Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses
Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the M...
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| Published in | International journal of biological sciences Vol. 16; no. 10; pp. 1686 - 1697 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Australia
Ivyspring International Publisher Pty Ltd
01.01.2020
Ivyspring International Publisher |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV. HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well. Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic. The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known. Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases. Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans. In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission. Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination. The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context. In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted. |
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| AbstractList | Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV. HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well. Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic. The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known. Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases. Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans. In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission. Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination. The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context. In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted. Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV. HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well. Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic. The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known. Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases. Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans. In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission. Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination. The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context. In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted.Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two human CoVs (HCoVs) were known to cause mild illness, such as common cold. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have flipped the coin to reveal how devastating and life-threatening an HCoV infection could be. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in central China at the end of 2019 has thrusted CoVs into the spotlight again and surprised us with its high transmissibility but reduced pathogenicity compared to its sister SARS-CoV. HCoV infection is a zoonosis and understanding the zoonotic origins of HCoVs would serve us well. Most HCoVs originated from bats where they are non-pathogenic. The intermediate reservoir hosts of some HCoVs are also known. Identifying the animal hosts has direct implications in the prevention of human diseases. Investigating CoV-host interactions in animals might also derive important insight on CoV pathogenesis in humans. In this review, we present an overview of the existing knowledge about the seven HCoVs, with a focus on the history of their discovery as well as their zoonotic origins and interspecies transmission. Importantly, we compare and contrast the different HCoVs from a perspective of virus evolution and genome recombination. The current CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is discussed in this context. In addition, the requirements for successful host switches and the implications of virus evolution on disease severity are also highlighted. |
| Author | Yuen, Kit-San Jin, Dong-Yan Ye, Zi-Wei Chan, Chi-Ping Fung, Sin-Yee Yuan, Shuofeng |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 1 Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong – name: 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zi-Wei surname: Ye fullname: Ye, Zi-Wei – sequence: 2 givenname: Shuofeng surname: Yuan fullname: Yuan, Shuofeng – sequence: 3 givenname: Kit-San surname: Yuen fullname: Yuen, Kit-San – sequence: 4 givenname: Sin-Yee surname: Fung fullname: Fung, Sin-Yee – sequence: 5 givenname: Chi-Ping surname: Chan fullname: Chan, Chi-Ping – sequence: 6 givenname: Dong-Yan surname: Jin fullname: Jin, Dong-Yan |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226286$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | COVID-19 animal reservoir bats SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV coronavirus MERS-CoV |
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| Snippet | Mutation and adaptation have driven the co-evolution of coronaviruses (CoVs) and their hosts, including human beings, for thousands of years. Before 2003, two... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Betacoronavirus - isolation & purification Biological evolution China Chiroptera - virology Coevolution Common cold Coronaviridae Coronavirus - classification Coronavirus - isolation & purification Coronavirus Infections Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease Reservoirs - veterinary Disease Reservoirs - virology Disease transmission Epidemics Evolution Evolution, Molecular Genomes Host alternation Host-Pathogen Interactions Humans Middle East respiratory syndrome Mutation Origins Pandemics Pathogenesis Pathogenicity Pathogens Pneumonia, Viral Recombination Respiratory diseases Review Rodentia - virology SARS Virus SARS-CoV-2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Switches Viral diseases Viruses Zoonoses Zoonoses - transmission Zoonoses - virology |
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| Title | Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226286 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2386107392 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2598404727 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2384842853 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7098031 |
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