The Featureless Transmission Spectra of Two Super-puff Planets

The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as "super-puffs," with masses only a few times larger than Earth's but radii larger than Neptune, giving them very low mean densities. All three of the known planets orbiting the young solar-type star Kepler 51 are super-puffs. The...

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Published inThe Astronomical journal Vol. 159; no. 2; pp. 57 - 76
Main Authors Libby-Roberts, Jessica E., Berta-Thompson, Zachory K., Désert, Jean-Michel, Masuda, Kento, Morley, Caroline V., Lopez, Eric D., Deck, Katherine M., Fabrycky, Daniel, Fortney, Jonathan J., Line, Michael R., Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto, Winn, Joshua N.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Goddard Space Flight Center The American Astronomical Society 01.02.2020
American Astronomical Society / IOP Publishing
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Abstract The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as "super-puffs," with masses only a few times larger than Earth's but radii larger than Neptune, giving them very low mean densities. All three of the known planets orbiting the young solar-type star Kepler 51 are super-puffs. The Kepler 51 system thereby provides an opportunity for a comparative study of the structures and atmospheres of this mysterious class of planets, which may provide clues about their formation and evolution. We observed two transits each of Kepler 51b and 51d with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Combining new WFC3 transit times with reanalyzed Kepler data and updated stellar parameters, we confirmed that all three planets have densities lower than 0.1 g cm−3. We measured the WFC3 transmission spectra to be featureless between 1.15 and 1.63 m, ruling out any variations greater than 0.6 scale heights (assuming a H/He-dominated atmosphere), thus showing no significant water absorption features. We interpreted the flat spectra as the result of a high-altitude aerosol layer (pressure <3 mbar) on each planet. Adding this new result to the collection of flat spectra that have been observed for other sub-Neptune planets, we find support for one of the two hypotheses introduced by Crossfield & Kreidberg, that planets with cooler equilibrium temperatures have more high-altitude aerosols. We strongly disfavor their other hypothesis that the H/He mass fraction drives the appearance of large-amplitude transmission features.
AbstractList The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as "super-puffs," with masses only a few times larger than Earth's but radii larger than Neptune, giving them very low mean densities. All three of the known planets orbiting the young solar-type star Kepler 51 are super-puffs. The Kepler 51 system thereby provides an opportunity for a comparative study of the structures and atmospheres of this mysterious class of planets, which may provide clues about their formation and evolution. We observed two transits each of Kepler 51b and 51d with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Combining new WFC3 transit times with reanalyzed Kepler data and updated stellar parameters, we confirmed that all three planets have densities lower than 0.1 g/cu.cm. We measured the WFC3 transmission spectra to be featureless between 1.15 and 1.63 μm, ruling out any variations greater than 0.6 scale heights (assuming a H/He-dominated atmosphere), thus showing no significant water absorption features. We interpreted the flat spectra as the result of a high-altitude aerosol layer (pressure <3 mbar) on each planet. Adding this new result to the collection of flat spectra that have been observed for other sub-Neptune planets, we find support for one of the two hypotheses introduced by Crossfield & Kreidberg, that planets with cooler equilibrium temperatures have more high-altitude aerosols. We strongly disfavor their other hypothesis that the H/He mass fraction drives the appearance of large-amplitude transmission features.
The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as “super-puffs,” with masses only a few times larger than Earth’s but radii larger than Neptune, giving them very low mean densities. All three of the known planets orbiting the young solar-type star Kepler 51 are super-puffs. The Kepler 51 system thereby provides an opportunity for a comparative study of the structures and atmospheres of this mysterious class of planets, which may provide clues about their formation and evolution. We observed two transits each of Kepler 51b and 51d with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope . Combining new WFC3 transit times with reanalyzed Kepler data and updated stellar parameters, we confirmed that all three planets have densities lower than 0.1 g cm −3 . We measured the WFC3 transmission spectra to be featureless between 1.15 and 1.63 μ m, ruling out any variations greater than 0.6 scale heights (assuming a H/He-dominated atmosphere), thus showing no significant water absorption features. We interpreted the flat spectra as the result of a high-altitude aerosol layer (pressure <3 mbar) on each planet. Adding this new result to the collection of flat spectra that have been observed for other sub-Neptune planets, we find support for one of the two hypotheses introduced by Crossfield & Kreidberg, that planets with cooler equilibrium temperatures have more high-altitude aerosols. We strongly disfavor their other hypothesis that the H/He mass fraction drives the appearance of large-amplitude transmission features.
The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as "super-puffs," with masses only a few times larger than Earth's but radii larger than Neptune, giving them very low mean densities. All three of the known planets orbiting the young solar-type star Kepler 51 are super-puffs. The Kepler 51 system thereby provides an opportunity for a comparative study of the structures and atmospheres of this mysterious class of planets, which may provide clues about their formation and evolution. We observed two transits each of Kepler 51b and 51d with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Combining new WFC3 transit times with reanalyzed Kepler data and updated stellar parameters, we confirmed that all three planets have densities lower than 0.1 g cm−3. We measured the WFC3 transmission spectra to be featureless between 1.15 and 1.63 m, ruling out any variations greater than 0.6 scale heights (assuming a H/He-dominated atmosphere), thus showing no significant water absorption features. We interpreted the flat spectra as the result of a high-altitude aerosol layer (pressure <3 mbar) on each planet. Adding this new result to the collection of flat spectra that have been observed for other sub-Neptune planets, we find support for one of the two hypotheses introduced by Crossfield & Kreidberg, that planets with cooler equilibrium temperatures have more high-altitude aerosols. We strongly disfavor their other hypothesis that the H/He mass fraction drives the appearance of large-amplitude transmission features.
The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as “super-puffs,” with masses only a few times larger than Earth’s but radii larger than Neptune, giving them very low mean densities. All three of the known planets orbiting the young solar-type star Kepler 51 are super-puffs. The Kepler 51 system thereby provides an opportunity for a comparative study of the structures and atmospheres of this mysterious class of planets, which may provide clues about their formation and evolution. We observed two transits each of Kepler 51b and 51d with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Combining new WFC3 transit times with reanalyzed Kepler data and updated stellar parameters, we confirmed that all three planets have densities lower than 0.1 g cm−3. We measured the WFC3 transmission spectra to be featureless between 1.15 and 1.63 μm, ruling out any variations greater than 0.6 scale heights (assuming a H/He-dominated atmosphere), thus showing no significant water absorption features. We interpreted the flat spectra as the result of a high-altitude aerosol layer (pressure <3 mbar) on each planet. Adding this new result to the collection of flat spectra that have been observed for other sub-Neptune planets, we find support for one of the two hypotheses introduced by Crossfield & Kreidberg, that planets with cooler equilibrium temperatures have more high-altitude aerosols. We strongly disfavor their other hypothesis that the H/He mass fraction drives the appearance of large-amplitude transmission features.
Audience PUBLIC
Author Berta-Thompson, Zachory K.
Winn, Joshua N.
Lopez, Eric D.
Deck, Katherine M.
Morley, Caroline V.
Libby-Roberts, Jessica E.
Masuda, Kento
Line, Michael R.
Désert, Jean-Michel
Fabrycky, Daniel
Fortney, Jonathan J.
Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto
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  fullname: Deck, Katherine M.
  organization: California Institute of Technology Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
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  givenname: Michael R.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2338-476X
  surname: Line
  fullname: Line, Michael R.
  organization: Arizona State University School of Earth and Space Exploration, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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  surname: Winn
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  organization: Princeton University Department of Astrophysical Sciences, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Snippet The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as "super-puffs," with masses only a few times larger than Earth's but radii larger than Neptune, giving...
The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as “super-puffs,” with masses only a few times larger than Earth’s but radii larger than Neptune, giving...
The Kepler mission revealed a class of planets known as “super-puffs,” with masses only a few times larger than Earth’s but radii larger than Neptune, giving...
SourceID proquest
crossref
nasa
iop
SourceType Aggregation Database
Publisher
StartPage 57
SubjectTerms Aerosols
Altitude
Astronomy
Astrophysics
Atmospheric composition
Comparative studies
Exoplanet atmospheres
Exoplanet evolution
Exoplanet structure
Exoplanets
Field cameras
High altitude
Hubble Space Telescope
Hypotheses
Kepler mission (NASA)
Planet formation
Planetary evolution
Planets
Space telescopes
Spectra
Transit time
Transit timing variation method
Transits
Water absorption
Title The Featureless Transmission Spectra of Two Super-puff Planets
URI https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ab5d36
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210013058
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2357546929
Volume 159
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