Remote sensing of water use and water stress in the African savanna ecosystem at local scale – Development and validation of a monitoring tool
Savannas are among the most productive biomes of Africa, where they comprise half of its surface. They support wildlife, livestock, rangelands, crops, and livelihoods, playing an important socioeconomic role in rural areas. These water-limited ecosystems with seasonal water availability are highly s...
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| Published in | Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C Vol. 112; pp. 154 - 164 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English Japanese |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.08.2019
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| Abstract | Savannas are among the most productive biomes of Africa, where they comprise half of its surface. They support wildlife, livestock, rangelands, crops, and livelihoods, playing an important socioeconomic role in rural areas. These water-limited ecosystems with seasonal water availability are highly sensitive to changes in both climate conditions, and in land-use/management practices. Although monitoring programs for African savanna water use have been established in certain areas, most of them are largely restricted to point based measurements or coarse scales, and are not fully capable to provide distributed timely information for planning purposes. In this study we develop a mechanism for monitoring the water used by African savanna from fine scale (meters) to watershed scale, integrating the effects of the water stress. Our hypothesis is that the Ecosystem Stress Index (ESI) is a valuable tool to downscale estimates of actual evapotranspiration at coarse scale, to high resolutions. To monitor savanna water fluxes in a semi-continuous way this study integrates two different ET-estimation approaches: KC-FAO56 model, integrating reflectance-based “crop” coefficients (SPOT 4 & 5 satellites), is used to derive unstressed savanna evapotranspiration (with high spatial resolution), and the two-source surface energy balance model -TSEB, integrating radiometric surface temperature (AATSR satellites) allows the determination of water stress across savannas (ESI, with low spatial resolution). The difference between estimated and observed surface fluxes derived from TSEB (RMSDLE = 53 Wm-2, RMSDH = 50 Wm-2, RMSDRn = 60 Wm-2, RMSDG = 21 Wm-2) were of the same magnitude as the uncertainties derived from the flux measurement system, being sufficiently accurate to be employed in a distributed way and on a more regular basis. The approach of ESI to downscale ET proved to be useful, and errors between estimated and observed daily ET (RMSD 0.6 mmday−1) were consistent with the results of other studies in savanna ecosystems. The modelling framework proposed provided an accurate representation of the natural landscape heterogeneity and local conditions, with the potential of providing information suitable from local to broader scales.
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•The Ecosystem Stress Index is used to downscale estimates of actual evapotranspiration.•The modelling framework integrates KC-FAO56 (VIS/NIR [m]) and TSEB (TIR [km]) models.•TSEB RMSDLE = 53 Wm-2, RMSDH = 50 Wm-2, RMSDRn = 60 Wm-2, RMSDG = 21 Wm-2•RMSD between estimated and observed daily ET was 0.6 mmday−1. |
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| AbstractList | Savannas are among the most productive biomes of Africa, where they comprise half of its surface. They support wildlife, livestock, rangelands, crops, and livelihoods, playing an important socioeconomic role in rural areas. These water-limited ecosystems with seasonal water availability are highly sensitive to changes in both climate conditions, and in land-use/management practices. Although monitoring programs for African savanna water use have been established in certain areas, most of them are largely restricted to point based measurements or coarse scales, and are not fully capable to provide distributed timely information for planning purposes. In this study we develop a mechanism for monitoring the water used by African savanna from fine scale (meters) to watershed scale, integrating the effects of the water stress. Our hypothesis is that the Ecosystem Stress Index (ESI) is a valuable tool to downscale estimates of actual evapotranspiration at coarse scale, to high resolutions. To monitor savanna water fluxes in a semi-continuous way this study integrates two different ET-estimation approaches: KC-FAO56 model, integrating reflectance-based “crop” coefficients (SPOT 4 & 5 satellites), is used to derive unstressed savanna evapotranspiration (with high spatial resolution), and the two-source surface energy balance model -TSEB, integrating radiometric surface temperature (AATSR satellites) allows the determination of water stress across savannas (ESI, with low spatial resolution). The difference between estimated and observed surface fluxes derived from TSEB (RMSDLE = 53 Wm-2, RMSDH = 50 Wm-2, RMSDRn = 60 Wm-2, RMSDG = 21 Wm-2) were of the same magnitude as the uncertainties derived from the flux measurement system, being sufficiently accurate to be employed in a distributed way and on a more regular basis. The approach of ESI to downscale ET proved to be useful, and errors between estimated and observed daily ET (RMSD 0.6 mmday−1) were consistent with the results of other studies in savanna ecosystems. The modelling framework proposed provided an accurate representation of the natural landscape heterogeneity and local conditions, with the potential of providing information suitable from local to broader scales.
[Display omitted]
•The Ecosystem Stress Index is used to downscale estimates of actual evapotranspiration.•The modelling framework integrates KC-FAO56 (VIS/NIR [m]) and TSEB (TIR [km]) models.•TSEB RMSDLE = 53 Wm-2, RMSDH = 50 Wm-2, RMSDRn = 60 Wm-2, RMSDG = 21 Wm-2•RMSD between estimated and observed daily ET was 0.6 mmday−1. |
| Author | González-Dugo, María P. Mudau, Azwitamisi E. Nieto, Hector Hülsmann, Stephan Andreu, Ana Guzinski, Radoslaw Dube, Timothy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ana surname: Andreu fullname: Andreu, Ana email: anandreum@posteo.net organization: IFAPA, Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Apdo. 3092, 14080, Córdoba, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: Timothy orcidid: 0000-0003-3456-8991 surname: Dube fullname: Dube, Timothy organization: Institute for Water Studies, Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: Hector orcidid: 0000-0003-4250-6424 surname: Nieto fullname: Nieto, Hector organization: Institute for Agri-Food Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida (PCiTAL). Parc de Gardeny, Edifici Fruitcentre, 25003, Lleida, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Azwitamisi E. surname: Mudau fullname: Mudau, Azwitamisi E. organization: Global Change and Ecosystem Dynamics Group, Natural Resources and Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa – sequence: 5 givenname: María P. surname: González-Dugo fullname: González-Dugo, María P. organization: IFAPA, Consejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Apdo. 3092, 14080, Córdoba, Spain – sequence: 6 givenname: Radoslaw surname: Guzinski fullname: Guzinski, Radoslaw organization: European Space Agency, ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN), Frascati (Roma), Italy – sequence: 7 givenname: Stephan orcidid: 0000-0002-9569-7626 surname: Hülsmann fullname: Hülsmann, Stephan organization: United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany |
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