Is Spending More Time Outdoors Able to Prevent and Control Myopia in Children and Adolescents? A Meta-Analysis
Abstract Introduction: Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progr...
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| Published in | Ophthalmic research Vol. 67; no. 1; pp. 393 - 404 |
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| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Basel, Switzerland
S. Karger AG
06.05.2024
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| Abstract | Abstract
Introduction: Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progression of myopia remains a subject of debate. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between outdoor time and the myopia onset, and further examine whether there is a dose-response relationship between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset. Meanwhile, perform whether the outdoor time is related to delaying the progression of myopia. Methods: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from their inception to February 2023. Three cohort studies and 5 prospective intervention studies were included, with a total of 12,922 participants aged 6–16 years. Results: Comparing the highest with the lowest exposure levels of time spent outdoors, the highest outdoor time was strongly associated with a reduced risk of myopia onset (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.82). A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between outdoor time and myopia onset risk. Compared to 3.5 h of outdoor time per week, an increase to 7, 16.3, and 27 h per week corresponded with a respective reduction in the risk of myopia onset by 20%, 53%, and 69%. Among children and adolescents who were not myopic, spending more time outdoors significantly slowed down the speed of change in spherical equivalent refractive (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.10D, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14) and axial length (WMD = −0.05 mm, 95% CI: −0.06, −0.03). Among children and adolescents who were already myopic, spending more time outdoors did not slow myopia progression. Conclusions: Overall, spending more time outdoors can prevent the onset of myopia, but it does not seem to slow its progression. Further studies are needed to better understand these trends. |
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| AbstractList | Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progression of myopia remains a subject of debate. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between outdoor time and the myopia onset, and further examine whether there is a dose-response relationship between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset. Meanwhile, perform whether the outdoor time is related to delaying the progression of myopia.INTRODUCTIONSpending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progression of myopia remains a subject of debate. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between outdoor time and the myopia onset, and further examine whether there is a dose-response relationship between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset. Meanwhile, perform whether the outdoor time is related to delaying the progression of myopia.Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from their inception to February 2023. Three cohort studies and 5 prospective intervention studies were included, with a total of 12,922 participants aged 6-16 years.METHODSStudies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from their inception to February 2023. Three cohort studies and 5 prospective intervention studies were included, with a total of 12,922 participants aged 6-16 years.Comparing the highest with the lowest exposure levels of time spent outdoors, the highest outdoor time was strongly associated with a reduced risk of myopia onset (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.82). A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between outdoor time and myopia onset risk. Compared to 3.5 h of outdoor time per week, an increase to 7, 16.3, and 27 h per week corresponded with a respective reduction in the risk of myopia onset by 20%, 53%, and 69%. Among children and adolescents who were not myopic, spending more time outdoors significantly slowed down the speed of change in spherical equivalent refractive (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.10D, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14) and axial length (WMD = -0.05 mm, 95% CI: -0.06, -0.03). Among children and adolescents who were already myopic, spending more time outdoors did not slow myopia progression.RESULTSComparing the highest with the lowest exposure levels of time spent outdoors, the highest outdoor time was strongly associated with a reduced risk of myopia onset (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.82). A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between outdoor time and myopia onset risk. Compared to 3.5 h of outdoor time per week, an increase to 7, 16.3, and 27 h per week corresponded with a respective reduction in the risk of myopia onset by 20%, 53%, and 69%. Among children and adolescents who were not myopic, spending more time outdoors significantly slowed down the speed of change in spherical equivalent refractive (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.10D, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14) and axial length (WMD = -0.05 mm, 95% CI: -0.06, -0.03). Among children and adolescents who were already myopic, spending more time outdoors did not slow myopia progression.Overall, spending more time outdoors can prevent the onset of myopia, but it does not seem to slow its progression. Further studies are needed to better understand these trends.CONCLUSIONSOverall, spending more time outdoors can prevent the onset of myopia, but it does not seem to slow its progression. Further studies are needed to better understand these trends. Introduction: Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progression of myopia remains a subject of debate. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between outdoor time and the myopia onset, and further examine whether there is a dose-response relationship between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset. Meanwhile, perform whether the outdoor time is related to delaying the progression of myopia. Methods: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from their inception to February 2023. Three cohort studies and 5 prospective intervention studies were included, with a total of 12,922 participants aged 6–16 years. Results: Comparing the highest with the lowest exposure levels of time spent outdoors, the highest outdoor time was strongly associated with a reduced risk of myopia onset (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.82). A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between outdoor time and myopia onset risk. Compared to 3.5 h of outdoor time per week, an increase to 7, 16.3, and 27 h per week corresponded with a respective reduction in the risk of myopia onset by 20%, 53%, and 69%. Among children and adolescents who were not myopic, spending more time outdoors significantly slowed down the speed of change in spherical equivalent refractive (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.10D, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14) and axial length (WMD = −0.05 mm, 95% CI: −0.06, −0.03). Among children and adolescents who were already myopic, spending more time outdoors did not slow myopia progression. Conclusions: Overall, spending more time outdoors can prevent the onset of myopia, but it does not seem to slow its progression. Further studies are needed to better understand these trends. Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progression of myopia remains a subject of debate. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between outdoor time and the myopia onset, and further examine whether there is a dose-response relationship between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset. Meanwhile, perform whether the outdoor time is related to delaying the progression of myopia. Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from their inception to February 2023. 3 cohort studies and 5 prospective intervention studies were included, with a total of 12,922 participants aged 6 to 16 years. Comparing the highest with the lowest exposure levels of time spent outdoors, the highest outdoor time was strongly associated with a reduced risk of myopia onset (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.82). A non-linear dose-response relationship was found between outdoor time and myopia onset risk. Compared to 3.5 hours of outdoor time per week, an increase to 7, 16.3, and 27 hours per week corresponded with a respective reduction in the risk of myopia onset by 20%, 53%, and 69%. Among children and adolescents who were not myopic, spending more time outdoors significantly slowed down the speed of change in spherical equivalent refractive (SER) (WMD=0.10D, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.14) and axial length (AL) (WMD=-0.05mm, 95%CI: -0.06, -0.03). Among children and adolescents who were already myopic, spending more time outdoors did not slow myopia progression. Overall, spending more time outdoors can prevent the onset of myopia, but it doesn't seem to slow its progression. Further studies are needed to better understand these trends. Abstract Introduction: Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progression of myopia remains a subject of debate. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between outdoor time and the myopia onset, and further examine whether there is a dose-response relationship between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset. Meanwhile, perform whether the outdoor time is related to delaying the progression of myopia. Methods: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from their inception to February 2023. Three cohort studies and 5 prospective intervention studies were included, with a total of 12,922 participants aged 6–16 years. Results: Comparing the highest with the lowest exposure levels of time spent outdoors, the highest outdoor time was strongly associated with a reduced risk of myopia onset (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.82). A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between outdoor time and myopia onset risk. Compared to 3.5 h of outdoor time per week, an increase to 7, 16.3, and 27 h per week corresponded with a respective reduction in the risk of myopia onset by 20%, 53%, and 69%. Among children and adolescents who were not myopic, spending more time outdoors significantly slowed down the speed of change in spherical equivalent refractive (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.10D, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14) and axial length (WMD = −0.05 mm, 95% CI: −0.06, −0.03). Among children and adolescents who were already myopic, spending more time outdoors did not slow myopia progression. Conclusions: Overall, spending more time outdoors can prevent the onset of myopia, but it does not seem to slow its progression. Further studies are needed to better understand these trends. Introduction: Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse association between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset, the effect of increasing outdoor time in delaying the progression of myopia remains a subject of debate. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between outdoor time and the myopia onset, and further examine whether there is a dose-response relationship between outdoor time and the risk of myopia onset. Meanwhile, perform whether the outdoor time is related to delaying the progression of myopia. Methods: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Database, spanning from their inception to February 2023. Three cohort studies and 5 prospective intervention studies were included, with a total of 12,922 participants aged 6-16 years. Results: Comparing the highest with the lowest exposure levels of time spent outdoors, the highest outdoor time was strongly associated with a reduced risk of myopia onset (odds ratio [OR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34, 0.82). A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between outdoor time and myopia onset risk. Compared to 3.5 h of outdoor time per week, an increase to 7, 16.3, and 27 h per week corresponded with a respective reduction in the risk of myopia onset by 20%, 53%, and 69%. Among children and adolescents who were not myopic, spending more time outdoors significantly slowed down the speed of change in spherical equivalent refractive (weighted mean difference [WMD] = 0.10D, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14) and axial length (WMD = 0.05 mm, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.03). Among children and adolescents who were already myopic, spending more time outdoors did not slow myopia progression. Conclusions: Overall, spending more time outdoors can prevent the onset of myopia, but it does not seem to slow its progression. Further studies are needed to better understand these trends. Keywords: Myopia, Outdoor time, Children, Adolescents, Meta-analysis |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Min, Sicheng Li, Dan Li, Xianxiong |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1167/iovs.62.5.6 10.3390/ijerph16203840 10.1097/md.0000000000023462 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.04.020 10.1371/journal.pone.0230046 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3542 10.1167/tvst.8.3.2 10.1038/eye.2013.256 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314675 10.1038/s41588-018-0127-7 10.1002/sim.3013 10.1097/00006982-198600620-00013 10.1155/2019/3096152 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1564_21 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017924 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.12.011 10.1167/iovs.11-9091 10.1159/000501937 10.1007/s40279-021-01536-4 10.1136/bmj.d5928 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11.009 10.1167/tvst.7.3.8 10.1136/bmj.d6617 10.1177/0300060519893866 10.1167/iovs.11-8336 10.1002/sim.1186 10.1167/iovs.61.4.49 10.1007/s10654-015-0056-z 10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z 10.1111/aos.13403 10.1097/APO.0000000000000236 10.1111/aos.14980 10.2174/1381612821666150909095403 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000207 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.06.024 10.1186/s12886-015-0052-9 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.010 10.3390/ijerph16142595 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237 10.2165/00007256-200131050-00001 10.3390/children9050632 10.1111/aos.13316 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000520 10.1167/iovs.06-1118 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.02.035 10.1111/aos.13603 |
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| Keywords | Outdoor time Children Adolescents Myopia Meta-analysis |
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Introduction: Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has... Introduction: Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established... Spending more time outdoors was treated as a safe and cost-effective method to prevent and control myopia. While prior research has established an inverse... |
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| Title | Is Spending More Time Outdoors Able to Prevent and Control Myopia in Children and Adolescents? A Meta-Analysis |
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