Decreasing hepatitis D virus infection in Taiwan: An analysis of contributory factors
ABSTRACT Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the change of HDV endemicity and its associated contributory factors. Seventy‐seven patients with acute HDV superinfection among 527 con...
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| Published in | Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology Vol. 12; no. 11; pp. 747 - 751 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.11.1997
Blackwell Science |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0815-9319 1440-1746 |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00364.x |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the change of HDV endemicity and its associated contributory factors. Seventy‐seven patients with acute HDV superinfection among 527 consecutive exacerbating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were identified over the past 12 years. The prevalence decreased significantly by each 3‐year period from June 1983 to May 1995 (23.7, 15.5, 13.1 and 4.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). This trend was more significant in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative group (P < 0.001) than in the HBeAg‐positive group (P=0.073). Subjects with a history of paid sex and prostitutes were also recruited for analysis both in 1989 and 1996. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend showing a decrease in the prevalence of serum antibody against HDV (anti‐HDV) in each risk group: it was lower in 1996 among HBsAg‐positive brothel‐goers (10.3 vs 6.9%), licensed prostitutes (54.5 vs 50%) and unlicensed prostitutes (36.1 vs 30.8%). Accumulation of anti‐HDV‐positive subjects in risk groups may mask the actual decrease of new HDV‐infected cases. The prevalence of the HBsAg carrier rate among all prostitutes has significantly decreased (18.3 vs 12.2%, P=0.015). The efficacy of each preventive strategy was examined and mapped with the trend. It was concluded that active preventive measures directed against promiscuity and sexually transmitted disease and the promotion of disposable needles may have contributed to the decrease in HDV endemicity. |
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| AbstractList | Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the change of HDV endemicity and its associated contributory factors. Seventy-seven patients with acute HDV superinfection among 527 consecutive exacerbating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were identified over the past 12 years. The prevalence decreased significantly by each 3-year period from June 1983 to May 1995 (23.7, 15.5, 13.1 and 4.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). This trend was more significant in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative group (P < 0.001) than in the HBeAg-positive group (P = 0.073). Subjects with a history of paid sex and prostitutes were also recruited for analysis both in 1989 and 1996. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend showing a decrease in the prevalence of serum antibody against HDV (anti-HDV) in each risk group: it was lower in 1996 among HBsAg-positive brothel-goers (10.3 vs 6.9%), licensed prostitutes (54.5 vs 50%) and unlicensed prostitutes (36.1 vs 30.8%). Accumulation of anti-HDV-positive subjects in risk groups may mask the actual decrease of new HDV-infected cases. The prevalence of the HBsAg carrier rate among all prostitutes has significantly decreased (18.3 vs 12.2%, P = 0.015). The efficacy of each preventive strategy was examined and mapped with the trend. It was concluded that active preventive measures directed against promiscuity and sexually transmitted disease and the promotion of disposable needles may have contributed to the decrease in HDV endemicity.Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the change of HDV endemicity and its associated contributory factors. Seventy-seven patients with acute HDV superinfection among 527 consecutive exacerbating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were identified over the past 12 years. The prevalence decreased significantly by each 3-year period from June 1983 to May 1995 (23.7, 15.5, 13.1 and 4.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). This trend was more significant in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative group (P < 0.001) than in the HBeAg-positive group (P = 0.073). Subjects with a history of paid sex and prostitutes were also recruited for analysis both in 1989 and 1996. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend showing a decrease in the prevalence of serum antibody against HDV (anti-HDV) in each risk group: it was lower in 1996 among HBsAg-positive brothel-goers (10.3 vs 6.9%), licensed prostitutes (54.5 vs 50%) and unlicensed prostitutes (36.1 vs 30.8%). Accumulation of anti-HDV-positive subjects in risk groups may mask the actual decrease of new HDV-infected cases. The prevalence of the HBsAg carrier rate among all prostitutes has significantly decreased (18.3 vs 12.2%, P = 0.015). The efficacy of each preventive strategy was examined and mapped with the trend. It was concluded that active preventive measures directed against promiscuity and sexually transmitted disease and the promotion of disposable needles may have contributed to the decrease in HDV endemicity. Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the change of HDV endemicity and its associated contributory factors. Seventy-seven patients with acute HDV superinfection among 527 consecutive exacerbating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were identified over the past 12 years. The prevalence decreased significantly by each 3-year period from June 1983 to May 1995 (23.7, 15.5, 13.1 and 4.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). This trend was more significant in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative group (P < 0.001) than in the HBeAg-positive group (P = 0.073). Subjects with a history of paid sex and prostitutes were also recruited for analysis both in 1989 and 1996. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend showing a decrease in the prevalence of serum antibody against HDV (anti-HDV) in each risk group: it was lower in 1996 among HBsAg-positive brothel-goers (10.3 vs 6.9%), licensed prostitutes (54.5 vs 50%) and unlicensed prostitutes (36.1 vs 30.8%). Accumulation of anti-HDV-positive subjects in risk groups may mask the actual decrease of new HDV-infected cases. The prevalence of the HBsAg carrier rate among all prostitutes has significantly decreased (18.3 vs 12.2%, P = 0.015). The efficacy of each preventive strategy was examined and mapped with the trend. It was concluded that active preventive measures directed against promiscuity and sexually transmitted disease and the promotion of disposable needles may have contributed to the decrease in HDV endemicity. ABSTRACT Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the change of HDV endemicity and its associated contributory factors. Seventy‐seven patients with acute HDV superinfection among 527 consecutive exacerbating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were identified over the past 12 years. The prevalence decreased significantly by each 3‐year period from June 1983 to May 1995 (23.7, 15.5, 13.1 and 4.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). This trend was more significant in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative group (P < 0.001) than in the HBeAg‐positive group (P=0.073). Subjects with a history of paid sex and prostitutes were also recruited for analysis both in 1989 and 1996. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend showing a decrease in the prevalence of serum antibody against HDV (anti‐HDV) in each risk group: it was lower in 1996 among HBsAg‐positive brothel‐goers (10.3 vs 6.9%), licensed prostitutes (54.5 vs 50%) and unlicensed prostitutes (36.1 vs 30.8%). Accumulation of anti‐HDV‐positive subjects in risk groups may mask the actual decrease of new HDV‐infected cases. The prevalence of the HBsAg carrier rate among all prostitutes has significantly decreased (18.3 vs 12.2%, P=0.015). The efficacy of each preventive strategy was examined and mapped with the trend. It was concluded that active preventive measures directed against promiscuity and sexually transmitted disease and the promotion of disposable needles may have contributed to the decrease in HDV endemicity. Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the change of HDV endemicity and its associated contributory factors. Seventy‐seven patients with acute HDV superinfection among 527 consecutive exacerbating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were identified over the past 12 years. The prevalence decreased significantly by each 3‐year period from June 1983 to May 1995 (23.7, 15.5, 13.1 and 4.2%, respectively, P < 0.001). This trend was more significant in the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative group ( P < 0.001) than in the HBeAg‐positive group ( P =0.073). Subjects with a history of paid sex and prostitutes were also recruited for analysis both in 1989 and 1996. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend showing a decrease in the prevalence of serum antibody against HDV (anti‐HDV) in each risk group: it was lower in 1996 among HBsAg‐positive brothel‐goers (10.3 vs 6.9%), licensed prostitutes (54.5 vs 50%) and unlicensed prostitutes (36.1 vs 30.8%). Accumulation of anti‐HDV‐positive subjects in risk groups may mask the actual decrease of new HDV‐infected cases. The prevalence of the HBsAg carrier rate among all prostitutes has significantly decreased (18.3 vs 12.2%, P =0.015). The efficacy of each preventive strategy was examined and mapped with the trend. It was concluded that active preventive measures directed against promiscuity and sexually transmitted disease and the promotion of disposable needles may have contributed to the decrease in HDV endemicity. |
| Author | WU, JAW-CHING LEE, SHOU-DONG CHANG, FULL-YOUNG LIN, RUEY-YI SHENG, WEN-YUNG HUO, TEH-IA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: TEH-IA surname: HUO fullname: HUO, TEH-IA organization: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine – sequence: 2 givenname: JAW-CHING surname: WU fullname: WU, JAW-CHING organization: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine – sequence: 3 givenname: RUEY-YI surname: LIN fullname: LIN, RUEY-YI organization: Municipal Venereal Disease Control Institute, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China – sequence: 4 givenname: WEN-YUNG surname: SHENG fullname: SHENG, WEN-YUNG organization: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine – sequence: 5 givenname: FULL-YOUNG surname: CHANG fullname: CHANG, FULL-YOUNG organization: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine – sequence: 6 givenname: SHOU-DONG surname: LEE fullname: LEE, SHOU-DONG organization: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine |
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| Keywords | Human Hepatic disease Correction factor Epidemiology Incidence Infection Virus Prevention Sexually transmitted disease Viral disease Viral hepatitis delta Digestive diseases Evolution Public health Non A non B hepatitis virus |
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| References | Chen CJ, Tseng SF, Lu CF et al. Current sero-epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection among hepatitis B surface antigen carriers of general and high-risk populations in Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1992; 38: 97-101. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly DL, Purcell RH. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J. Infect. Dis. 1980; 141: 590-602. Liaw YF, Chiu KW, Chu CM, Sheen IS, Huang MJ. Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis delta virus in the general population of an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection: a prospective study. J. Infect. Dis. 1990; 162: 1170-2. Wu JC, Chen TZ, Huang YS et al. Natural history of hepatitis D viral superinfection: significance of viremia detected by polymerase chain reaction. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 796-802. Chen DS, Lai MY, Sung JL. σ agent infection in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinomaan infrequent finding in Taiwan. Hepatology 1984; 4: 502-3. Sagnelli E, Stroffolini T, Ascione A et al. Decrease in HDV endemicity in Italy. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 20-4. Ko YC, Li SC, Yen YY, Yeh SM, Hsieh CC. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus from siblings and intramuscular injection among preschool children in a familial cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1991; 133: 1015-23. Govindarajan S, Lee SD, Tong MJ, Tsai YT, Lo KJ. Prevalence of delta agent among Chinese in Taiwan and Los Angeles. J. Med. Virol. 1984; 14: 33-7. Chung DC, Ko YC, Chen CJ, Chen ER, Wu CC, Wu PS. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among parenteral drug abusers in southern Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1989; 28: 215-8. Wu JC, Chen CL, Hou MC, Chen TZ, Lee SD, Lo KJ. Multiple virus infection as the most common cause of fulminant and subfulminant viral hepatitis in an area endemic for hepatitis B: application and limitations of the polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology 1994; 19: 836-40. Wu JC, Wang YJ, Hwang SJ et al. Hepatitis D virus infection among prostitutes in Taiwan. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 8: 334-7. Liaw YF, Tai DI, Chu CM, Pao CC, Chen TJ. Acute exacerbation of chronic type B hepatitis: comparison between HBeAg and antibody-positive patients. Hepatology 1987; 7: 20-3. Lo KJ, Tsai YT, Lee SD et al. Combined passive and active immunization for interruption of prenatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan. Hepatogastroenterology 1985; 32: 65-8. Tong MJ, Sun SC, Shaffer BT, Lo KJ, Peters RL. Hepatitis-associated antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Ann. Intern. Med. 1971; 75: 687-91. Govindarajan S, Chin KP, Redeker AG, Peters RL. Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta antigen. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 1417-20. Chung DC, Ko YC, Chen CJ et al. Seroepidemiological studies on hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses infection among five ethnic groups in southern Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1988; 26: 411-8. Rizzetto M, Verme G, Recchia S et al. Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intra-hepatic expression of the delta antigen: an active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 98: 437-41. Fattovich G, Boscaro S, Noventa F et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 155: 931-5. Lo KJ, Tsai YT, Lee SD et al. Immunoprophylaxis of infection with hepatitis B virus in infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carrier mothers. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 152: 817-22. Wu JC, Lee SD, Govindarajan S et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis D virus infection in Taiwan. Hepatology 1990; 11: 1057-61. Navascues CA, Rodriguez M, Sotorrio G et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection: changes in the last 14 years. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1995; 90: 1981-4. Wu JC, Lee SD, Tsay SH et al. Symptomatic anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan with special reference to persistent HBV replication and HDV superinfection. J. Med. Virol. 1988; 25: 141-8. Lee SD, Wang YJ, Wu JC, Chang YT, Tsai YT, Lo KJ. Hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infection among drug abusers in Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1986; 20: 247-52. 1971; 75 1993; 8 1984; 86 1990; 11 1987; 155 1995; 90 1991; 133 1984; 4 1984; 14 1994; 19 1986; 20 1997; 26 1988; 25 1988; 26 1995; 108 1987; 7 1983; 98 1993 1992; 38 1980; 141 1985; 32 1985; 152 1989; 28 1990; 162 Navascues CA (e_1_2_1_17_2) 1995; 90 Lo KJ (e_1_2_1_21_2) 1985; 32 Sagnelli E (e_1_2_1_15_2) 1993 e_1_2_1_22_2 e_1_2_1_23_2 e_1_2_1_20_2 e_1_2_1_26_2 e_1_2_1_24_2 Govindarajan S (e_1_2_1_6_2) 1984; 86 e_1_2_1_25_2 Hadziyannis SJ (e_1_2_1_14_2) 1993 e_1_2_1_7_2 e_1_2_1_4_2 e_1_2_1_5_2 e_1_2_1_2_2 e_1_2_1_11_2 e_1_2_1_3_2 e_1_2_1_12_2 e_1_2_1_10_2 e_1_2_1_16_2 e_1_2_1_13_2 e_1_2_1_19_2 e_1_2_1_8_2 e_1_2_1_9_2 e_1_2_1_18_2 9430040 - J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Nov;12(11):745-6 |
| References_xml | – reference: Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly DL, Purcell RH. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J. Infect. Dis. 1980; 141: 590-602. – reference: Fattovich G, Boscaro S, Noventa F et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 155: 931-5. – reference: Wu JC, Lee SD, Govindarajan S et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis D virus infection in Taiwan. Hepatology 1990; 11: 1057-61. – reference: Wu JC, Chen TZ, Huang YS et al. Natural history of hepatitis D viral superinfection: significance of viremia detected by polymerase chain reaction. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 796-802. – reference: Wu JC, Lee SD, Tsay SH et al. Symptomatic anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan with special reference to persistent HBV replication and HDV superinfection. J. Med. Virol. 1988; 25: 141-8. – reference: Navascues CA, Rodriguez M, Sotorrio G et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection: changes in the last 14 years. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1995; 90: 1981-4. – reference: Lee SD, Wang YJ, Wu JC, Chang YT, Tsai YT, Lo KJ. Hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infection among drug abusers in Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1986; 20: 247-52. – reference: Tong MJ, Sun SC, Shaffer BT, Lo KJ, Peters RL. Hepatitis-associated antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Ann. Intern. Med. 1971; 75: 687-91. – reference: Sagnelli E, Stroffolini T, Ascione A et al. Decrease in HDV endemicity in Italy. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 20-4. – reference: Chung DC, Ko YC, Chen CJ et al. Seroepidemiological studies on hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses infection among five ethnic groups in southern Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1988; 26: 411-8. – reference: Chen DS, Lai MY, Sung JL. σ agent infection in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinomaan infrequent finding in Taiwan. Hepatology 1984; 4: 502-3. – reference: Wu JC, Chen CL, Hou MC, Chen TZ, Lee SD, Lo KJ. Multiple virus infection as the most common cause of fulminant and subfulminant viral hepatitis in an area endemic for hepatitis B: application and limitations of the polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology 1994; 19: 836-40. – reference: Lo KJ, Tsai YT, Lee SD et al. Combined passive and active immunization for interruption of prenatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan. Hepatogastroenterology 1985; 32: 65-8. – reference: Govindarajan S, Lee SD, Tong MJ, Tsai YT, Lo KJ. Prevalence of delta agent among Chinese in Taiwan and Los Angeles. J. Med. Virol. 1984; 14: 33-7. – reference: Lo KJ, Tsai YT, Lee SD et al. Immunoprophylaxis of infection with hepatitis B virus in infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carrier mothers. J. Infect. Dis. 1985; 152: 817-22. – reference: Liaw YF, Tai DI, Chu CM, Pao CC, Chen TJ. Acute exacerbation of chronic type B hepatitis: comparison between HBeAg and antibody-positive patients. Hepatology 1987; 7: 20-3. – reference: Ko YC, Li SC, Yen YY, Yeh SM, Hsieh CC. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus from siblings and intramuscular injection among preschool children in a familial cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1991; 133: 1015-23. – reference: Chen CJ, Tseng SF, Lu CF et al. Current sero-epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection among hepatitis B surface antigen carriers of general and high-risk populations in Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1992; 38: 97-101. – reference: Rizzetto M, Verme G, Recchia S et al. Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intra-hepatic expression of the delta antigen: an active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 98: 437-41. – reference: Wu JC, Wang YJ, Hwang SJ et al. Hepatitis D virus infection among prostitutes in Taiwan. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 8: 334-7. – reference: Chung DC, Ko YC, Chen CJ, Chen ER, Wu CC, Wu PS. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among parenteral drug abusers in southern Taiwan. J. Med. Virol. 1989; 28: 215-8. – reference: Govindarajan S, Chin KP, Redeker AG, Peters RL. Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta antigen. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 1417-20. – reference: Liaw YF, Chiu KW, Chu CM, Sheen IS, Huang MJ. Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis delta virus in the general population of an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection: a prospective study. J. Infect. Dis. 1990; 162: 1170-2. – volume: 20 start-page: 247 year: 1986 end-page: 52 article-title: Hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infection among drug abusers in Taiwan publication-title: J. Med. Virol. – volume: 98 start-page: 437 year: 1983 end-page: 41 article-title: Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intra‐hepatic expression of the delta antigen: an active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment publication-title: Ann. Intern. Med. – volume: 141 start-page: 590 year: 1980 end-page: 602 article-title: Transmission of the hepatitis B virus‐associated delta antigen to chimpanzees publication-title: J. Infect. Dis. – volume: 7 start-page: 20 year: 1987 end-page: 3 article-title: Acute exacerbation of chronic type B hepatitis: comparison between HBeAg and antibody‐positive patients publication-title: Hepatology – volume: 32 start-page: 65 year: 1985 end-page: 8 article-title: Combined passive and active immunization for interruption of prenatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan publication-title: Hepatogastroenterology – volume: 26 start-page: 411 year: 1988 end-page: 8 article-title: Seroepidemiological studies on hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses infection among five ethnic groups in southern Taiwan publication-title: J. Med. Virol. – volume: 25 start-page: 141 year: 1988 end-page: 8 article-title: Symptomatic anti‐HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan with special reference to persistent HBV replication and HDV superinfection publication-title: J. Med. Virol. – volume: 8 start-page: 334 year: 1993 end-page: 7 article-title: Hepatitis D virus infection among prostitutes in Taiwan publication-title: J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. – volume: 28 start-page: 215 year: 1989 end-page: 8 article-title: Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among parenteral drug abusers in southern Taiwan publication-title: J. Med. Virol. – volume: 4 start-page: 502 year: 1984 end-page: 3 article-title: σ agent infection in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinomaan infrequent finding in Taiwan publication-title: Hepatology – volume: 11 start-page: 1057 year: 1990 end-page: 61 article-title: Sexual transmission of hepatitis D virus infection in Taiwan publication-title: Hepatology – volume: 38 start-page: 97 year: 1992 end-page: 101 article-title: Current sero‐epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection among hepatitis B surface antigen carriers of general and high‐risk populations in Taiwan publication-title: J. Med. Virol. – volume: 155 start-page: 931 year: 1987 end-page: 5 article-title: Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B publication-title: J. Infect. Dis. – volume: 26 start-page: 20 year: 1997 end-page: 4 article-title: Decrease in HDV endemicity in Italy publication-title: J. Hepatol. – volume: 19 start-page: 836 year: 1994 end-page: 40 article-title: Multiple virus infection as the most common cause of fulminant and subfulminant viral hepatitis in an area endemic for hepatitis B: application and limitations of the polymerase chain reaction publication-title: Hepatology – volume: 108 start-page: 796 year: 1995 end-page: 802 article-title: Natural history of hepatitis D viral superinfection: significance of viremia detected by polymerase chain reaction publication-title: Gastroenterology – volume: 162 start-page: 1170 year: 1990 end-page: 2 article-title: Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis delta virus in the general population of an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection: a prospective study publication-title: J. Infect. Dis. – volume: 152 start-page: 817 year: 1985 end-page: 22 article-title: Immunoprophylaxis of infection with hepatitis B virus in infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive carrier mothers publication-title: J. Infect. Dis. – volume: 75 start-page: 687 year: 1971 end-page: 91 article-title: Hepatitis‐associated antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan publication-title: Ann. Intern. Med. – start-page: 259 year: 1993 end-page: 66 – volume: 90 start-page: 1981 year: 1995 end-page: 4 article-title: Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection: changes in the last 14 years publication-title: Am. J. Gastroenterol. – volume: 133 start-page: 1015 year: 1991 end-page: 23 article-title: Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus from siblings and intramuscular injection among preschool children in a familial cohort publication-title: Am. J. Epidemiol. – volume: 14 start-page: 33 year: 1984 end-page: 7 article-title: Prevalence of delta agent among Chinese in Taiwan and Los Angeles publication-title: J. Med. Virol. – start-page: 287 year: 1993 end-page: 94 – volume: 86 start-page: 1417 year: 1984 end-page: 20 article-title: Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta antigen publication-title: Gastroenterology – ident: e_1_2_1_19_2 doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890250203 – ident: e_1_2_1_4_2 doi: 10.1093/infdis/141.5.590 – ident: e_1_2_1_23_2 doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890280403 – ident: e_1_2_1_25_2 doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890140106 – ident: e_1_2_1_8_2 doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.5.931 – ident: e_1_2_1_10_2 doi: 10.1002/hep.1840110623 – ident: e_1_2_1_22_2 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115810 – ident: e_1_2_1_7_2 doi: 10.1002/hep.1840190406 – ident: e_1_2_1_13_2 doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.5.1170 – volume: 86 start-page: 1417 year: 1984 ident: e_1_2_1_6_2 article-title: Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta antigen publication-title: Gastroenterology doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(84)80153-5 – start-page: 287 volume-title: Hepatitis Delta Virus Molecular biology, pathogenesis, and clinical aspects year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_1_15_2 – ident: e_1_2_1_2_2 doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-75-5-687 – ident: e_1_2_1_26_2 doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890380205 – ident: e_1_2_1_16_2 doi: 10.1016/S0168-8278(97)80004-9 – ident: e_1_2_1_12_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1993.tb01523.x – ident: e_1_2_1_20_2 doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.4.817 – ident: e_1_2_1_3_2 doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890260408 – ident: e_1_2_1_18_2 doi: 10.1002/hep.1840070106 – ident: e_1_2_1_24_2 doi: 10.1002/hep.1840040324 – start-page: 259 volume-title: Hepatitis Delta Virus Molecular biology, pathogenesis, and clinical aspects year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_1_14_2 – volume: 90 start-page: 1981 year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_1_17_2 article-title: Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection: changes in the last 14 years publication-title: Am. J. Gastroenterol. – volume: 32 start-page: 65 year: 1985 ident: e_1_2_1_21_2 article-title: Combined passive and active immunization for interruption of prenatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Taiwan publication-title: Hepatogastroenterology – ident: e_1_2_1_9_2 doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890200306 – ident: e_1_2_1_5_2 doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-4-437 – ident: e_1_2_1_11_2 doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90453-0 – reference: 9430040 - J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Nov;12(11):745-6 |
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Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study... Superinfection of hepatitis D virus (HDV) among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is mainly through heterosexual contact in Taiwan. This study investigated the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Analysis. Health state Biological and medical sciences Epidemiology Female General aspects Hepatitis B - epidemiology Hepatitis B - transmission hepatitis B virus Hepatitis D - epidemiology Hepatitis D - transmission hepatitis D virus Humans Male Medical sciences Middle Aged prevalence Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Retrospective Studies Risk Factors Sex Work Sexually Transmitted Diseases - epidemiology Sexually Transmitted Diseases - virology superinfection Taiwan - epidemiology Time Tropical medicine |
| Title | Decreasing hepatitis D virus infection in Taiwan: An analysis of contributory factors |
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