Well-to-wheel analysis of energy consumption, greenhouse gas and air pollutants emissions of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in China

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is considered as a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants emissions and improving energy security in the transportation sector. This study presents a well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis to estimate the WTW fossil fuel consumption, GHG emiss...

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Published in	Journal of Cleaner Production Vol. 275; p. 123061
Main Authors	Wang, Qun, Xue, Mianqiang, Lin, Bin-Le, Lei, Zhongfang, Zhang, Zhenya
Format	Journal Article
Language	English Japanese
Published	Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2020 Elsevier BV
Subjects	Air pollutants air pollution byproducts carbon carbon monoxide China chlor-alkali process electricity electrolysis emissions factor Energy consumption energy use and consumption fossil fuels Greenhouse gas emission greenhouse gas emissions greenhouse gases hydrogen Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen production internal combustion engines nitrogen oxides particulates renewable electricity sulfur oxides transportation industry vehicles (equipment) volatile organic compounds Well-to-wheel analysis China Energy consumption Greenhouse gas emission Well-to-wheel analysis Air pollutants Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
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Abstract	Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is considered as a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants emissions and improving energy security in the transportation sector. This study presents a well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis to estimate the WTW fossil fuel consumption, GHG emission and air pollutants emissions of VOCs, CO, NOx, SOx, PM2.5 and PM10 for HFCV under 12 hydrogen pathways in China for the current (2017) and near future (2030). The results were compared with the gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine vehicle (gasoline-ICEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) counterparts. The results show that HFCV can reduce 11–92% fossil fuel consumption compared with gasoline-ICEV in 2017, with one exception that HFCV based on on-site water electrolysis by grid electricity in which fossil fuel consumption increased by 10% instead. Compared with BEV, HFCV based on by-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali process and renewable water electrolysis have the fossil fuel consumption reduction benefits. Regarding GHG emissions, HFCV based on water electrolysis using the renewable electricity performs the best with a value of 31 g CO2-eq/km while that based on on-site water electrolysis using grid electricity performs the worst with a value of 431 g CO2-eq/km in 2017. For air pollutants, HFCV based on all hydrogen pathways can achieve a significant reduction of VOCs and CO emissions on a WTW basis, in comparison with gasoline-ICEV in 2017. In terms of NOx, SOx, PM2.5 and PM10, HFCV based on on-site water electrolysis by grid electricity electrolysis has the highest emissions due to high emission factors of the electricity generation process. Moreover, due to increased share of renewable electricity and improvement in the fuel economy, reductions in WTW fossil fuel consumption and pollutants emissions are excepted by 2030. This study indicates the importance of hydrogen production when considering the energy and environment performance of HFCV to ensure a life cycle low carbon and air pollutants emissions. •Well-to-wheel analysis of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle under various H2 pathways in China.•Fossil fuel consumption, GHG and criteria air pollutants emission are examined.•Hydrogen pathways are critical for emission reduction.•Air pollutants mitigation characteristics are identified.•Highlight the importance of incorporating well-to-tank stage into the comparison.
AbstractList	Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is considered as a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants emissions and improving energy security in the transportation sector. This study presents a well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis to estimate the WTW fossil fuel consumption, GHG emission and air pollutants emissions of VOCs, CO, NOx, SOx, PM2.5 and PM10 for HFCV under 12 hydrogen pathways in China for the current (2017) and near future (2030). The results were compared with the gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine vehicle (gasoline-ICEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) counterparts. The results show that HFCV can reduce 11–92% fossil fuel consumption compared with gasoline-ICEV in 2017, with one exception that HFCV based on on-site water electrolysis by grid electricity in which fossil fuel consumption increased by 10% instead. Compared with BEV, HFCV based on by-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali process and renewable water electrolysis have the fossil fuel consumption reduction benefits. Regarding GHG emissions, HFCV based on water electrolysis using the renewable electricity performs the best with a value of 31 g CO2-eq/km while that based on on-site water electrolysis using grid electricity performs the worst with a value of 431 g CO2-eq/km in 2017. For air pollutants, HFCV based on all hydrogen pathways can achieve a significant reduction of VOCs and CO emissions on a WTW basis, in comparison with gasoline-ICEV in 2017. In terms of NOx, SOx, PM2.5 and PM10, HFCV based on on-site water electrolysis by grid electricity electrolysis has the highest emissions due to high emission factors of the electricity generation process. Moreover, due to increased share of renewable electricity and improvement in the fuel economy, reductions in WTW fossil fuel consumption and pollutants emissions are excepted by 2030. This study indicates the importance of hydrogen production when considering the energy and environment performance of HFCV to ensure a life cycle low carbon and air pollutants emissions. •Well-to-wheel analysis of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle under various H2 pathways in China.•Fossil fuel consumption, GHG and criteria air pollutants emission are examined.•Hydrogen pathways are critical for emission reduction.•Air pollutants mitigation characteristics are identified.•Highlight the importance of incorporating well-to-tank stage into the comparison. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is considered as a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants emissions and improving energy security in the transportation sector. This study presents a well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis to estimate the WTW fossil fuel consumption, GHG emission and air pollutants emissions of VOCs, CO, NOₓ, SOₓ, PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ for HFCV under 12 hydrogen pathways in China for the current (2017) and near future (2030). The results were compared with the gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine vehicle (gasoline-ICEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) counterparts. The results show that HFCV can reduce 11–92% fossil fuel consumption compared with gasoline-ICEV in 2017, with one exception that HFCV based on on-site water electrolysis by grid electricity in which fossil fuel consumption increased by 10% instead. Compared with BEV, HFCV based on by-product hydrogen from chlor-alkali process and renewable water electrolysis have the fossil fuel consumption reduction benefits. Regarding GHG emissions, HFCV based on water electrolysis using the renewable electricity performs the best with a value of 31 g CO₂-eq/km while that based on on-site water electrolysis using grid electricity performs the worst with a value of 431 g CO₂-eq/km in 2017. For air pollutants, HFCV based on all hydrogen pathways can achieve a significant reduction of VOCs and CO emissions on a WTW basis, in comparison with gasoline-ICEV in 2017. In terms of NOₓ, SOₓ, PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀, HFCV based on on-site water electrolysis by grid electricity electrolysis has the highest emissions due to high emission factors of the electricity generation process. Moreover, due to increased share of renewable electricity and improvement in the fuel economy, reductions in WTW fossil fuel consumption and pollutants emissions are excepted by 2030. This study indicates the importance of hydrogen production when considering the energy and environment performance of HFCV to ensure a life cycle low carbon and air pollutants emissions.
ArticleNumber	123061
Author	Lei, Zhongfang Wang, Qun Xue, Mianqiang Lin, Bin-Le Zhang, Zhenya
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Qun surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Qun organization: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan – sequence: 2 givenname: Mianqiang surname: Xue fullname: Xue, Mianqiang email: mq.xue@aist.go.jp organization: Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan – sequence: 3 givenname: Bin-Le surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Bin-Le organization: Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan – sequence: 4 givenname: Zhongfang surname: Lei fullname: Lei, Zhongfang organization: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan – sequence: 5 givenname: Zhenya surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Zhenya organization: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
BackLink	https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1870020692667165184$$DView record in CiNii
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Snippet	Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is considered as a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants emissions and improving energy...
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SubjectTerms	Air pollutants air pollution byproducts carbon carbon monoxide China chlor-alkali process electricity electrolysis emissions factor Energy consumption energy use and consumption fossil fuels Greenhouse gas emission greenhouse gas emissions greenhouse gases hydrogen Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen production internal combustion engines nitrogen oxides particulates renewable electricity sulfur oxides transportation industry vehicles (equipment) volatile organic compounds Well-to-wheel analysis
Title	Well-to-wheel analysis of energy consumption, greenhouse gas and air pollutants emissions of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle in China
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