Effects of Current Density on Nociceptor Activation Upon Electrical Stimulation in Humans
Objectives Mechano‐insensitive (“silent”) nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon‐reflex erythema, but their high electrical excitation thresholds complicate their assessment, particularly in painful neuropathy. We therefore developed electrical stimulation paradi...
Saved in:
| Published in | Pain practice Vol. 16; no. 3; pp. 273 - 281 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.03.2016
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Objectives
Mechano‐insensitive (“silent”) nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon‐reflex erythema, but their high electrical excitation thresholds complicate their assessment, particularly in painful neuropathy. We therefore developed electrical stimulation paradigms for brief nociceptor activation and explored their sensitivity for clinical trials.
Method
The local ethics committee approved the study protocol, and 14 healthy subjects were enrolled. Electrical stimuli were administered to ventral forearm and dorsum of the foot via self‐adhesive 3 × 10 mm electrodes and a pair of blunted 0.4‐mm‐diameter platinum/iridium pin electrodes. Pain thresholds were determined and nociceptors activated at 1.5‐fold pain threshold by 5 blocks delivering 10 pulses each and at randomized frequencies of 5 to 10 to 20 to 50 to 100 Hz, respectively. Axon reflex erythema and pain were recorded.
Results
Increased frequencies dose‐dependently increased pain (P < 0.0001). Pin electrode stimulation was more painful than adhesive electrode stimulation (P < 0.04) particularly at the feet. Axon reflex erythema was significantly smaller at the feet than at the forearm (P < 0.0001). At both skin sites, pin electrode stimuli evoked significantly larger erythema (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Electrical stimulation at high current density using pin electrodes is a sensitive method for investigating “silent” nociceptors, which might therefore preferably be applied in neuropathic pain conditions. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Mechano-insensitive ("silent") nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon-reflex erythema, but their high electrical excitation thresholds complicate their assessment, particularly in painful neuropathy. We therefore developed electrical stimulation paradigms for brief nociceptor activation and explored their sensitivity for clinical trials.
The local ethics committee approved the study protocol, and 14 healthy subjects were enrolled. Electrical stimuli were administered to ventral forearm and dorsum of the foot via self-adhesive 3 × 10 mm electrodes and a pair of blunted 0.4-mm-diameter platinum/iridium pin electrodes. Pain thresholds were determined and nociceptors activated at 1.5-fold pain threshold by 5 blocks delivering 10 pulses each and at randomized frequencies of 5 to 10 to 20 to 50 to 100 Hz, respectively. Axon reflex erythema and pain were recorded.
Increased frequencies dose-dependently increased pain (P < 0.0001). Pin electrode stimulation was more painful than adhesive electrode stimulation (P < 0.04) particularly at the feet. Axon reflex erythema was significantly smaller at the feet than at the forearm (P < 0.0001). At both skin sites, pin electrode stimuli evoked significantly larger erythema (P < 0.05).
Electrical stimulation at high current density using pin electrodes is a sensitive method for investigating "silent" nociceptors, which might therefore preferably be applied in neuropathic pain conditions. Objectives Mechano‐insensitive (“silent”) nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon‐reflex erythema, but their high electrical excitation thresholds complicate their assessment, particularly in painful neuropathy. We therefore developed electrical stimulation paradigms for brief nociceptor activation and explored their sensitivity for clinical trials. Method The local ethics committee approved the study protocol, and 14 healthy subjects were enrolled. Electrical stimuli were administered to ventral forearm and dorsum of the foot via self‐adhesive 3 × 10 mm electrodes and a pair of blunted 0.4‐mm‐diameter platinum/iridium pin electrodes. Pain thresholds were determined and nociceptors activated at 1.5‐fold pain threshold by 5 blocks delivering 10 pulses each and at randomized frequencies of 5 to 10 to 20 to 50 to 100 Hz, respectively. Axon reflex erythema and pain were recorded. Results Increased frequencies dose‐dependently increased pain (P < 0.0001). Pin electrode stimulation was more painful than adhesive electrode stimulation (P < 0.04) particularly at the feet. Axon reflex erythema was significantly smaller at the feet than at the forearm (P < 0.0001). At both skin sites, pin electrode stimuli evoked significantly larger erythema (P < 0.05). Conclusions Electrical stimulation at high current density using pin electrodes is a sensitive method for investigating “silent” nociceptors, which might therefore preferably be applied in neuropathic pain conditions. Mechano-insensitive ("silent") nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon-reflex erythema, but their high electrical excitation thresholds complicate their assessment, particularly in painful neuropathy. We therefore developed electrical stimulation paradigms for brief nociceptor activation and explored their sensitivity for clinical trials.OBJECTIVESMechano-insensitive ("silent") nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon-reflex erythema, but their high electrical excitation thresholds complicate their assessment, particularly in painful neuropathy. We therefore developed electrical stimulation paradigms for brief nociceptor activation and explored their sensitivity for clinical trials.The local ethics committee approved the study protocol, and 14 healthy subjects were enrolled. Electrical stimuli were administered to ventral forearm and dorsum of the foot via self-adhesive 3 × 10 mm electrodes and a pair of blunted 0.4-mm-diameter platinum/iridium pin electrodes. Pain thresholds were determined and nociceptors activated at 1.5-fold pain threshold by 5 blocks delivering 10 pulses each and at randomized frequencies of 5 to 10 to 20 to 50 to 100 Hz, respectively. Axon reflex erythema and pain were recorded.METHODThe local ethics committee approved the study protocol, and 14 healthy subjects were enrolled. Electrical stimuli were administered to ventral forearm and dorsum of the foot via self-adhesive 3 × 10 mm electrodes and a pair of blunted 0.4-mm-diameter platinum/iridium pin electrodes. Pain thresholds were determined and nociceptors activated at 1.5-fold pain threshold by 5 blocks delivering 10 pulses each and at randomized frequencies of 5 to 10 to 20 to 50 to 100 Hz, respectively. Axon reflex erythema and pain were recorded.Increased frequencies dose-dependently increased pain (P < 0.0001). Pin electrode stimulation was more painful than adhesive electrode stimulation (P < 0.04) particularly at the feet. Axon reflex erythema was significantly smaller at the feet than at the forearm (P < 0.0001). At both skin sites, pin electrode stimuli evoked significantly larger erythema (P < 0.05).RESULTSIncreased frequencies dose-dependently increased pain (P < 0.0001). Pin electrode stimulation was more painful than adhesive electrode stimulation (P < 0.04) particularly at the feet. Axon reflex erythema was significantly smaller at the feet than at the forearm (P < 0.0001). At both skin sites, pin electrode stimuli evoked significantly larger erythema (P < 0.05).Electrical stimulation at high current density using pin electrodes is a sensitive method for investigating "silent" nociceptors, which might therefore preferably be applied in neuropathic pain conditions.CONCLUSIONSElectrical stimulation at high current density using pin electrodes is a sensitive method for investigating "silent" nociceptors, which might therefore preferably be applied in neuropathic pain conditions. |
| Author | Stockinger, Lenka Schmelz, Martin Lustenberger, Corinne Rukwied, Roman Landmann, Gunther |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Gunther surname: Landmann fullname: Landmann, Gunther organization: Centre for Pain Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: Lenka surname: Stockinger fullname: Stockinger, Lenka organization: Centre for Pain Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Corinne surname: Lustenberger fullname: Lustenberger, Corinne organization: Centre for Pain Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland – sequence: 4 givenname: Martin surname: Schmelz fullname: Schmelz, Martin organization: Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Roman surname: Rukwied fullname: Rukwied, Roman email: Roman.Rukwied@medma.uni-heidelberg.de organization: Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365027$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNp9kE1PGzEQhq0KVCD00h9Q7RFVWvDHrr0-RiEklSJALQj1ZDmTWcl0v7C9pfn3XbKkB1Thw3g0fp6R_J6Qg6ZtkJDPjJ6z4Vx0tvPnjAuhP5BjlguR8pzSg11PU0WL_IichPBIKVNaiI_kiEshc8rVMfk5L0uEGJK2TGa999jE5BKb4OI2aZvkugUH2MXWJ1OI7reNbpjed0OZV4PnHdgq-RFd3Vfjm2uSZV_bJpySw9JWAT-93hNyfzW_my3T1c3i22y6SiETSqdcMYCsYFJuaGERdAaYbQrB16BzrbkuRAYlaEC7KRnnEvlaq0xopq20SMWEnI17O98-9RiiqV0ArCrbYNsHw9SQgMyVKAb0yyvar2vcmM672vqt2ccxAHQEwLcheCwNuLj7V_TWVYZR85K4eUnc7BIflK9vlP3W_8JshJ9dhdt3SHM7vf2-d9LRcSHin3-O9b-MVELl5uF6YRbqQS3lbGGY-Av7TKAj |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1097_j_pain_0000000000002310 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpain_2023_01_009 crossref_primary_10_1111_joor_12781 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2020_627617 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejp_1678 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0242490 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroscience_2018_03_006 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejp_867 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3281e72cff 10.1016/j.pain.2011.08.015 10.1185/030079906X112651 10.1097/00001756-200002280-00041 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00157.x 10.1136/jnnp.2005.069609 10.1152/jn.90482.2008 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00365-7 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1249-07.2007 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021789 10.1016/j.autneu.2004.06.007 10.1136/jnnp.44.7.600 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04460.2001 10.1002/mus.23543 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.061 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.01.008 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.769 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000220 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2009.00241.x 10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020368 10.2337/diacare.21.8.1339 10.1002/ejp.710 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00333.1995 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90281-3 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013086 10.1016/j.pain.2010.01.012 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01756.1994 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.015 10.1007/s00415-012-6432-7 10.1152/jn.1984.51.6.1434 10.1016/0304-3959(80)90009-3 10.1212/01.WNL.0000040250.31755.F9 10.1093/brain/123.3.560 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2059-05.2006 10.1016/j.pain.2014.03.022 10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1859 10.1212/WNL.59.6.917 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-22-10184.1999 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00445-0 10.1016/j.pain.2012.05.017 10.2340/00015555-1513 10.1152/jn.00565.2003 10.1002/mus.20889 10.1007/s00415-003-0971-x 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06704.2002 10.1007/s00011-009-0029-3 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2015 World Institute of Pain 2015 World Institute of Pain. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2015 World Institute of Pain – notice: 2015 World Institute of Pain. |
| DBID | BSCLL AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1111/papr.12339 |
| DatabaseName | Istex CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 1533-2500 |
| EndPage | 281 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 26365027 10_1111_papr_12339 PAPR12339 ark_67375_WNG_G7W7H6CG_1 |
| Genre | article Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- .3N .GA .Y3 04C 05W 0R~ 10A 123 1OC 29O 31~ 33P 36B 3SF 4.4 50Y 50Z 51W 51X 52M 52N 52O 52P 52R 52S 52T 52U 52V 52W 52X 53G 5HH 5LA 5VS 66C 6PF 702 7PT 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-4 8-5 8UM 930 A01 A03 AAESR AAEVG AAHHS AANLZ AAONW AASGY AAWTL AAXRX AAZKR ABCQN ABCUV ABDBF ABEML ABIVO ABJNI ABPVW ABQWH ABXGK ACAHQ ACBWZ ACCFJ ACCZN ACGFO ACGFS ACGOF ACMXC ACPOU ACSCC ACXBN ACXQS ADBBV ADBTR ADEOM ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADOJX ADOZA ADXAS ADZMN AEEZP AEGXH AEIGN AEIMD AENEX AEQDE AEUQT AEUYR AFBPY AFEBI AFFPM AFGKR AFPWT AFZJQ AHBTC AIACR AITYG AIURR AIWBW AJBDE ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN AMBMR AMYDB ASPBG ATUGU AVWKF AZBYB AZFZN AZVAB BAFTC BDRZF BFHJK BHBCM BMSDO BMXJE BROTX BRXPI BSCLL BY8 C45 CAG COF CS3 D-6 D-7 D-E D-F DCZOG DPXWK DR2 DRFUL DRMAN DRSTM EAD EAP EBD EBS ECT EIHBH EJD EMK EPS ESX EX3 F00 F01 F04 F5P FEDTE FUBAC G-S G.N GODZA H.X HF~ HGLYW HVGLF HZI HZ~ IHE IX1 J0M KBYEO LATKE LC2 LC3 LEEKS LH4 LITHE LOXES LP6 LP7 LUTES LW6 LYRES MEWTI MK4 MRFUL MRMAN MRSTM MSFUL MSMAN MSSTM MXFUL MXMAN MXSTM N04 N05 N9A NF~ O66 O9- OIG OVD P2W P2X P2Z P4B P4D Q.N Q11 QB0 R.K ROL RX1 SUPJJ TEORI TUS UB1 V8K W8V W99 WBKPD WHWMO WIH WIJ WIK WOHZO WOW WQJ WRC WVDHM WXI WXSBR XG1 YCJ YFH YUY ZZTAW ~IA ~WT AAHQN AAIPD AAMNL AANHP AAYCA ACRPL ACUHS ACYXJ ADNMO AFWVQ ALVPJ AAYXX AGHNM AGQPQ AGYGG CITATION AAMMB AEFGJ AGXDD AIDQK AIDYY CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c4379-271cc48166d08aec94ce4d832bc959929834cfc9ceadf1226e2b9743919a6ae03 |
| IEDL.DBID | DR2 |
| ISSN | 1530-7085 1533-2500 |
| IngestDate | Fri Jul 11 05:45:03 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 05:48:51 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 04:10:38 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:05:29 EDT 2025 Wed Jan 22 16:36:49 EST 2025 Wed Oct 30 09:55:16 EDT 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 3 |
| Keywords | functional assessment neuropathic pain high-frequency discharge psychophysics silent nociceptor axon reflex erythema |
| Language | English |
| License | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor 2015 World Institute of Pain. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4379-271cc48166d08aec94ce4d832bc959929834cfc9ceadf1226e2b9743919a6ae03 |
| Notes | istex:DDF8913AE3B0C2FEB139DF14A79DB9AB4596F5E4 ark:/67375/WNG-G7W7H6CG-1 ArticleID:PAPR12339 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| PMID | 26365027 |
| PQID | 1770865738 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| PageCount | 9 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1770865738 pubmed_primary_26365027 crossref_citationtrail_10_1111_papr_12339 crossref_primary_10_1111_papr_12339 wiley_primary_10_1111_papr_12339_PAPR12339 istex_primary_ark_67375_WNG_G7W7H6CG_1 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | March 2016 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2016-03-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 03 year: 2016 text: March 2016 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States |
| PublicationTitle | Pain practice |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Pain Pract |
| PublicationYear | 2016 |
| Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| References | Bickel A, Kramer HH, Hilz MJ, Birklein F, Neundorfer B, Schmelz M. Assessment of the neurogenic flare reaction in small-fiber neuropathies. Neurology. 2002;59:917-919. Garcia-Nicas E, Laird JM, Cervero F. Vasodilatation in hyperalgesic rat skin evoked by stimulation of afferent A beta-fibers: further evidence for a role of dorsal root reflexes in allodynia. Pain. 2001;94:283-291. Van Hees J, Gybels J. C nociceptor activity in human nerve during painful and non painful skin stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44:600-607. Schley M, Bayram A, Rukwied R, et al. Skin innervation at different depths correlates with small fibre function but not with pain in neuropathic pain patients. Eur J Pain. 2012;16:1414-1425. Serra J, Bostock H, Sola R, et al. Microneurographic identification of spontaneous activity in C-nociceptors in neuropathic pain states in humans and rats. Pain. 2012;153:42-55. Koltzenburg M, Handwerker HO. Differential ability of human cutaneous nociceptors to signal mechanical pain and to produce vasodilatation. J Neurosci. 1994;14:1756-1765. Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B, Schmelz M. Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2001;91:251-257. Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Ringkamp M, Handwerker HO, Torebjörk HE. Sensitization of insensitive branches of C nociceptors in human skin. J Physiol. 1994;480:389-394. Weinkauf B, Dusch M, van der Ham J, et al. Mechano-sensitive nociceptors are required to detect heat pain thresholds and cowhage itch in human skin. Eur J Pain. 2015;in press. doi: 10.1002/ejp.710. Bickel A, Heyer G, Senger C, et al. C-fiber axon reflex flare size correlates with epidermal nerve fiber density in human skin biopsies. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2009;14:294-299. Caselli A, Rich J, Hanane T, Uccioli L, Veves A. Role of C-nociceptive fibers in the nerve axon reflex-related vasodilation in diabetes. Neurology. 2003;60:297-300. Caselli A, Spallone V, Marfia GA, et al. Validation of the nerve axon reflex for the assessment of small nerve fibre dysfunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:927-932. Arora S, Smakowski P, Frykberg RG, et al. Differences in foot and forearm skin microcirculation in diabetic patients with and without neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1339-1344. Groetzner P, Weidner C. The human vasodilator axon reflex - an exclusively peripheral phenomenon? Pain. 2010;149:71-75. Schley M, Legler A, Skopp G, Schmelz M, Konrad C, Rukwied R. Delta-9-THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgia patients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1269-1276. Serra J, Campero M, Bostock H, Ochoa J. Two types of C nociceptors in human skin and their behavior in areas of capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91:2770-2781. Janko M, Trontelj JV. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a microneurographic and perceptual study. Pain. 1980;9:219-230. Weidner C, Schmelz M, Schmidt R, et al. Neural signal processing: the underestimated contribution of peripheral human C-fibers. J Neurosci. 2002;22:6704-6712. Kleggetveit IP, Namer B, Schmidt R, et al. High spontaneous activity of C-nociceptors in painful polyneuropathy. Pain. 2012;153:2040-2047. Schmidt R, Schmelz M, Forster C, Ringkamp M, Torebjörk HE, Handwerker HO. Novel classes of responsive and unresponsive C nociceptors in human skin. J Neurosci. 1995;15:333-341. Ringkamp M, Peng YB, Wu G, Hartke TV, Campbell JN, Meyer RA. Capsaicin responses in heat-sensitive and heat-insensitive A- fiber nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2001;21:4460-4468. Schmelz M, Michael K, Weidner C, Schmidt R, Torebjörk HE, Handwerker HO. Which nerve fibers mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin? NeuroReport. 2000;11:645-648. Magerl W, Szolcsanyi J, Westerman RA, Handwerker HO. Laser Doppler measurements of skin vasodilation elicited by percutaneous electrical stimulation of nociceptors in humans. Neurosci Lett. 1987;82:349-354. Namer B, Pfeffer S, Handwerker HO, Schmelz M, Bickel A. Axon reflex flare and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex contribute in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2013;47:357-363. Ruehle BS, Handwerker HO, Lennerz JK, Ringler R, Forster C. Brain activation during input from mechanoinsensitive versus polymodal C-nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2006;26:5492-5499. LaMotte RH, Torebjörk HE, Robinson CJ, Thalhammer JG. Time-intensity profiles of cutaneous pain in normal and hyperalgesic skin: a comparison with C-fiber nociceptor activities in monkey and human. J Neurophysiol. 1984;51:1434-1450. Orstavik K, Jorum E. Microneurographic findings of relevance to pain in patients with erythromelalgia and patients with diabetic neuropathy. Neurosci Lett. 2010;470:180-184. Kramer HH, Schmelz M, Birklein F, Bickel A. Electrically stimulated axon reflexes are diminished in diabetic small fiber neuropathies. Diabetes. 2004;53:769-774. Schmidt R, Schmelz M, Weidner C, Handwerker HO, Torebjörk HE. Innervation territories of mechano-insensitive C nociceptors in human skin. J Neurophysiol. 2002;88:1859-1866. Campero M, Serra J, Ochoa JL. C-polymodal nociceptors activated by noxious low temperature in human skin. J Physiol. 1996;497(Pt 2):565-572. Westerman RA, Low A, Pratt A, et al. Electrically evoked skin vasodilatation: a quantitative test of nociceptor function in man. Clin Exp Neurol. 1987;23:81-89. Doppler K, Werner C, Henneges C, Sommer C. Analysis of myelinated fibers in human skin biopsies of patients with neuropathies. J Neurol. 2012;259:1879-1887. Weidner C, Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Hansson B, Handwerker HO, Torebjork HE. Functional attributes discriminating mechano-insensitive and mechano-responsive C nociceptors in human skin. J Neurosci. 1999;19:10184-10190. Kramer HH, Angerer C, Erbguth F, Schmelz M, Birklein F. Botulinum Toxin A reduces neurogenic flare but has almost no effect on pain and hyperalgesia in human skin. J Neurol. 2003;250:188-193. Dusch M, Schley M, Obreja O, Forsch E, Schmelz M, Rukwied R. Comparison of electrically induced flare response patterns in human and pig skin. Inflamm Res. 2009;58:639-648. Geber C, Fondel R, Kramer HH, et al. Psychophysics, flare, and neurosecretory function in human pain models: capsaicin versus electrically evoked pain. J Pain. 2007;8:503-514. Namer B, Bickel A, Kramer H, Birklein F, Schmelz M. Chemically and electrically induced sweating and flare reaction. Auton Neurosci. 2004;114:72-82. Johanek LM, Meyer RA, Hartke T, et al. Psychophysical and physiological evidence for parallel afferent pathways mediating the sensation of itch. J Neurosci. 2007;27:7490-7497. Lawson SN, Crepps B, Perl ER. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and afferent receptive properties of dorsal root ganglion neurones in guinea-pigs. J Physiol. 2002;540:989-1002. Haroutounian S, Nikolajsen L, Bendtsen TF, et al. Primary afferent input critical for maintaining spontaneous pain in peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 2014;155:1272-1279. Namer B, Carr R, Johanek LM, Schmelz M, Handwerker HO, Ringkamp M. Separate peripheral pathways for pruritus in man. J Neurophysiol. 2008;100:2062-2069. Djouhri L, Lawson SN. Abeta-fiber nociceptive primary afferent neurons: a review of incidence and properties in relation to other afferent A-fiber neurons in mammals. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004;46:131-145. Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Handwerker HO, Torebjork HE. Encoding of burning pain from capsaicin-treated human skin in two categories of unmyelinated nerve fibres. Brain. 2000;123:560-571. Terkelsen AJ, Gierthmuhlen J, Finnerup NB, Hojlund AP, Jensen TS. Bilateral hypersensitivity to capsaicin, thermal, and mechanical stimuli in unilateral complex regional pain syndrome. Anesthesiology. 2014;120:1225-1236. Vlckova-Moravcova E, Bednarik J, Dusek L, Toyka KV, Sommer C. Diagnostic validity of epidermal nerve fiber densities in painful sensory neuropathies. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37:50-60. Schley M, Rukwied R, Blunk J, et al. Mechano-insensitive nociceptors are sufficient to induce histamine-induced itch. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:394-399. Dusch M, Schley M, Rukwied R, Schmelz M. Rapid flare development evoked by current frequency-dependent stimulation analyzed by full-field laser perfusion imaging. NeuroReport. 2007;18:1101-1105. 2001; 91 2007; 18 2002; 59 2001; 94 2013; 47 1995; 15 2010; 149 2006; 77 2004; 46 2003; 250 2008; 37 2013; 93 2012; 16 2014; 155 2004; 91 2008; 100 1998; 21 1981; 44 2001; 21 1984; 51 2009; 58 2009; 14 2012; 153 2004; 53 1987; 23 2004; 114 1987; 82 1999; 19 2006; 22 2000; 11 1994; 480 2002; 540 2006; 26 2002; 88 2002; 22 2007; 8 1994; 14 2010; 470 2015 1980; 9 2000; 123 2003; 60 2012; 259 1996; 497 2014; 120 2007; 27 e_1_2_6_32_1 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_36_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_35_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_34_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_33_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_39_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_38_1 e_1_2_6_37_1 e_1_2_6_42_1 e_1_2_6_43_1 e_1_2_6_21_1 e_1_2_6_20_1 e_1_2_6_41_1 e_1_2_6_40_1 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 Westerman RA (e_1_2_6_16_1) 1987; 23 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_48_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_44_1 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_45_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_46_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 e_1_2_6_47_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Schley M, Legler A, Skopp G, Schmelz M, Konrad C, Rukwied R. Delta-9-THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgia patients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1269-1276. – reference: Johanek LM, Meyer RA, Hartke T, et al. Psychophysical and physiological evidence for parallel afferent pathways mediating the sensation of itch. J Neurosci. 2007;27:7490-7497. – reference: Campero M, Serra J, Ochoa JL. C-polymodal nociceptors activated by noxious low temperature in human skin. J Physiol. 1996;497(Pt 2):565-572. – reference: Schmidt R, Schmelz M, Forster C, Ringkamp M, Torebjörk HE, Handwerker HO. Novel classes of responsive and unresponsive C nociceptors in human skin. J Neurosci. 1995;15:333-341. – reference: Dusch M, Schley M, Rukwied R, Schmelz M. Rapid flare development evoked by current frequency-dependent stimulation analyzed by full-field laser perfusion imaging. NeuroReport. 2007;18:1101-1105. – reference: Lawson SN, Crepps B, Perl ER. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and afferent receptive properties of dorsal root ganglion neurones in guinea-pigs. J Physiol. 2002;540:989-1002. – reference: Bickel A, Heyer G, Senger C, et al. C-fiber axon reflex flare size correlates with epidermal nerve fiber density in human skin biopsies. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2009;14:294-299. – reference: Garcia-Nicas E, Laird JM, Cervero F. Vasodilatation in hyperalgesic rat skin evoked by stimulation of afferent A beta-fibers: further evidence for a role of dorsal root reflexes in allodynia. Pain. 2001;94:283-291. – reference: Janko M, Trontelj JV. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a microneurographic and perceptual study. Pain. 1980;9:219-230. – reference: Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Ringkamp M, Handwerker HO, Torebjörk HE. Sensitization of insensitive branches of C nociceptors in human skin. J Physiol. 1994;480:389-394. – reference: Ruehle BS, Handwerker HO, Lennerz JK, Ringler R, Forster C. Brain activation during input from mechanoinsensitive versus polymodal C-nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2006;26:5492-5499. – reference: Van Hees J, Gybels J. C nociceptor activity in human nerve during painful and non painful skin stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44:600-607. – reference: Weidner C, Schmelz M, Schmidt R, et al. Neural signal processing: the underestimated contribution of peripheral human C-fibers. J Neurosci. 2002;22:6704-6712. – reference: Doppler K, Werner C, Henneges C, Sommer C. Analysis of myelinated fibers in human skin biopsies of patients with neuropathies. J Neurol. 2012;259:1879-1887. – reference: Schmelz M, Michael K, Weidner C, Schmidt R, Torebjörk HE, Handwerker HO. Which nerve fibers mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin? NeuroReport. 2000;11:645-648. – reference: Schmidt R, Schmelz M, Weidner C, Handwerker HO, Torebjörk HE. Innervation territories of mechano-insensitive C nociceptors in human skin. J Neurophysiol. 2002;88:1859-1866. – reference: Ringkamp M, Peng YB, Wu G, Hartke TV, Campbell JN, Meyer RA. Capsaicin responses in heat-sensitive and heat-insensitive A- fiber nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2001;21:4460-4468. – reference: Weidner C, Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Hansson B, Handwerker HO, Torebjork HE. Functional attributes discriminating mechano-insensitive and mechano-responsive C nociceptors in human skin. J Neurosci. 1999;19:10184-10190. – reference: Caselli A, Rich J, Hanane T, Uccioli L, Veves A. Role of C-nociceptive fibers in the nerve axon reflex-related vasodilation in diabetes. Neurology. 2003;60:297-300. – reference: Schley M, Rukwied R, Blunk J, et al. Mechano-insensitive nociceptors are sufficient to induce histamine-induced itch. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:394-399. – reference: Serra J, Bostock H, Sola R, et al. Microneurographic identification of spontaneous activity in C-nociceptors in neuropathic pain states in humans and rats. Pain. 2012;153:42-55. – reference: LaMotte RH, Torebjörk HE, Robinson CJ, Thalhammer JG. Time-intensity profiles of cutaneous pain in normal and hyperalgesic skin: a comparison with C-fiber nociceptor activities in monkey and human. J Neurophysiol. 1984;51:1434-1450. – reference: Groetzner P, Weidner C. The human vasodilator axon reflex - an exclusively peripheral phenomenon? Pain. 2010;149:71-75. – reference: Geber C, Fondel R, Kramer HH, et al. Psychophysics, flare, and neurosecretory function in human pain models: capsaicin versus electrically evoked pain. J Pain. 2007;8:503-514. – reference: Orstavik K, Jorum E. Microneurographic findings of relevance to pain in patients with erythromelalgia and patients with diabetic neuropathy. Neurosci Lett. 2010;470:180-184. – reference: Westerman RA, Low A, Pratt A, et al. Electrically evoked skin vasodilatation: a quantitative test of nociceptor function in man. Clin Exp Neurol. 1987;23:81-89. – reference: Dusch M, Schley M, Obreja O, Forsch E, Schmelz M, Rukwied R. Comparison of electrically induced flare response patterns in human and pig skin. Inflamm Res. 2009;58:639-648. – reference: Haroutounian S, Nikolajsen L, Bendtsen TF, et al. Primary afferent input critical for maintaining spontaneous pain in peripheral neuropathy. Pain. 2014;155:1272-1279. – reference: Caselli A, Spallone V, Marfia GA, et al. Validation of the nerve axon reflex for the assessment of small nerve fibre dysfunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:927-932. – reference: Koltzenburg M, Handwerker HO. Differential ability of human cutaneous nociceptors to signal mechanical pain and to produce vasodilatation. J Neurosci. 1994;14:1756-1765. – reference: Magerl W, Szolcsanyi J, Westerman RA, Handwerker HO. Laser Doppler measurements of skin vasodilation elicited by percutaneous electrical stimulation of nociceptors in humans. Neurosci Lett. 1987;82:349-354. – reference: Kramer HH, Angerer C, Erbguth F, Schmelz M, Birklein F. Botulinum Toxin A reduces neurogenic flare but has almost no effect on pain and hyperalgesia in human skin. J Neurol. 2003;250:188-193. – reference: Weinkauf B, Dusch M, van der Ham J, et al. Mechano-sensitive nociceptors are required to detect heat pain thresholds and cowhage itch in human skin. Eur J Pain. 2015;in press. doi: 10.1002/ejp.710. – reference: Namer B, Pfeffer S, Handwerker HO, Schmelz M, Bickel A. Axon reflex flare and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex contribute in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2013;47:357-363. – reference: Serra J, Campero M, Bostock H, Ochoa J. Two types of C nociceptors in human skin and their behavior in areas of capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia. J Neurophysiol. 2004;91:2770-2781. – reference: Arora S, Smakowski P, Frykberg RG, et al. Differences in foot and forearm skin microcirculation in diabetic patients with and without neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1339-1344. – reference: Namer B, Carr R, Johanek LM, Schmelz M, Handwerker HO, Ringkamp M. Separate peripheral pathways for pruritus in man. J Neurophysiol. 2008;100:2062-2069. – reference: Bickel A, Kramer HH, Hilz MJ, Birklein F, Neundorfer B, Schmelz M. Assessment of the neurogenic flare reaction in small-fiber neuropathies. Neurology. 2002;59:917-919. – reference: Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Handwerker HO, Torebjork HE. Encoding of burning pain from capsaicin-treated human skin in two categories of unmyelinated nerve fibres. Brain. 2000;123:560-571. – reference: Kramer HH, Schmelz M, Birklein F, Bickel A. Electrically stimulated axon reflexes are diminished in diabetic small fiber neuropathies. Diabetes. 2004;53:769-774. – reference: Namer B, Bickel A, Kramer H, Birklein F, Schmelz M. Chemically and electrically induced sweating and flare reaction. Auton Neurosci. 2004;114:72-82. – reference: Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B, Schmelz M. Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2001;91:251-257. – reference: Vlckova-Moravcova E, Bednarik J, Dusek L, Toyka KV, Sommer C. Diagnostic validity of epidermal nerve fiber densities in painful sensory neuropathies. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37:50-60. – reference: Terkelsen AJ, Gierthmuhlen J, Finnerup NB, Hojlund AP, Jensen TS. Bilateral hypersensitivity to capsaicin, thermal, and mechanical stimuli in unilateral complex regional pain syndrome. Anesthesiology. 2014;120:1225-1236. – reference: Kleggetveit IP, Namer B, Schmidt R, et al. High spontaneous activity of C-nociceptors in painful polyneuropathy. Pain. 2012;153:2040-2047. – reference: Djouhri L, Lawson SN. Abeta-fiber nociceptive primary afferent neurons: a review of incidence and properties in relation to other afferent A-fiber neurons in mammals. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004;46:131-145. – reference: Schley M, Bayram A, Rukwied R, et al. Skin innervation at different depths correlates with small fibre function but not with pain in neuropathic pain patients. Eur J Pain. 2012;16:1414-1425. – volume: 100 start-page: 2062 year: 2008 end-page: 2069 article-title: Separate peripheral pathways for pruritus in man publication-title: J Neurophysiol – volume: 26 start-page: 5492 year: 2006 end-page: 5499 article-title: Brain activation during input from mechanoinsensitive versus polymodal C‐nociceptors publication-title: J Neurosci – volume: 9 start-page: 219 year: 1980 end-page: 230 article-title: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a microneurographic and perceptual study publication-title: Pain – volume: 91 start-page: 251 year: 2001 end-page: 257 article-title: Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome publication-title: Pain – volume: 53 start-page: 769 year: 2004 end-page: 774 article-title: Electrically stimulated axon reflexes are diminished in diabetic small fiber neuropathies publication-title: Diabetes – volume: 60 start-page: 297 year: 2003 end-page: 300 article-title: Role of C‐nociceptive fibers in the nerve axon reflex‐related vasodilation in diabetes publication-title: Neurology – volume: 91 start-page: 2770 year: 2004 end-page: 2781 article-title: Two types of C nociceptors in human skin and their behavior in areas of capsaicin‐induced secondary hyperalgesia publication-title: J Neurophysiol – volume: 94 start-page: 283 year: 2001 end-page: 291 article-title: Vasodilatation in hyperalgesic rat skin evoked by stimulation of afferent A beta‐fibers: further evidence for a role of dorsal root reflexes in allodynia publication-title: Pain – volume: 155 start-page: 1272 year: 2014 end-page: 1279 article-title: Primary afferent input critical for maintaining spontaneous pain in peripheral neuropathy publication-title: Pain – volume: 51 start-page: 1434 year: 1984 end-page: 1450 article-title: Time‐intensity profiles of cutaneous pain in normal and hyperalgesic skin: a comparison with C‐fiber nociceptor activities in monkey and human publication-title: J Neurophysiol – volume: 19 start-page: 10184 year: 1999 end-page: 10190 article-title: Functional attributes discriminating mechano‐insensitive and mechano‐responsive C nociceptors in human skin publication-title: J Neurosci – volume: 114 start-page: 72 year: 2004 end-page: 82 article-title: Chemically and electrically induced sweating and flare reaction publication-title: Auton Neurosci – volume: 93 start-page: 394 year: 2013 end-page: 399 article-title: Mechano‐insensitive nociceptors are sufficient to induce histamine‐induced itch publication-title: Acta Derm Venereol – volume: 77 start-page: 927 year: 2006 end-page: 932 article-title: Validation of the nerve axon reflex for the assessment of small nerve fibre dysfunction publication-title: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry – volume: 540 start-page: 989 year: 2002 end-page: 1002 article-title: Calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactivity and afferent receptive properties of dorsal root ganglion neurones in guinea‐pigs publication-title: J Physiol – volume: 27 start-page: 7490 year: 2007 end-page: 7497 article-title: Psychophysical and physiological evidence for parallel afferent pathways mediating the sensation of itch publication-title: J Neurosci – volume: 58 start-page: 639 year: 2009 end-page: 648 article-title: Comparison of electrically induced flare response patterns in human and pig skin publication-title: Inflamm Res – volume: 82 start-page: 349 year: 1987 end-page: 354 article-title: Laser Doppler measurements of skin vasodilation elicited by percutaneous electrical stimulation of nociceptors in humans publication-title: Neurosci Lett – volume: 153 start-page: 2040 year: 2012 end-page: 2047 article-title: High spontaneous activity of C‐nociceptors in painful polyneuropathy publication-title: Pain – volume: 46 start-page: 131 year: 2004 end-page: 145 article-title: Abeta‐fiber nociceptive primary afferent neurons: a review of incidence and properties in relation to other afferent A‐fiber neurons in mammals publication-title: Brain Res Brain Res Rev – year: 2015 article-title: Mechano‐sensitive nociceptors are required to detect heat pain thresholds and cowhage itch in human skin publication-title: Eur J Pain – volume: 497 start-page: 565 issue: Pt 2 year: 1996 end-page: 572 article-title: C‐polymodal nociceptors activated by noxious low temperature in human skin publication-title: J Physiol – volume: 88 start-page: 1859 year: 2002 end-page: 1866 article-title: Innervation territories of mechano‐insensitive C nociceptors in human skin publication-title: J Neurophysiol – volume: 59 start-page: 917 year: 2002 end-page: 919 article-title: Assessment of the neurogenic flare reaction in small‐fiber neuropathies publication-title: Neurology – volume: 47 start-page: 357 year: 2013 end-page: 363 article-title: Axon reflex flare and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex contribute in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy publication-title: Muscle Nerve – volume: 21 start-page: 1339 year: 1998 end-page: 1344 article-title: Differences in foot and forearm skin microcirculation in diabetic patients with and without neuropathy publication-title: Diabetes Care – volume: 18 start-page: 1101 year: 2007 end-page: 1105 article-title: Rapid flare development evoked by current frequency‐dependent stimulation analyzed by full‐field laser perfusion imaging publication-title: NeuroReport – volume: 11 start-page: 645 year: 2000 end-page: 648 article-title: Which nerve fibers mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin? publication-title: NeuroReport – volume: 149 start-page: 71 year: 2010 end-page: 75 article-title: The human vasodilator axon reflex – an exclusively peripheral phenomenon? publication-title: Pain – volume: 21 start-page: 4460 year: 2001 end-page: 4468 article-title: Capsaicin responses in heat‐sensitive and heat‐insensitive A‐ fiber nociceptors publication-title: J Neurosci – volume: 16 start-page: 1414 year: 2012 end-page: 1425 article-title: Skin innervation at different depths correlates with small fibre function but not with pain in neuropathic pain patients publication-title: Eur J Pain – volume: 37 start-page: 50 year: 2008 end-page: 60 article-title: Diagnostic validity of epidermal nerve fiber densities in painful sensory neuropathies publication-title: Muscle Nerve – volume: 8 start-page: 503 year: 2007 end-page: 514 article-title: Psychophysics, flare, and neurosecretory function in human pain models: capsaicin versus electrically evoked pain publication-title: J Pain – volume: 259 start-page: 1879 year: 2012 end-page: 1887 article-title: Analysis of myelinated fibers in human skin biopsies of patients with neuropathies publication-title: J Neurol – volume: 123 start-page: 560 year: 2000 end-page: 571 article-title: Encoding of burning pain from capsaicin‐treated human skin in two categories of unmyelinated nerve fibres publication-title: Brain – volume: 153 start-page: 42 year: 2012 end-page: 55 article-title: Microneurographic identification of spontaneous activity in C‐nociceptors in neuropathic pain states in humans and rats publication-title: Pain – volume: 44 start-page: 600 year: 1981 end-page: 607 article-title: C nociceptor activity in human nerve during painful and non painful skin stimulation publication-title: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry – volume: 15 start-page: 333 year: 1995 end-page: 341 article-title: Novel classes of responsive and unresponsive C nociceptors in human skin publication-title: J Neurosci – volume: 470 start-page: 180 year: 2010 end-page: 184 article-title: Microneurographic findings of relevance to pain in patients with erythromelalgia and patients with diabetic neuropathy publication-title: Neurosci Lett – volume: 480 start-page: 389 year: 1994 end-page: 394 article-title: Sensitization of insensitive branches of C nociceptors in human skin publication-title: J Physiol – volume: 120 start-page: 1225 year: 2014 end-page: 1236 article-title: Bilateral hypersensitivity to capsaicin, thermal, and mechanical stimuli in unilateral complex regional pain syndrome publication-title: Anesthesiology – volume: 22 start-page: 6704 year: 2002 end-page: 6712 article-title: Neural signal processing: the underestimated contribution of peripheral human C‐fibers publication-title: J Neurosci – volume: 14 start-page: 1756 year: 1994 end-page: 1765 article-title: Differential ability of human cutaneous nociceptors to signal mechanical pain and to produce vasodilatation publication-title: J Neurosci – volume: 23 start-page: 81 year: 1987 end-page: 89 article-title: Electrically evoked skin vasodilatation: a quantitative test of nociceptor function in man publication-title: Clin Exp Neurol – volume: 250 start-page: 188 year: 2003 end-page: 193 article-title: Botulinum Toxin A reduces neurogenic flare but has almost no effect on pain and hyperalgesia in human skin publication-title: J Neurol – volume: 22 start-page: 1269 year: 2006 end-page: 1276 article-title: Delta‐9‐THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgia patients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief publication-title: Curr Med Res Opin – volume: 14 start-page: 294 year: 2009 end-page: 299 article-title: C‐fiber axon reflex flare size correlates with epidermal nerve fiber density in human skin biopsies publication-title: J Peripher Nerv Syst – ident: e_1_2_6_39_1 doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3281e72cff – ident: e_1_2_6_12_1 doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.08.015 – ident: e_1_2_6_10_1 doi: 10.1185/030079906X112651 – ident: e_1_2_6_8_1 doi: 10.1097/00001756-200002280-00041 – ident: e_1_2_6_26_1 doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00157.x – ident: e_1_2_6_7_1 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.069609 – ident: e_1_2_6_22_1 doi: 10.1152/jn.90482.2008 – ident: e_1_2_6_28_1 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00365-7 – ident: e_1_2_6_23_1 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1249-07.2007 – ident: e_1_2_6_36_1 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021789 – ident: e_1_2_6_17_1 doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2004.06.007 – ident: e_1_2_6_33_1 doi: 10.1136/jnnp.44.7.600 – ident: e_1_2_6_40_1 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04460.2001 – ident: e_1_2_6_18_1 doi: 10.1002/mus.23543 – ident: e_1_2_6_15_1 doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.061 – ident: e_1_2_6_47_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.01.008 – ident: e_1_2_6_4_1 doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.769 – ident: e_1_2_6_44_1 doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000220 – ident: e_1_2_6_45_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2009.00241.x – ident: e_1_2_6_19_1 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020368 – ident: e_1_2_6_20_1 doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.8.1339 – ident: e_1_2_6_32_1 doi: 10.1002/ejp.710 – ident: e_1_2_6_9_1 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00333.1995 – ident: e_1_2_6_38_1 doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90281-3 – ident: e_1_2_6_29_1 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013086 – ident: e_1_2_6_31_1 doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.01.012 – ident: e_1_2_6_35_1 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01756.1994 – ident: e_1_2_6_42_1 doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.015 – ident: e_1_2_6_43_1 doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6432-7 – ident: e_1_2_6_34_1 doi: 10.1152/jn.1984.51.6.1434 – ident: e_1_2_6_41_1 doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(80)90009-3 – ident: e_1_2_6_6_1 doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000040250.31755.F9 – ident: e_1_2_6_24_1 doi: 10.1093/brain/123.3.560 – ident: e_1_2_6_25_1 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2059-05.2006 – ident: e_1_2_6_2_1 doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.03.022 – ident: e_1_2_6_27_1 doi: 10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1859 – ident: e_1_2_6_5_1 doi: 10.1212/WNL.59.6.917 – ident: e_1_2_6_13_1 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-22-10184.1999 – ident: e_1_2_6_46_1 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00445-0 – ident: e_1_2_6_3_1 doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.05.017 – ident: e_1_2_6_30_1 doi: 10.2340/00015555-1513 – ident: e_1_2_6_14_1 doi: 10.1152/jn.00565.2003 – ident: e_1_2_6_21_1 doi: 10.1002/mus.20889 – ident: e_1_2_6_48_1 doi: 10.1007/s00415-003-0971-x – ident: e_1_2_6_37_1 doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06704.2002 – ident: e_1_2_6_11_1 doi: 10.1007/s00011-009-0029-3 – volume: 23 start-page: 81 year: 1987 ident: e_1_2_6_16_1 article-title: Electrically evoked skin vasodilatation: a quantitative test of nociceptor function in man publication-title: Clin Exp Neurol |
| SSID | ssj0017933 |
| Score | 2.1090753 |
| Snippet | Objectives
Mechano‐insensitive (“silent”) nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon‐reflex erythema, but their high... Mechano-insensitive ("silent") nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. Their activation causes an axon-reflex erythema, but their high electrical... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed crossref wiley istex |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 273 |
| SubjectTerms | Adult axon reflex erythema Axons Electric Stimulation Electrodes Erythema - physiopathology Female Foot Forearm functional assessment high-frequency discharge Humans Male Middle Aged Neuralgia - physiopathology neuropathic pain Nociceptors Pain - physiopathology Pain Threshold psychophysics silent nociceptor Young Adult |
| Title | Effects of Current Density on Nociceptor Activation Upon Electrical Stimulation in Humans |
| URI | https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-G7W7H6CG-1/fulltext.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fpapr.12339 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26365027 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1770865738 |
| Volume | 16 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1bS-QwFD6IC-KLurpq1ZWIy4JCh94vsC-DqzMIDuI6qA8SkjSBQW2HmQ7s7q83J714QQR9KX1IS5rzneRLz8l3AH4wmTGZKGWnvpK2Xo8dmycssjOhMjdwFfMzPDt8Noj6w-D0Oryeg1_NWZhKH6L94YaeYeZrdHDGp8-cfMzGk46ed308vYfJWsiILlrtKASeX4mlOnasiUWtTYppPE-PvliNvuDA_n2Lar5krmbpOVmG26bTVcbJXWdW8o74_0rP8bNftQJLNScl3QpEX2FO5quwcFZH3dfgppI4npJCkVrPifzGxPfyHylyMtD2xeSYYkK6oqmWRoZjfTk2RXYQB-RPOXqoS4WRUU5M8GD6DYYnx5dHfbsuyWALFC60vdgVIsBYY-YkTIo0EDLI9KzARRqmmmolfiCUSIUGqHI1tZMeT3HP46YsYtLx12E-L3K5CcSJGYoFqtAVXsBVwhUPVJox4Wlc-ZlnwUFjGipqvXIsm3FPm30LjhU1Y2XBftt2XKl0vNnqp7Fw24RN7jCvLQ7p1aBHe_FV3I-OetS1YK-BANXehiEUlstiNqVurKEUhbGfWLBRYaN9mxdpEOpdvgWHxsLv9ISed88vzN3WRxpvw6Lma1GVArcD8-VkJr9rTlTyXYP9R_x8CLA |
| linkProvider | Wiley-Blackwell |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3fb9MwED6NTQJeGAMGYYMZgZCYlCqJkzh-rPajBdZqGqu2PVmOY0vTIKnaVAL--vmcNNvQhAQvUR6cKPF9Z3_2nb8D-CB1IXVmjM-p0b6djwM_z2TqF8oUYRwaSQs8Ozwap8NJ_OU8OW9zc_AsTKMP0W24oWe48RodHDekb3n5VE5nPTvwUv4A1rCkt1tRnXTqUQg92silBj6z1KJVJ8VEnptn78xHa9i1P-8jm3e5q5t8DtebCqtzp1mIOSdXvUWd99TvPxQd__u_nsKTlpaSfoOjDVjR5TN4OGoD78_holE5npPKkFbSiexj7nv9i1QlGVsTY35MNSN9tSyYRiZTezlwdXYQCuRbffmjrRZGLkvi4gfzFzA5PDjdG_ptVQZfoXahH7FQqRjDjUWQSa14rHRc2IEhVzzhlm1lNFZGcWUxakLL7nSUc1z2hFymUgd0E1bLqtSvgARMol6gSUIVxbnJcpPHhhdSRRZatIg8-LS0jVCtZDlWzvgulksX7Cvh-sqD913baSPUcW-rj87EXRM5u8LUNpaIs_FADNgZG6Z7AxF68G6JAWEdDqMostTVYi5CZrGUJoxmHrxswNG9LUqpZbwR82DXmfgvXyKO-8cn7u71vzTegUfD09GROPo8_roFjy19S5uMuG1YrWcL_cZSpDp_6xzhGna4DMs |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1ba9swFD50LZS97H7xtnYaG4MNHGxLtizoS2iaZJeG0C20fRhCliUobW2TOLDt11eSL1tHGWwvxg-ykXW-I33yOfoOwBuhcqFSrX2GtfLNehz4WSoSP5c6D0moBc7t2eHDWTJdkI8n8ckG7HVnYRp9iP6Hm_UMN19bB69y_ZuTV6JaDsy8i9kt2CJJkFpMj4568SiLPNyopQY-NcyiFSe1eTy_nr22HG3Zkf1-E9e8Tl3d2jO-C9-6XjcpJ-eDdZ0N5M8_BB3_97PuwZ2WlKJhg6L7sKGKB7B92IbdH8Jpo3G8QqVGraATGtnM9_oHKgs0Mwa22THlEg1lVy4NLSpzOXBVdiwQ0Jf67LKtFYbOCuSiB6tHsBgffN2f-m1NBl9a5UI_oqGUxAYb8yAVSjIiFcnNtJBJFjPDtVJMpJZMGoTq0HA7FWXMbnpCJhKhAvwYNouyUE8BBVRYtUAdhzIimU4znRHNciEjAyycRx6860zDZStYbutmXPBu42LHirux8uB137ZqZDpubPXWWbhvIpbnNrGNxvx4NuETekynyf6Ehx686iDAjbvZGIooVLle8ZAaKCUxxakHTxps9G-LEmz4bkQ9eO8s_Jee8PlwfuTunv1L45ewPR-N-ecPs0_P4bbhbkmTDvcCNuvlWu0YflRnu84NrgBo6guD |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Current+Density+on+Nociceptor+Activation+Upon+Electrical+Stimulation+in+Humans&rft.jtitle=Pain+practice&rft.au=Landmann%2C+Gunther&rft.au=Stockinger%2C+Lenka&rft.au=Lustenberger%2C+Corinne&rft.au=Schmelz%2C+Martin&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.eissn=1533-2500&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=273&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fpapr.12339&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26365027&rft.externalDocID=26365027 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1530-7085&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1530-7085&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1530-7085&client=summon |