Identification of California Condor Estrogen Receptors 1 and 2 and Their Activation by Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

Recently, California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) have been reintroduced to coastal regions of California where they feed on marine mammal carcasses. There is evidence that coastal-dwelling condors experience reproductive issues, such as eggshell thinning, likely resulting from exposure to endo...

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Published inEndocrinology (Philadelphia) Vol. 156; no. 12; pp. 4448 - 4457
Main Authors Felton, Rachel G, Steiner, Cynthia C, Durrant, Barbara S, Keisler, Duane H, Milnes, Matthew R, Tubbs, Christopher W
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Endocrine Society 01.12.2015
Oxford University Press
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Abstract Recently, California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) have been reintroduced to coastal regions of California where they feed on marine mammal carcasses. There is evidence that coastal-dwelling condors experience reproductive issues, such as eggshell thinning, likely resulting from exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). To address this problem, we have identified and cloned condor estrogen receptors (ESRs) 1 and 2 and characterized their activation by EDCs present in the coastal habitats where condors reside. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites all activated ESR1 and ESR2, although their relative potency differed between the receptors. Bisphenol A, dieldrin, trans-nonachlor, and polychlorinated biphenyl 52 (PCB52) moderately activated both ESRs, whereas PCB138 and PCB153 stimulated little to no activation. Overall, EDC activation of condor ESR2, which is the first ESR2 cloned from a raptor species, was greater than that of ESR1. Significant activation of both condor ESRs by EDCs occurred at high concentrations (≥1μM), which are within the range of plasma levels of certain EDCs (eg, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p'p-DDE]) in coastal-dwelling condors. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of ESRs of 41 avian species identified a single amino acid position in ESR2 under positive selection. Mutation of this amino acid affected receptor activation by EDCs, suggesting the identity of this amino acid may influence EDC sensitivity of avian species. Together, these findings broaden our understanding of EDC interactions with ESRs in avian species. For condors specifically, these data could be used to evaluate EDC exposure risk at future release sites to identify those least likely to compromise the continued recovery of this species.
AbstractList Recently, California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) have been reintroduced to coastal regions of California where they feed on marine mammal carcasses. There is evidence that coastal-dwelling condors experience reproductive issues, such as eggshell thinning, likely resulting from exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). To address this problem, we have identified and cloned condor estrogen receptors (ESRs) 1 and 2 and characterized their activation by EDCs present in the coastal habitats where condors reside. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites all activated ESR1 and ESR2, although their relative potency differed between the receptors. Bisphenol A, dieldrin, trans-nonachlor, and polychlorinated biphenyl 52 (PCB52) moderately activated both ESRs, whereas PCB138 and PCB153 stimulated little to no activation. Overall, EDC activation of condor ESR2, which is the first ESR2 cloned from a raptor species, was greater than that of ESR1. Significant activation of both condor ESRs by EDCs occurred at high concentrations (≥1μM), which are within the range of plasma levels of certain EDCs (eg, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p'p-DDE]) in coastal-dwelling condors. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of ESRs of 41 avian species identified a single amino acid position in ESR2 under positive selection. Mutation of this amino acid affected receptor activation by EDCs, suggesting the identity of this amino acid may influence EDC sensitivity of avian species. Together, these findings broaden our understanding of EDC interactions with ESRs in avian species. For condors specifically, these data could be used to evaluate EDC exposure risk at future release sites to identify those least likely to compromise the continued recovery of this species.
Author Durrant, Barbara S
Milnes, Matthew R
Steiner, Cynthia C
Keisler, Duane H
Tubbs, Christopher W
Felton, Rachel G
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Snippet Recently, California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) have been reintroduced to coastal regions of California where they feed on marine mammal carcasses....
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StartPage 4448
SubjectTerms Amino acids
Animals
Benzhydryl Compounds - pharmacology
Birds - genetics
Bisphenol A
California
Coastal ecology
Coastal zone
Data recovery
DDE
DDT
DDT - pharmacology
Dieldrin
Dieldrin - pharmacology
Disruption
Egg shells
Endocrine disruptors
Endocrine Disruptors - pharmacology
Environmental Pollutants - pharmacology
Estrogen Receptor alpha - drug effects
Estrogen Receptor alpha - genetics
Estrogen Receptor beta - drug effects
Estrogen Receptor beta - genetics
Estrogen receptors
Estrogens
Gymnogyps californianus
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - pharmacology
Insecticides
Marine chemistry
Marine mammals
Metabolites
Mutation
Nitrous oxide
PCB
Pesticides
Phenols - pharmacology
Phylogeny
Plasma levels
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polychlorinated Biphenyls - pharmacology
Positive selection
Raptors - genetics
Receptor mechanisms
Receptors
Species
Title Identification of California Condor Estrogen Receptors 1 and 2 and Their Activation by Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
URI http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1448
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26372180
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3130638635
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1735331784
Volume 156
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