Comparative evaluation of essential and toxic elements in the blood of kidney failure patients and healthy referents

• Published in: Environmental monitoring and assessment Vol. 187; no. 2; pp. 37 - 11
• Main Authors: Panhwar, Abdul Haleem, Kazi, Tasneem Gul, Afridi, Hassan Imran, Arain, Salma Aslam, Arain, Mariam S., Brahman, Kapil Dev, Ullah, Naeem, Ali, Jamshed, Arain, Sadaf Sadia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.02.2015; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Acids; Adult; Aluminum; Aluminum - analysis; Aluminum - blood; Apportionment; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; atomic absorption spectrometry; Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Blood; Blood levels; Cadmium; Cadmium - analysis; Cadmium - blood; calcium; Calcium - analysis; Calcium - blood; Chronic illnesses; cluster analysis; Dialysate; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecology; Ecotoxicology; Electrolytes; Environment; Environmental Exposure - analysis; Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data; Environmental Management; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants - blood; Hazardous Substances - blood; Health care; Hemodialysis; Humans; Kidney diseases; Kidneys; Lead; Magnesium; Magnesium - analysis; Magnesium - blood; Male; males; Microwaves; Middle Aged; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis; Nitric acid; patients; Perchloric acid; Potassium; Potassium - analysis; Potassium - blood; principal component analysis; Principal components analysis; Renal failure; Renal Insufficiency - blood; sodium; Sodium - analysis; Sodium - blood; Spectral analysis; Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; toxic substances; Toxicity; Trace Elements - blood; Correlation; Essential elements; Kidney failure patients; Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Toxic elements; Blood
• ISSN: 0167-6369; 1573-2959; 1573-2959
• DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4246-z

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the comparative distribution, correlation, and apportionment of selected elements—aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and lead (Pb)—in the blood samples of male kidney failure patients (KFP) and healthy subjects of age ranged 30–60 years. The blood samples were digested with nitric acid and perchloric acid mixture (2:1), followed by the quantification of elements by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of essential elements in blood samples of KFP were found in the range of Ca (97–125), Mg (18–36), Na (2971–3685), and K (177–270) mg/L while, the levels of Al, Cd, and Pb were found in the range of (475–1275), (0.9–9.9), and (211–623) μg/L, respectively. In the healthy referents, concentration of electrolytes in blood samples was lower than KFP, but difference was not significant ( p  > 0.05). While the levels of toxic elements in blood samples of referents were three- to sixfold lower than KFP ( p  < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) of the element data manifested diverse apportionment of the selected elements in the blood sample of the KFP compared with the healthy counterparts.