Gender differences in trust and reciprocity: evidence from a large-scale experiment with heterogeneous subjects
This article examines gender differences in an experimental trust game. Recent studies have shown that men trust more and that women are more reciprocal in laboratory experiments. Participants in these studies, however, are typically university students who may not be representative of the entire po...
Saved in:
| Published in | Applied economics Vol. 47; no. 36; pp. 3825 - 3838 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Routledge
02.08.2015
Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | This article examines gender differences in an experimental trust game. Recent studies have shown that men trust more and that women are more reciprocal in laboratory experiments. Participants in these studies, however, are typically university students who may not be representative of the entire population. In this study, we use data from a large-scale experiment with heterogeneous subjects who are representative of the German population. We find that men exhibit not only more trusting behaviour, but also more reciprocating behaviour than women. Moreover, our results are indicative of age-dependent gender differences. For men, we find an inverse U-shaped relationship between age, on the one hand, and both trust and reciprocity, on the other; however, we do not find age effects for women. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This article examines gender differences in an experimental trust game. Recent studies have shown that men trust more and that women are more reciprocal in laboratory experiments. Participants in these studies, however, are typically university students who may not be representative of the entire population. In this study, we use data from a large-scale experiment with heterogeneous subjects who are representative of the German population. We find that men exhibit not only more trusting behaviour, but also more reciprocating behaviour than women. Moreover, our results are indicative of age-dependent gender differences. For men, we find an inverse U-shaped relationship between age, on the one hand, and both trust and reciprocity, on the other; however, we do not find age effects for women. This article examines gender differences in an experimental trust game. Recent studies have shown that men trust more and that women are more reciprocal in laboratory experiments. Participants in these studies, however, are typically university students who may not be representative of the entire population. In this study, we use data from a large-scale experiment with heterogeneous subjects who are representative of the German population. We find that men exhibit not only more trusting behaviour, but also more reciprocating behaviour than women. Moreover, our results are indicative of age-dependent gender differences. For men, we find an inverse U-shaped relationship between age, on the one hand, and both trust and reciprocity, on the other; however, we do not find age effects for women. Reprinted by permission of Routledge, Taylor and Francis Ltd. |
| Author | Dittrich, Marcus |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Marcus surname: Dittrich fullname: Dittrich, Marcus email: marcus.dittrich@wirtschaft.tu-chemnitz.de organization: CESifo |
| BookMark | eNqFkctuFDEQRS0UJCaPT0CyxIZNBz_a_YANKIKAFCkbsrbcdjnxqMceym7C_D1uJmyygFWpSueWbtU9JScxRSDkNWeXnA3sHWNMdkPbXQrGVR3xsfYvyIa3Xde0YpAnZLMyzQq9Iqc5b2vLhew3JF1DdIDUBe8BIVrINERacMmFmugogg17TDaUw3sKP4NbGeox7aihs8F7aLI1M1D4tQcMO4iFPobyQB-gAKZ7iJCWTPMybcGWfE5eejNnuHiqZ-Tuy-fvV1-bm9vrb1efbhrbSlUaBwJ8dWSt6CRzTnZTr7wTysppNINqZTeOXAjvp4Erz1jvuLfSdlxMagAuz8jb497q_ccCuehdyBbm2fzxo3k3SNYP9WEVffMM3aYFY3W3UmJkquV9pdSRsphyRvB6X681eNCc6TUG_TcGvcagn2Koug_PdPWVpoQUC5ow_1f98agO0SfcmceEs9PFHOaEHk20IWv57xW_AbO0o_Q |
| CODEN | APPEBP |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_020_00942_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jbusres_2025_115270 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socec_2022_101853 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_2964871 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jebo_2019_10_008 crossref_primary_10_3390_su11164399 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3123742 crossref_primary_10_1080_00036846_2021_1897735 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2021_745948 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3920755 crossref_primary_10_1111_spc3_12706 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jretconser_2022_103029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socec_2020_101523 crossref_primary_10_1111_1475_679X_12475 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4754767 crossref_primary_10_3389_frai_2021_703504 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socec_2023_102073 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10943_024_02036_1 crossref_primary_10_1590_1808_057x202010800 crossref_primary_10_1080_0144929X_2024_2316284 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jvb_2018_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1590_1982_7849rac2017160152 crossref_primary_10_1093_esr_jcad045 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2024_1382693 crossref_primary_10_5209_reve_69176 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3791421 crossref_primary_10_3724_SP_J_1042_2021_02236 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1257/aer.89.2.386 10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00131-1 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00838.x 10.1111/1468-0297.00609 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X 10.1111/1468-0297.00311 10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1095 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2009.00268.x 10.1016/j.geb.2006.07.006 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00082.x 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.10.006 10.1016/S0899-8256(03)00119-2 10.2307/2118338 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.03.006 10.1257/jel.47.2.448 10.1162/003355300555475 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01408.x 10.1257/000282805775014407 10.1002/j.2325-8012.2007.tb00813.x 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00084-6 10.1016/S0167-2681(96)00854-2 10.1111/ecin.12060 10.1016/j.econlet.2014.01.002 10.2307/2171941 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.06.010 10.1086/250052 10.1257/jep.14.3.159 10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.015 10.1007/s10683-011-9272-x 10.1162/003355300554926 10.1111/1468-0297.00588 10.1016/S0882-6145(01)18006-9 10.1111/jeea.12019 10.1006/game.1995.1027 10.1093/ei/cbj042 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2012.01730.x |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2015 Taylor & Francis 2015 Copyright Taylor & Francis Ltd. 2015 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2015 Taylor & Francis 2015 – notice: Copyright Taylor & Francis Ltd. 2015 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 8BJ FQK JBE |
| DOI | 10.1080/00036846.2015.1019036 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) International Bibliography of the Social Sciences International Bibliography of the Social Sciences |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) |
| DatabaseTitleList | International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Economics |
| EISSN | 1466-4283 |
| EndPage | 3838 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 3694236381 10_1080_00036846_2015_1019036 1019036 |
| Genre | Article Feature |
| GeographicLocations | Germany |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: Germany |
| GroupedDBID | -~X .7I .QK 0BK 0R~ 23M 2DF 3R3 4.4 5GY 5VS 6J9 8VB AABCJ AAGZJ AAMFJ AAMIU AAPUL AATTQ AAZMC ABFIM ABJNI ABLIJ ABLJU ABPEM ABXUL ABXYU ABZLS ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACNCT ACTIO ADAHI ADCVX ADKVQ ADLRE ADMHG ADXPE AECIN AEGXH AEISY AEKEX AEMOZ AEOZL AEZRU AGDLA AGMYJ AGRBW AHDZW AHQJS AIAGR AIJEM AJWEG AKBVH AKVCP ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALQZU AVBZW AWYRJ BEJHT BLEHA BMOTO BOHLJ CCCUG COF CQ1 CS3 DGFLZ DKSSO EBE EBO EBR EBS EBU EJD EMK EOH EPL E~B E~C F5P FD6 G-F H13 HF~ HZ~ H~9 IPNFZ J.O K1G KYCEM L7B M4Z NA5 NW~ O9- OFU P2P PQQKQ QWB RIG RNANH ROSJB RSYQP RWL S-F STATR TAE TBQAZ TDBHL TEK TFH TFL TFW TH9 TN5 TNTFI TRJHH TUROJ U5U UPT UT5 UT9 VAE WH7 ZL0 ~01 ~S~ AAGDL AAHIA AAYXX ADYSH AEFOU AFRVT AIYEW AMPGV CITATION 8BJ FQK JBE TASJS |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-de2efffecc2630dd36b75fd25c3b9a8543699122ffb815f007d1fc3c612b58e13 |
| ISSN | 0003-6846 |
| IngestDate | Wed Jul 30 11:22:49 EDT 2025 Sat Jul 26 02:11:15 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 01:40:42 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:06:02 EDT 2025 Wed Dec 25 09:01:22 EST 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 36 |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c435t-de2efffecc2630dd36b75fd25c3b9a8543699122ffb815f007d1fc3c612b58e13 |
| Notes | SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| PQID | 1682905417 |
| PQPubID | 37902 |
| PageCount | 14 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1683078015 crossref_citationtrail_10_1080_00036846_2015_1019036 crossref_primary_10_1080_00036846_2015_1019036 proquest_journals_1682905417 informaworld_taylorfrancis_310_1080_00036846_2015_1019036 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2015-08-02 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2015-08-02 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 08 year: 2015 text: 2015-08-02 day: 02 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | London |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: London |
| PublicationTitle | Applied economics |
| PublicationYear | 2015 |
| Publisher | Routledge Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Routledge – name: Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| References | CIT0030 CIT0010 CIT0032 CIT0031 CIT0012 CIT0011 CIT0033 Selten R. (CIT0036) 1967 CIT0014 CIT0013 CIT0035 CIT0016 CIT0038 CIT0015 CIT0037 CIT0018 CIT0017 CIT0019 CIT0040 CIT0021 CIT0001 CIT0023 CIT0022 LaPorta R. (CIT0034) 1997; 87 Fehr E. (CIT0020) 2002; 71 Urs F. (CIT0039) 2001; 14 Gächter S. (CIT0025) 2012; 114 CIT0003 CIT0002 CIT0024 CIT0005 CIT0027 CIT0004 CIT0026 CIT0029 CIT0006 Chaudhuri A. (CIT0007) 2007; 73 CIT0028 CIT0009 CIT0008 |
| References_xml | – ident: CIT0011 doi: 10.1257/aer.89.2.386 – ident: CIT0021 doi: 10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00131-1 – ident: CIT0035 doi: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00838.x – ident: CIT0040 doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00609 – ident: CIT0031 doi: 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X – ident: CIT0017 doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00311 – ident: CIT0029 doi: 10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1095 – ident: CIT0006 doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2009.00268.x – volume: 87 start-page: 333 year: 1997 ident: CIT0034 publication-title: American Economic Review – ident: CIT0038 doi: 10.1016/j.geb.2006.07.006 – ident: CIT0015 doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00082.x – ident: CIT0005 doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.10.006 – volume: 14 start-page: 159 year: 2001 ident: CIT0039 publication-title: Journal of Economic Perspectives – ident: CIT0009 doi: 10.1016/S0899-8256(03)00119-2 – ident: CIT0024 doi: 10.2307/2118338 – ident: CIT0002 doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.03.006 – ident: CIT0012 doi: 10.1257/jel.47.2.448 – ident: CIT0033 doi: 10.1162/003355300555475 – ident: CIT0028 doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01408.x – ident: CIT0032 doi: 10.1257/000282805775014407 – volume: 73 start-page: 959 year: 2007 ident: CIT0007 publication-title: Southern Economic Journal doi: 10.1002/j.2325-8012.2007.tb00813.x – ident: CIT0001 doi: 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00084-6 – ident: CIT0016 doi: 10.1016/S0167-2681(96)00854-2 – ident: CIT0013 doi: 10.1111/ecin.12060 – ident: CIT0014 doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2014.01.002 – ident: CIT0023 doi: 10.2307/2171941 – ident: CIT0026 doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2007.06.010 – ident: CIT0019 doi: 10.1086/250052 – ident: CIT0022 doi: 10.1257/jep.14.3.159 – ident: CIT0030 doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.015 – ident: CIT0004 doi: 10.1007/s10683-011-9272-x – ident: CIT0027 doi: 10.1162/003355300554926 – ident: CIT0008 doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00588 – start-page: 136 volume-title: Beiträge zur experimentellen Wirtschaftsforschung year: 1967 ident: CIT0036 – ident: CIT0037 doi: 10.1016/S0882-6145(01)18006-9 – ident: CIT0018 doi: 10.1111/jeea.12019 – ident: CIT0003 doi: 10.1006/game.1995.1027 – volume: 71 start-page: 397 year: 2002 ident: CIT0020 publication-title: Economics Letters – ident: CIT0010 doi: 10.1093/ei/cbj042 – volume: 114 start-page: 1346 year: 2012 ident: CIT0025 publication-title: Scandinavian Journal of Economics doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2012.01730.x |
| SSID | ssj0001237 |
| Score | 2.20317 |
| Snippet | This article examines gender differences in an experimental trust game. Recent studies have shown that men trust more and that women are more reciprocal in... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref informaworld |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 3825 |
| SubjectTerms | Applied economics Experimental psychology Game theory Gender differences Gender differentiation Germany heterogeneous subjects large-scale experiments Reciprocity Social psychology Students Studies Trust Universities |
| Title | Gender differences in trust and reciprocity: evidence from a large-scale experiment with heterogeneous subjects |
| URI | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2015.1019036 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1682905417 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1683078015 |
| Volume | 47 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1La9tAEF6a-JBcStokxK1bttBbUMg-JeUW-sAU2pNDQy5Cu9olhmAHpF766zujXclSa_LoZTGSdyVrPs3Mjr-ZIeRjxhlo_UonqfYqkamDV8pbGErYLCjPrRKYjfz9h55fyW_X6npDyGyzSxpzZn9vzSv5H6nCMZArZsk-Q7L9onAAPoN8YQQJw_gkGYc-cH2Tk0CuOm3TKAJv3NklWiis_I8deGIH0ZBTUp7eIQs8qUFKblDpP4Rmb5Ems4YrO-TI1r8MxmvqoSvb-a8upjZvOtQvGyz7fxtTgew4tMBUS2zjI3UpEp3FGKELGlJqnWCVtqEKDUUzI1TEUCGKLOQ1R-MK--Fsq-LumY4Cr4eUO4WBhfxcbCmU_ZcB62mFrK93GpYpcJkiLrNDJhy2EqALJ5fzzzc_e3sNtjvt-irirC7PCyuwb7ufkQczqm_7jz1vnZTFAXkZdxf0MkDlFXnhVq_JXpd8Xh-SdYAMHUCGLle0hQwFyNABZC5oBxiKgKElHQCGbgBDETB0BBjaAeaIXH39svg0T2LPjcSC49wklePOI5PIci3Oq0pokypfcWWFyctMSaFhR8G59yZjyoOHWTFvhQVH2ajMMXFMdlfrlTshlOXOGKVdzoyUsETuy6yULDWCG-ulmhLZPcfCxoL02BflrnhQjlNy1k-7DxVZHpuQD4VUNG0ozIe-NYV4ZO6sk2gRX_y6YBrZBwp-ypR86E-DWsb_2sr2MeN3wHqC-6fePPd-35L9zcs4I7sAAfcOPN_GvI_Q_QN8SKZ- |
| linkProvider | Library Specific Holdings |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpR3LbtNAcATJoVx4owZaukhcHdiXH70h1MgNaQ8olXJbede7AlHFlexc-Hpm_EgTEMqhF0uWPbve8bx2dh4AH1PBUeqXcZTEQUcq8chSweGlwM2CDsJpSdnIV9dxfqPmK73ayYWhsEraQ4euUEQrq4m5yRk9hMR9aquooOKkyCxN-88M7x_DWGdKpiMYL7_P83wrj1E2J0PfPIIa8nj-N9CehtqrX_qPvG6V0OwZuOHzu9iTX9NNY6fu91-VHR-2vufwtLdR2ZeOqF7AI79-CUdDCnP9CqquAR0buqugrGE_16zN32A4LaOSGaQa0cQ_Z75vXMoolYUV7JaCz6MaicOz-wYDjDzC7AdF51RI1L7a1KzeWHIT1a_hZnax_JpHfeeGyKH51USlFz5QPIoTsfxcljK2iQ6l0E7arEi1kjHapUKEYFOuA9opJQ9OOjS3rE49l29gtK7W_hgYz7y1OvYZt0rhEFko0kLxxEphXVB6Amr4W8b1Zc2pu8at4dvqpx02DWHT9NicwHQLdtfV9TgEkO2Sgmlah0roup8YeQD2ZKAb04uI2vCYzrA1LmUCH7aPkbnpxKZo0UzvoAxGI0K_fcD0Z3CUL68WZnF5_e0dPKFHbQijOIERUoY_RbOqse97vvkDr34U_w |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1NT9wwEB3BIhUuBVpQFygYqdcs2I6dpDdUulo-hSqQerNixxaoaBcpuxd-PTNJvJRWiAOXSFFiO56Mx2P7zRuAb7ngaPUrnWQ6qCTNPA6p4PBS4mJBBeGUpGjki0s9uklPf6uIJqw7WCWtoUNLFNHYahrcD1WIiLiDhkQF500CZilafhZ4vwhLmujwerB0_et0NJqbYzTNWUybR6ViGM9rFb2YoF7Ql_5nrps5aLgKNn59Cz35M5hN7cA9_kPs-K7urcHHzkNlR61KrcOCH3-C5RjAXH-GSZt-jsXcKmhp2N2YNdEbDFtlRJhBEyM6-N-Z79KWMgpkYSW7J-h5UqNqePacXoDRfjC7JWzOBFXaT2Y1q2eWNonqDbgZ_rz-MUq6vA2JQ-drmlRe-EBoFCe0PKwqqW2mQiWUk7Yoc5VKjV6pECHYnKuAXkrFg5MOnS2rcs_lJvTGk7H_AowX3lqlfcFtmmIVRSjzMuWZlcK6kKo-pPFnGdeRmlNujXvD59ynrTQNSdN00uzDYF7soWX1eKtA8bcmmGmznRLa3CdGvlF2J6qN6QxEbbimE2yFXenD_vwxDm06rykbMdM7aIHRhVBb72h-Dz5cHQ_N-cnl2Tas0JMGvyh2oIeK4b-iTzW1u92oeQIuDROj |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gender+differences+in+trust+and+reciprocity%3A+evidence+from+a+large-scale+experiment+with+heterogeneous+subjects&rft.jtitle=Applied+economics&rft.au=Dittrich%2C+Marcus&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft.issn=0003-6846&rft.eissn=1466-4283&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=36&rft.spage=3825&rft.epage=3838&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F00036846.2015.1019036&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1080_00036846_2015_1019036 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0003-6846&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0003-6846&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0003-6846&client=summon |