Verbal Inflection, Feature Inheritance, and the Loss of Null Subjects in Middle English
This paper investigates how null subjects, generally termed pro in the literature, were licensed and lost historically in English, with special emphasis on the role of verbal inflectional morphology. It is revealed through a corpus search that pro was licensed as a null topic in Old English and Earl...
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| Published in | Interdisciplinary Information Sciences Vol. 20; no. 2; pp. 103 - 120 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Sendai
The Editorial Committee of the Interdisciplinary Information Sciences
01.01.2014
東北大学 Tohoku University Japan Science and Technology Agency |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1340-9050 1347-6157 |
| DOI | 10.4036/iis.2014.103 |
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| Abstract | This paper investigates how null subjects, generally termed pro in the literature, were licensed and lost historically in English, with special emphasis on the role of verbal inflectional morphology. It is revealed through a corpus search that pro was licensed as a null topic in Old English and Early Middle English but subsequently lost in Late Middle English. This coincides with the period in which English underwent a drastic typological change, going from a topic-prominent language to a subject-prominent language. In order to relate these simultaneous changes, I maintain that the loss of pro and the typological change to the language both resulted from the shift of φ-features from Top(ic) to Fin(ite) within the hierarchy of fine-grained functional heads in the CP domain à la Rizzi (1997), and that this is ultimately attributable to the decline of verbal inflectional morphology for number agreement. Thus, as far as the analysis advanced in this paper is successful, the changes under discussion present an intriguing case of syntax-morphology interface in the domain of language change, where micro-level morphological attrition finally results in a large-scale typological shift of a language. |
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| AbstractList | This paper investigates how null subjects, generally termed pro in the literature, were licensed and lost historically in English, with special emphasis on the role of verbal inflectional morphology. It is revealed through a corpus search that pro was licensed as a null topic in Old English and Early Middle English but subsequently lost in Late Middle English. This coincides with the period in which English underwent a drastic typological change, going from a topic-prominent language to a subject-prominent language. In order to relate these simultaneous changes, I maintain that the loss of pro and the typological change to the language both resulted from the shift of phi -features from Top(ic) to Fin(ite) within the hierarchy of fine-grained functional heads in the CP domain a la Rizzi (1997), and that this is ultimately attributable to the decline of verbal inflectional morphology for number agreement. Thus, as far as the analysis advanced in this paper is successful, the changes under discussion present an intriguing case of syntax-morphology interface in the domain of language change, where micro-level morphological attrition finally results in a large-scale typological shift of a language. This paper investigates how null subjects, generally termed pro in the literature, were licensed and lost historically in English, with special emphasis on the role of verbal inflectional morphology. It is revealed through a corpus search that pro was licensed as a null topic in Old English and Early Middle English but subsequently lost in Late Middle English. This coincides with the period in which English underwent a drastic typological change, going from a topic-prominent language to a subject-prominent language. In order to relate these simultaneous changes, I maintain that the loss of pro and the typological change to the language both resulted from the shift of φ-features from Top(ic) to Fin(ite) within the hierarchy of fine-grained functional heads in the CP domain à la Rizzi (1997), and that this is ultimately attributable to the decline of verbal inflectional morphology for number agreement. Thus, as far as the analysis advanced in this paper is successful, the changes under discussion present an intriguing case of syntax-morphology interface in the domain of language change, where micro-level morphological attrition finally results in a large-scale typological shift of a language. |
| Author | NAWATA, Hiroyuki |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: NAWATA, Hiroyuki organization: Faculty of Education, Shimane University |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1017/CHOL9780521444200.005 10.1162/ling.2007.38.4.671 10.1007/978-94-011-5420-8_7 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199247455.013.0010 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062787.003.0007 10.1093/oso/9780195171976.003.0004 10.1016/0024-3841(93)90052-X 10.1515/9783110882308 10.1111/1467-9612.00059 10.1075/la.39 10.1023/A:1023669927250 10.1515/9783110883718 10.1007/978-94-009-2540-3_6 10.1075/cilt.202.07hal 10.1007/978-94-009-2540-3_1 10.9793/elsj.26.1_247 10.1093/oso/9780195086324.003.0009 10.1017/CBO9780511612312 10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.563 10.1093/oso/9780195102352.001.0001 10.1017/CBO9780511486326 |
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| References | 2) Berwick, Robert C. and Noam Chomsky (2011) ``The Biolinguistic Program: The Current State of Its Development,'' The Biolinguistic Enterprise: New Perspectives on the Evolution and Nature of the Human Language Faculty, ed. by Anna Maria Di Sciullo and Cedric Boeckx, 19-41, Oxford University Press, New York. 10) Gradon, Pamela, ed. (1866) Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt or Remorse of Conscience, Early English Text Society, Oxford. 8) Fuß, Eric (2005) The Rise of Agreement: A Formal Approach to the Syntax and Grammaticalization of Verbal Inflection, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. 36) Taylor, Ann, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Frank Beths (2003) York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose, Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, York. 22) Kroch, Anthony and Ann Taylor (2000) Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, Second edition, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 6) Embick, David and Rolf Noyer (2007) ``Distributed Morphology and the Syntax-Morphology Interface,'' The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces, ed. by Gillian Ramchand and Charles Reiss, 289-324, Oxford University Press, New York. 30) Rizzi, Luigi (1982) Issues in Italian Syntax, Foris, Dordrecht. 7) Fischer, Olga, Ans van Kemenade, Willem Koopman, and Wim van der Wurff (2000) The Syntax of Early English, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 27) Pintzuk, Susan and Leendert Plug (2001) York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Poetry, Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, York. 1) Anderson, Stephen R. (1982) ``Where's Morphology?,'' Linguistic Inquiry 13, 571-612. 16) Huang, C.-T. James (1989) ``Pro-Drop in Chinese: A Generalized Control Theory,'' The Null Subject Parameter, ed. by Osvaldo Jaeggli and Kenneth J. Safir, 185-214, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 24) Nawata, Hiroyuki (2012) ``Koeigo, Chueigo ni okeru ``Kushugo'' no Ninka to Shoshitsu: Wadai Takuritsu Gengo kara Shugo Takuritsu Gengo e (On the Licensing and the Demise of ``Null Subjects'' in Old and Middle English: From a Topic Prominent Language to a Subject Prominent Language),'' Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shimane University 46, 101-110. 4) Chomsky, Noam (2004) ``Beyond Explanatory Adequacy,'' Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume 3, ed. by Adriana Belletti, 104-131, Oxford University Press, New York. 31) Rizzi, Luigi (1986) ``Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of pro,'' Linguistic Inquiry 17, 501-557. 37) Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1929) ``Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad,'' Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association 14, 104-126. 3) Bobaljik, Jonathan David (2002) ``Realizing Germanic Inflection: Why Morphology Does Not Drive Syntax,'' The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 6, 129-167. 33) Roberts, Ian and Anders Holmberg (2010) ``Introduction: Parameters in Minimalist Theory,'' Parametric Variation: Null Subjects in Minimalist Theory, ed. by Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts, and Michelle Sheehan, 1-57, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 12) Halle, Morris (1997) ``Distributed Morphology: Impoverishment and Fission,'' PF: Papers at the Interface (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 30), ed. by Benjamin Bruening, Yoonjung Kang, and Martha McGinnis, 125-149, MITWPL, Cambridge, MA. 35) Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann (1996) ``Icelandic Finite Verb Agreement,'' Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 57, 1-46. 5) Chomsky, Noam (2008) ``On Phases,'' Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, ed. by Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero, and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta, 133-166, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 23) Nawata, Hiroyuki (2009) ``Clausal Architecture and Inflectional Paradigm: The Case of V2 in the History of English,'' English Linguistics 26, 247-283. 38) Walkden, George (2011) ``Null Arguments in Old English,'' paper presented at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain. 25) Nawata, Hiroyuki (forthcoming) ``Temporal Adverbs and the Downward Shift of Subjects in Middle English: A Pilot Study,'' Studies in Modern English: The Thirtieth Anniversary Publication of the Modern English Association, ed. by the Editorial Board of Studies in Modern English, Eihosha, Tokyo. 13) Halle, Morris and Alec Marantz (1993) ``Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of Inflection,'' The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, ed. by Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, 111-176, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 17) Hulk, Aafke and Ans van Kemenade (1993) ``Subjects, Nominative Case, Agreement and Functional Heads,'' Lingua 89, 181-215. 11) Hahn, Thomas (1999) ``Early Middle English,'' The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, ed. by David Wallace, 61-91, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 18) Hulk, Aafke and Ans van Kemenade (1995) ``Verb Second, Pro-Drop, Functional Projections and Language Change,'' Clause Structure and Language Change, ed. by Adrian Battye and Ian Roberts, 227-256, Oxford University Press, New York. 20) Kayne, Richard S. (2000) Parameters and Universals, Oxford University Press, New York. 28) Rezac, Milan (2003) ``The Fine Structure of Cyclic Agree,'' Syntax 6, 156-182. 32) Rizzi, Luigi (1997) ``The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery,'' Elements of Grammar: Handbook of Generative Syntax, ed. by Liliane Haegeman, 281-337, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 26) Neeleman, Ad and Kriszta Szendrői (2007) ``Radical Pro Drop and the Morphology of Pronouns,'' Linguistic Inquiry 38, 671-714. 9) Gelderen, Elly van (2000) A History of English Reflexive Pronouns: Person, Self, and Interpretability, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. 15) Huang, C.-T. James (1984) ``On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns,'' Linguistic Inquiry 15, 531-574. 19) Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Kenneth J. Safir (1989) ``The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory,'' The Null Subject Parameter, ed. by Osvaldo Jaeggli and Kenneth J. Safir, 1-44, Kluwer, Dordrecht. 29) Richards, Marc D. (2007) ``On Feature Inheritance: An Argument from the Phase Impenetrability Condition,'' Linguistic Inquiry 38, 563-572. 34) Roberts, Ian and Anna Roussou (2003) Syntactic Change: A Minimalist Approach to Grammaticalization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 14) Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott (2003) Grammaticalization, Second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 21) Kemenade, Ans van (1987) Syntactic Case and Morphological Case in the History of English, Foris, Dordrecht. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 10 32 11 33 12 34 13 35 14 36 15 37 16 38 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 32) Rizzi, Luigi (1997) ``The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery,'' Elements of Grammar: Handbook of Generative Syntax, ed. by Liliane Haegeman, 281-337, Kluwer, Dordrecht. – reference: 9) Gelderen, Elly van (2000) A History of English Reflexive Pronouns: Person, Self, and Interpretability, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. – reference: 21) Kemenade, Ans van (1987) Syntactic Case and Morphological Case in the History of English, Foris, Dordrecht. – reference: 31) Rizzi, Luigi (1986) ``Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of pro,'' Linguistic Inquiry 17, 501-557. – reference: 20) Kayne, Richard S. (2000) Parameters and Universals, Oxford University Press, New York. – reference: 14) Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott (2003) Grammaticalization, Second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – reference: 27) Pintzuk, Susan and Leendert Plug (2001) York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Poetry, Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, York. – reference: 33) Roberts, Ian and Anders Holmberg (2010) ``Introduction: Parameters in Minimalist Theory,'' Parametric Variation: Null Subjects in Minimalist Theory, ed. by Theresa Biberauer, Anders Holmberg, Ian Roberts, and Michelle Sheehan, 1-57, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – reference: 23) Nawata, Hiroyuki (2009) ``Clausal Architecture and Inflectional Paradigm: The Case of V2 in the History of English,'' English Linguistics 26, 247-283. – reference: 6) Embick, David and Rolf Noyer (2007) ``Distributed Morphology and the Syntax-Morphology Interface,'' The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces, ed. by Gillian Ramchand and Charles Reiss, 289-324, Oxford University Press, New York. – reference: 17) Hulk, Aafke and Ans van Kemenade (1993) ``Subjects, Nominative Case, Agreement and Functional Heads,'' Lingua 89, 181-215. – reference: 12) Halle, Morris (1997) ``Distributed Morphology: Impoverishment and Fission,'' PF: Papers at the Interface (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 30), ed. by Benjamin Bruening, Yoonjung Kang, and Martha McGinnis, 125-149, MITWPL, Cambridge, MA. – reference: 36) Taylor, Ann, Anthony Warner, Susan Pintzuk, and Frank Beths (2003) York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose, Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, York. – reference: 35) Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann (1996) ``Icelandic Finite Verb Agreement,'' Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 57, 1-46. – reference: 4) Chomsky, Noam (2004) ``Beyond Explanatory Adequacy,'' Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume 3, ed. by Adriana Belletti, 104-131, Oxford University Press, New York. – reference: 7) Fischer, Olga, Ans van Kemenade, Willem Koopman, and Wim van der Wurff (2000) The Syntax of Early English, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – reference: 15) Huang, C.-T. James (1984) ``On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns,'' Linguistic Inquiry 15, 531-574. – reference: 22) Kroch, Anthony and Ann Taylor (2000) Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, Second edition, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. – reference: 30) Rizzi, Luigi (1982) Issues in Italian Syntax, Foris, Dordrecht. – reference: 8) Fuß, Eric (2005) The Rise of Agreement: A Formal Approach to the Syntax and Grammaticalization of Verbal Inflection, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. – reference: 28) Rezac, Milan (2003) ``The Fine Structure of Cyclic Agree,'' Syntax 6, 156-182. – reference: 26) Neeleman, Ad and Kriszta Szendrői (2007) ``Radical Pro Drop and the Morphology of Pronouns,'' Linguistic Inquiry 38, 671-714. – reference: 18) Hulk, Aafke and Ans van Kemenade (1995) ``Verb Second, Pro-Drop, Functional Projections and Language Change,'' Clause Structure and Language Change, ed. by Adrian Battye and Ian Roberts, 227-256, Oxford University Press, New York. – reference: 29) Richards, Marc D. (2007) ``On Feature Inheritance: An Argument from the Phase Impenetrability Condition,'' Linguistic Inquiry 38, 563-572. – reference: 37) Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1929) ``Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad,'' Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association 14, 104-126. – reference: 34) Roberts, Ian and Anna Roussou (2003) Syntactic Change: A Minimalist Approach to Grammaticalization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – reference: 19) Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Kenneth J. Safir (1989) ``The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory,'' The Null Subject Parameter, ed. by Osvaldo Jaeggli and Kenneth J. Safir, 1-44, Kluwer, Dordrecht. – reference: 25) Nawata, Hiroyuki (forthcoming) ``Temporal Adverbs and the Downward Shift of Subjects in Middle English: A Pilot Study,'' Studies in Modern English: The Thirtieth Anniversary Publication of the Modern English Association, ed. by the Editorial Board of Studies in Modern English, Eihosha, Tokyo. – reference: 16) Huang, C.-T. James (1989) ``Pro-Drop in Chinese: A Generalized Control Theory,'' The Null Subject Parameter, ed. by Osvaldo Jaeggli and Kenneth J. Safir, 185-214, Kluwer, Dordrecht. – reference: 24) Nawata, Hiroyuki (2012) ``Koeigo, Chueigo ni okeru ``Kushugo'' no Ninka to Shoshitsu: Wadai Takuritsu Gengo kara Shugo Takuritsu Gengo e (On the Licensing and the Demise of ``Null Subjects'' in Old and Middle English: From a Topic Prominent Language to a Subject Prominent Language),'' Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shimane University 46, 101-110. – reference: 5) Chomsky, Noam (2008) ``On Phases,'' Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, ed. by Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero, and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta, 133-166, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. – reference: 13) Halle, Morris and Alec Marantz (1993) ``Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of Inflection,'' The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, ed. by Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, 111-176, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. – reference: 3) Bobaljik, Jonathan David (2002) ``Realizing Germanic Inflection: Why Morphology Does Not Drive Syntax,'' The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 6, 129-167. – reference: 10) Gradon, Pamela, ed. (1866) Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt or Remorse of Conscience, Early English Text Society, Oxford. – reference: 11) Hahn, Thomas (1999) ``Early Middle English,'' The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, ed. by David Wallace, 61-91, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – reference: 1) Anderson, Stephen R. (1982) ``Where's Morphology?,'' Linguistic Inquiry 13, 571-612. – reference: 2) Berwick, Robert C. and Noam Chomsky (2011) ``The Biolinguistic Program: The Current State of Its Development,'' The Biolinguistic Enterprise: New Perspectives on the Evolution and Nature of the Human Language Faculty, ed. by Anna Maria Di Sciullo and Cedric Boeckx, 19-41, Oxford University Press, New York. – reference: 38) Walkden, George (2011) ``Null Arguments in Old English,'' paper presented at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain. – ident: 2 – ident: 11 doi: 10.1017/CHOL9780521444200.005 – ident: 26 doi: 10.1162/ling.2007.38.4.671 – ident: 32 doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-5420-8_7 – ident: 35 – ident: 37 – ident: 33 – ident: 6 doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199247455.013.0010 – ident: 10 – ident: 5 doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062787.003.0007 – ident: 14 – ident: 31 – ident: 4 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195171976.003.0004 – ident: 24 – ident: 17 doi: 10.1016/0024-3841(93)90052-X – ident: 21 doi: 10.1515/9783110882308 – ident: 28 doi: 10.1111/1467-9612.00059 – ident: 22 – ident: 9 doi: 10.1075/la.39 – ident: 3 doi: 10.1023/A:1023669927250 – ident: 1 – ident: 36 – ident: 30 doi: 10.1515/9783110883718 – ident: 38 – ident: 16 doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-2540-3_6 – ident: 13 – ident: 15 – ident: 12 doi: 10.1075/cilt.202.07hal – ident: 19 doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-2540-3_1 – ident: 23 doi: 10.9793/elsj.26.1_247 – ident: 18 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195086324.003.0009 – ident: 7 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511612312 – ident: 8 – ident: 29 doi: 10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.563 – ident: 27 – ident: 20 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195102352.001.0001 – ident: 25 – ident: 34 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511486326 |
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| Title | Verbal Inflection, Feature Inheritance, and the Loss of Null Subjects in Middle English |
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| ispartofPNX | Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, 2014, Vol.20(2), pp.103-120 |
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