comorbidities Associated with Interstitial Cystitis: A Retrospective Claims Analysis
  publication-title: Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy
  contributor:
    fullname: Devine
– volume: 103
  start-page: 2394
  issue: 9
  year: 2008
  end-page: 400
  article-title: The Risk of Oral Contraceptives in the Etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: American Journal of Gastroenterology
  contributor:
    fullname: Tekkis
– volume: 85
  start-page: 167
  issue: 2
  year: 2018
  end-page: 77
  article-title: Influence of Contraception Use on the Reproductive Health of Adolescents and Young Adults
  publication-title: The Linacre Quarterly
  contributor:
    fullname: Meyers
– volume: 173
  start-page: 98
  issue: 1
  year: 2005
  end-page: 102
  article-title: Prevalence and Incidence of Interstitial Cystitis in a Managed Care Population
  publication-title: Journal of Urology
  contributor:
    fullname: Calhoun
– volume: 121
  start-page: 645
  issue: 3
  year: 2007
  end-page: 48
  article-title: Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer in Former Users of Oral Contraceptives—The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study
  publication-title: International Journal of Cancer
  contributor:
    fullname: Kumle
– volume: 81
  start-page: 1290
  issue: 10
  year: 2006
  end-page: 302
  article-title: Oral Contraceptive Use as a Risk Factor for Premenopausal Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
  publication-title: Mayo Clinic Proceedings
  contributor:
    fullname: Severs
– volume: 41
  start-page: 385
  issue: 3
  year: 2014
  end-page: 95
  article-title: Interstitial Cystitis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Presentation
  publication-title: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
  contributor:
    fullname: McLennan
– start-page: 367
  year: 1988
  end-page: 99
  article-title: Why Did the U.S. Divorce Rate Double Within a Decade?
  publication-title: Research in Population Economics
  contributor:
    fullname: Michael
– volume: 22
  start-page: 375
  issue: 5
  year: 2016
  end-page: 76
  article-title: Fertility-Awareness Practice and Education in General Practice
  publication-title: Australian Journal of Primary Health
  contributor:
    fullname: Turner
– volume: 16
  start-page: 1061
  issue: 9
  year: 2015
  end-page: 70
  article-title: Endometrial Cancer and Oral Contraceptives: An Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of 27 276 Women with Endometrial Cancer from 36 Epidemiological Studies
  publication-title: Lancet Oncology
– volume: 12
  start-page: 69
  issue: 1
  year: 2002
  end-page: 75
  article-title: Smoking as a Risk Factor for Graves’ Disease, Toxic Nodular Goiter, and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism
  publication-title: Thyroid
  contributor:
    fullname: Mosekilde
– volume: 11
  start-page: e0147029
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  article-title: The Influence of Hormonal Factors on the Risk of Developing Cervical Cancer and Pre-Cancer: Results from the EPIC Cohort
  publication-title: PLoS One
  contributor:
    fullname: Pala
– volume: 144
  start-page: 10
  issue: 1
  year: 2006
  end-page: 15
  article-title: Intersex and Other Reproductive Disruption of Fish in Wastewater Effluent Dominated Colorado Streams
  publication-title: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
  contributor:
    fullname: Vajda
– volume: 82
  start-page: 283
  issue: 3
  year: 2015
  end-page: 300
  article-title: Psychological, Social, and Spiritual Effects of Contraceptive Steroid Hormones
  publication-title: The Linacre Quarterly
  contributor:
    fullname: Cortes
– volume: 41
  start-page: 735
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 51
  article-title: Same-Sex Parenting and Children’s Outcomes: A Closer Examination of the American Psychological Association’s Brief on Lesbian and Gay Parenting
  publication-title: Social Science Research
  contributor:
    fullname: Marks
– volume: 303
  start-page: 1
  issue: 8
  year: 2018
  end-page: 8
  article-title: Prevalence of Depression among Adults Aged 20 and Over: United States, 2013-2016
  publication-title: National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief
  contributor:
    fullname: Hughes
– volume: 137
  start-page: 1196
  issue: 5
  year: 2015
  end-page: 208
  article-title: Reproductive and Hormone-Related Risk Factors for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer by Histologic Pathways, Invasiveness and Histologic Subtypes: Results from the EPIC Cohort
  publication-title: International Journal of Cancer
  contributor:
    fullname: Overvad
– volume: 86
  start-page: 1
  year: 2015
  end-page: 14
  article-title: Current Contraceptive Use and Variation by Selected Characteristics among Women Aged 15–44: United States, 2011–2013
  publication-title: National Health Statistics Report
  contributor:
    fullname: Mosher
– volume: 62
  start-page: 1153
  issue: 8
  year: 2013
  end-page: 59
  article-title: Oral Contraceptives, Reproductive Factors and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  publication-title: Gut
  contributor:
    fullname: Chan
– volume: 65
  start-page: 1166
  issue: 42
  year: 2016
  end-page: 69
  article-title: Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease among Adults Aged ≥18 Years—United States, 2015
  publication-title: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
  contributor:
    fullname: Croft
– volume: 11
  start-page: e0149094
  issue: 3
  year: 2016
  article-title: Oral Contraceptives and Multiple Sclerosis/Clinically Isolated Syndrome Susceptibility
  publication-title: PLoS One
  contributor:
    fullname: Langer-Gould
– volume: 56
  start-page: 1251
  issue: 4
  year: 2007
  end-page: 62
  article-title: Reproductive and Menopausal Factors and Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Women
  publication-title: Arthritis and Rheumatism
  contributor:
    fullname: Karlson
– volume: 23
  start-page: 1
  issue: 19
  year: 1997
  end-page: 114
  article-title: Fertility, Family Planning, and Women’s Health: New Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics
  publication-title: Vital Health Statistics
  contributor:
    fullname: Piccinino
– volume: 87
  start-page: 706
  issue: 6
  year: 2013
  end-page: 27
  article-title: Ethinyl Estradiol and 17β-Estradiol in Combined Oral Contraceptives: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Risk Assessment
  publication-title: Contraception
  contributor:
    fullname: Bhavnani
– start-page: 737
  year: 1995
  end-page: 42
  article-title: Feminized Responses in Fish to Environmental Estrogens
  publication-title: Toxicology Letters
  contributor:
    fullname: Sumpter
– volume: 83
  start-page: 257
  issue: 4
  year: 2007
  end-page: 66
  article-title: Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the USA: Temporal Trends
  publication-title: Sexually Transmitted Infections
  contributor:
    fullname: Holmes
– volume: 59
  start-page: 396
  year: 2003
  end-page: 401
  article-title: Risk Factors for and Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in a Cross-Sectional Study among Healthy Female Relatives of Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
  publication-title: Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)
  contributor:
    fullname: Wiersinga
– volume: 45
  start-page: 91
  issue: 2–3
  year: 1999
  end-page: 97
  article-title: Ethinyloestradiol—An Undesired Fish Contraceptive?
  publication-title: Aquatic Toxicology
  contributor:
    fullname: Forlin
– volume: 12
  start-page: 909
  issue: 10
  year: 2002
  end-page: 14
  article-title: Cost Estimation of Thyroid Disorders in Germany
  publication-title: Thyroid
  contributor:
    fullname: Dietlein
– volume: 9
  start-page: 101
  year: 2019
  end-page: 07
  article-title: A Review and Summary of Walter Schumm’s Same-Sex Parenting Research: A Critical Assessment
  publication-title: Journal of Human Sexuality
  contributor:
    fullname: Cretella
– volume: 377
  start-page: 2228
  issue: 23
  year: 2017
  end-page: 39
  article-title: Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer
  publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine
  contributor:
    fullname: Lidegaard
– volume: 24
  start-page: 2027
  issue: 8
  year: 2009
  end-page: 36
  article-title: Effects of the Synthetic Estrogen Ethinylestradiol on Early Life Stages of Mink Frogs and Green Frogs in the Wild and in Situ
  publication-title: Environmental Toxicology
  contributor:
    fullname: Kidd
– volume: 9
  start-page: 23
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  end-page: 32
  article-title: Comparison of Treatment Costs for Breast Cancer, by Tumor Stage and Type of Service
  publication-title: American Health and Drug Benefits
  contributor:
    fullname: Polkus
– volume: 73
  start-page: 1154
  issue: 11
  year: 2016
  end-page: 62
  article-title: Association of Hormonal Contraception with Depression
  publication-title: JAMA Psychiatry
  contributor:
    fullname: Lidegaard
– volume: 84
  start-page: 374
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  end-page: 83
  article-title: Prior Oral Contraception and Postmenopausal Fracture: A Women’s Health Initiative Observational Cohort Study
  publication-title: Fertility and Sterility
  contributor:
    fullname: Watts
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1424
  issue: 12
  year: 2007
  end-page: 29
  article-title: The Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in the United States
  publication-title: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Finkelstein
– volume: 16
  start-page: 9
  year: 2005
  end-page: 10
  article-title: Sexually Transmitted Infections
  publication-title: Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology
  contributor:
    fullname: Nicolle
– ident: bibr12-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1002/art.24398
– ident: bibr24-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr92-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2014.05.004
– ident: bibr81-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318283d1a1
– ident: bibr90-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr99-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr42-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.05.010
– ident: bibr23-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr80-00243639211005121
– start-page: 367
  year: 1988
  ident: bibr93-00243639211005121
  publication-title: Research in Population Economics 6
  contributor:
    fullname: Michael R.
– volume: 32
  start-page: 25
  issue: 3
  year: 1983
  ident: bibr91-00243639211005121
  publication-title: MMWR CDC Surveillance Summary
  contributor:
    fullname: Mascola L.
– ident: bibr41-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049986
– ident: bibr25-00243639211005121
– volume: 86
  start-page: 1
  year: 2015
  ident: bibr40-00243639211005121
  publication-title: National Health Statistics Report
  contributor:
    fullname: Daniels K.
– ident: bibr38-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1002/art.22510
– ident: bibr55-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149094
– ident: bibr71-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609568104
– ident: bibr51-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr89-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr18-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1002/etc.1825
– ident: bibr105-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1897/04-227R.1
– ident: bibr77-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000009
– start-page: 185
  volume-title: Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
  year: 2002
  ident: bibr57-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Hilgers T. W.
– ident: bibr142-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1089/105072502753451995
– ident: bibr36-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00212-0
– ident: bibr14-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr102-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1155/2005/958678
– ident: bibr135-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2017.23.4.474
– ident: bibr4-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr82-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00112-X
– ident: bibr138-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr100-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr146-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1177/0024363918811637
– ident: bibr11-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002317
– ident: bibr73-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1002/etc.3304
– ident: bibr107-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165539
– ident: bibr121-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr45-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr143-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1093/ndt/15.9.1269
– ident: bibr113-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000977
– ident: bibr62-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1021/es9710870
– ident: bibr95-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700732
– ident: bibr116-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147029
– ident: bibr32-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1002/acr.22574
– ident: bibr67-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.07.012
– ident: bibr63-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1289/ehp.8050
– ident: bibr65-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1089/105072502761016548
– volume: 9
  start-page: 23
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: bibr15-00243639211005121
  publication-title: American Health and Drug Benefits
  contributor:
    fullname: Blumen H.
– ident: bibr47-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6151.1531
– ident: bibr86-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1002/ijc.22699
– ident: bibr60-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1007/s10654-015-0030-9
– ident: bibr27-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr31-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.06.005
– ident: bibr108-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr112-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1080/02757549408038554
– ident: bibr33-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000146114.53828.82
– ident: bibr34-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.3111/13696998.2015.1021353
– ident: bibr61-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1095/biolreprod67.2.515
– volume-title: Same-Sex Parenting Research: A Critical Assessment
  year: 2018
  ident: bibr118-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Schumm W. R.
– ident: bibr144-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr48-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.07.001
– ident: bibr145-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1080/00243639.2017.1360065
– ident: bibr68-00243639211005121
– volume: 23
  start-page: 1
  issue: 19
  year: 1997
  ident: bibr1-00243639211005121
  publication-title: Vital Health Statistics
  contributor:
    fullname: Abma J.
– ident: bibr5-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr147-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.04.019
– volume: 9
  start-page: 101
  year: 2019
  ident: bibr132-00243639211005121
  publication-title: Journal of Human Sexuality
  contributor:
    fullname: Sutton P. M.
– ident: bibr122-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr85-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.e2990
– ident: bibr53-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr19-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr49-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02564.x
– ident: bibr88-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.006
– ident: bibr109-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr26-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr43-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1177/0024363918770462
– ident: bibr39-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6542a3
– volume-title: Sexual Behavior in the Human Female
  year: 1953
  ident: bibr75-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Kinsey A. C.
– volume: 2
  start-page: 102
  year: 2010
  ident: bibr17-00243639211005121
  publication-title: Journal of Human Sexuality
  contributor:
    fullname: Byrd D.
– ident: bibr29-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr114-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr115-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.009
– ident: bibr13-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.012
– ident: bibr123-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr117-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000308
– ident: bibr46-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1002/ijc.29471
– ident: bibr104-00243639211005121
– volume: 52
  start-page: 1
  issue: 7
  year: 2003
  ident: bibr140-00243639211005121
  publication-title: National Vital Statistics Reports
  contributor:
    fullname: Ventura S. J.
– ident: bibr8-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.132
– ident: bibr66-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.4065/81.10.1290
– volume: 16
  start-page: e86
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  ident: bibr101-00243639211005121
  publication-title: The American Journal of Managed Care
  contributor:
    fullname: Nichols G. A.
– start-page: 220
  volume-title: Review of Child Development Research
  year: 1973
  ident: bibr56-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Hertzog E.
– ident: bibr78-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.024
– volume-title: The Good News about Marriage; Debunking Discouraging Myths about Marriage and Divorce
  year: 2014
  ident: bibr44-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Feldhahn S.
– ident: bibr106-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.3747/co.23.2598
– ident: bibr126-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2015
– ident: bibr84-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmx022
– volume-title: The Catholic Catechism: A Contemporary Catechism of the Teachings of the Catholic Church
  year: 1981
  ident: bibr52-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Hardon J.
– ident: bibr20-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr28-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr59-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr129-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.011
– ident: bibr124-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90953-E
– ident: bibr6-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1136/sti.2007.026245
– ident: bibr9-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr35-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230
– ident: bibr64-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr72-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1359/jbmr.090523
– volume-title: The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
  year: 1994
  ident: bibr83-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Laumann E.
– ident: bibr128-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00719.x
– ident: bibr97-00243639211005121
– volume-title: The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators
  year: 1993
  ident: bibr10-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Bennett W.
– ident: bibr79-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr21-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr127-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387
– ident: bibr125-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.039
– ident: bibr111-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr131-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03517-6
– ident: bibr37-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02064.x
– start-page: 94
  volume-title: Family Transformed: Religion, Values, and Society in American Life
  year: 2005
  ident: bibr94-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Michael R.
– ident: bibr120-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr3-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr7-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-3909-3
– ident: bibr76-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1897/03-166
– volume-title: The NaProTECHNOLOGY Revolution: Unleashing the Power in a Woman’s Cycle
  year: 2010
  ident: bibr58-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Hilgers T. W.
– ident: bibr139-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr30-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1007/s00192-015-2833-3
– ident: bibr136-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1071/PY16097
– ident: bibr137-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1080/10408449891344236
– volume-title: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
  year: 1948
  ident: bibr74-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Kinsey A. C.
– volume: 303
  start-page: 1
  issue: 8
  year: 2018
  ident: bibr16-00243639211005121
  publication-title: National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief
  contributor:
    fullname: Brody D. J.
– ident: bibr98-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr22-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr54-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1007/s10552-015-0702-5
– ident: bibr2-00243639211005121
– ident: bibr69-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302362
– ident: bibr134-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.371
– volume-title: The Bible and Birth Control
  year: 1989
  ident: bibr110-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Provan C.
– ident: bibr130-00243639211005121
  doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01862.x
– ident: bibr50-00243639211005121
– volume-title: National Council for Adoption
  year: 1999
  ident: bibr103-00243639211005121
  contributor:
    fullname: Orr S.
SSID ssj0039712
Score 2.2349396
Snippet To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were...
SourceID pubmedcentral
crossref
pubmed
sage
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 291
Title Hormonally Active Contraceptives, Part II: Sociological, Environmental, and Economic Impact
URI https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00243639211005121
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34565905
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8375383
Volume 88
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3Pa8IwFH6oh7HL2O91v8hhMBhW2yZt092GKDpweJgg7CBtkjJBO1E32H-_l7R1KuyyY9NA2peXvO-R730BuFOOcFgiI1ti7LUZF8LmaRrYoSOdSCSxz4QhyL4E3SF7HvmjCvhlLYwh7Ytk0sims0Y2eTfcyvlMNEueWHPQb2FSheuUNqtQRQctU_R8-8X46hYS4cymGH-Lo0yjsqTl97BJJz3ojJ6-JoZqSBPp2-s24tI6GO0SJTfYXiYAdQ7hoECO5Cn_wiOoqOwY9vrF2fgJvHURfmpcPf0mT2YXI1p6ahEb4sqXWtbJAH-P9HqPpCxT0TNUJ-3fYjf9GGeSlPXKpGeqKE9h2Gm_trp2cXWCLRjlK5vL0Pdk4ClXRZynSkSp1MvVpYzT2OOJ60rGZOgx5QRpLHxGZYh7cJDq0xLEMGdQyz4ydQGExYxHmMdg4pQg2qBRHIRakyaJKfVUqCx4KA03nucKGWO3FBHfNbgF57lF111L-1sQbtl63UHrX2-_QbcwOtiFG1hwr2dlXCy-5d-jX_57jCvY9zSZxTD_rqG2WnyqG0Qjq-TWeN8PcKbYag
link.rule.ids 230,315,730,783,787,888,27938,27939,53806,53808
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1bS8MwFD7oBPXF-2Ve8yAIYre2SdvUtyHKpk58UBF8GG2Soqh17CLor_ckbaYOfNCn0iY0LV9yLuQ7XwD2lCtclsrYkeh7HcaFcHiWhU7kSjcWaRIwYQiyl2Hzhp3dBXcTENhaGEPaF-ljLX9-qeWPD4Zb2X0RdcsTq1-1jzGpwnVK65MwhVc3tEl6YYDRw3qlSDhzKHrgcjPT6CxpAT58pNMenI6-PiiG6qAm1ufXffNMI3c0TpX8xvcyLuh0Hm7txxfMk6facJDWxMeYruOf_24B5sqglDSK5kWYUPkSTLfLbfdluG9iZKtD9ud30jAGkmhVq15iODFvqn9IrvDdpNU6IrYCRoN_SE6-6uj0bZJLYkuhScsUaK7AzenJ9XHTKU9lcASjfOBwGQW-DH3lqZjzTIk4k9oSeJRxmvg89TzJmIx8ptwwS0TAqIzQvIeZ3ojB8GgVKvlrrtaBsITxGFMkzMlSDGRonISRlrtJE0p9FakqHFhEOt1CfKPjWX3ycSSrsFZANepqga1C9APEUQctrf2zBTExEtslBlXY13B3ynXd_330jX-PsQszzev2ReeidXm-CbO-5swYguEWVAa9odrGoGeQ7pgp_gmAaPpn
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1JS8NAFH5oheLFfanrHARBTJtkpsnEW1FL61J6sFD0UJKZCYo2li6C_nrfTJJaC168ZRkShm_mLcz3vgdwomxhs0gGlkTfazEuhMXj2LN8W9qBiMIqE4Yg2_IaHXbTrXZnWn0Z0r6IXsrJW7-cvDwbbuWgLyo5T6zSvr_EpAr3Ka0MZFxZhCW8tnmeqKdGGL2skwmFM4uiF84ONI3Wkhbhw0c69cEl6epmMVQHNoHuYTfjnaYuaZ4uOcP5Mm6ovgqP-QRS9slreTKOyuJrTtvxXzNcg5UsOCW1dMg6LKhkA4r32fH7Jjw1MMLVofvbJ6kZQ0m0utUwNNyYDzU6J238Pmk2L0heCaMXwTm5_qmn07dhIkleEk2aplBzCzr164fLhpV1Z7AEo3xscelXXem5ylEB57ESQSy1RXAo4zR0eeQ4kjHpu0zZXhyKKqPSRzPvxfpABsOkbSgk74naBcJCxgNMlTA3izCgoUHo-Vr2JgopdZWvSnCWo9IbpCIcPSfXKZ9HswQ7KVzToTm4JfB_ATkdoCW2f79BXIzUdoZDCU415L1sf4_-_vvev_9xDMX2Vb1312zd7sOyq6kzhmd4AIXxcKIOMfYZR0dmlX8Dm4X85w
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hormonally+Active+Contraceptives%2C+Part+II%3A+Sociological%2C+Environmental%2C+and+Economic+Impact&rft.jtitle=The+Linacre+quarterly&rft.au=Williams%2C+William+V.&rft.au=Brind%2C+Joel&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Laura&rft.au=Manhart%2C+Michael+D.&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft.issn=0024-3639&rft.eissn=2050-8549&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=291&rft.epage=316&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F00243639211005121&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1177_00243639211005121
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0024-3639&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0024-3639&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0024-3639&client=summon