Damping and Coupling of Long-Period Hydromagnetic Waves by the Ionosphere
The theory that long-period geomagnetic pulsations are due to hydromagnetic waves resonating in a magnetosphere bounded by an anisotropically conducting ionosphere, insulating atmosphere, and conducting earth, is reviewed. The history of the subject is outlined, covering the effects of the ionospher...
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| Published in | Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity Vol. 32; no. Supplement2; pp. SII129 - SII139 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences
1980
|
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0022-1392 2185-5765 |
| DOI | 10.5636/jgg.32.Supplement2_SII129 |
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| Abstract | The theory that long-period geomagnetic pulsations are due to hydromagnetic waves resonating in a magnetosphere bounded by an anisotropically conducting ionosphere, insulating atmosphere, and conducting earth, is reviewed. The history of the subject is outlined, covering the effects of the ionospheric boundary on: pulsations seen at ground level and in the ionosphere (ionospheric screening, 90° rotation of polarisation, attenuation of short wavelengths, mode coupling via Hall conductance); and wave systems above the ionosphere (wave-boundary impedance matching, damping, phase variation along the geomagnetic field, and allowed resonances). Coupling of non-axisymmetric modes within the magnetosphere is also mentioned, and a summary of the present picture given, with suggestions for future work. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The theory that long-period geomagnetic pulsations are due to hydromagnetic waves resonating in a magnetosphere bounded by an anisotropically conducting ionosphere, insulating atmosphere, and conducting earth, is reviewed. The history of the subject is outlined, covering the effects of the ionospheric boundary on: pulsations seen at ground level and in the ionosphere (ionospheric screening, 90° rotation of polarisation, attenuation of short wavelengths, mode coupling via Hall conductance); and wave systems above the ionosphere (wave-boundary impedance matching, damping, phase variation along the geomagnetic field, and allowed resonances). Coupling of non-axisymmetric modes within the magnetosphere is also mentioned, and a summary of the present picture given, with suggestions for future work. |
| Author | ALLAN, W. KNOX, F. B. |
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| References | DAVYDOV, V. M. and L. F. SNEGUROVA, Influence of the lower layers of the ionosphere and of the earth on the field of three-dimensional Alfvén waves, Geomagn. Aeron., 10, 710-713, 1970 (English transl.). GREEN, C. A., Meridional characteristics of a Pc 4 micropulsation event in the plasmasphere, Planet. Space Sc., 26, 955-967, 1978. MALLINCKRODT, A. J. and C. W. CARLSON, Relations between transverse electric fields and field-aligned currents, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1426-1432, 1978. BEAMISH, D., H. W. HANSON, and D. C. WEBB, Complex demodulation applied to Pi2 geomagnetic pulsations, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., 58, 471-493, 1979. HASEGAWA, A. and L. J. LANZEROTTI, On the orientation of hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.,16, 263-266, 1978. CUMMINGS, W. D., S. E. DEFOREST, and R. L. MCPHERRON, Measurements of the Poynting vector of standing hydromagnetic waves at geosynchronous orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 697-706, 1978. HUGHES, W. J. and D. J. SOUTHWOOD, The screening of micropulsation signals by the atmosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3234-3240, 1976a. WALKER, A. D. M., R. A. GREENWALD, W. F. STUART, and C. A. GREEN, STARE auroral radar observations of Pc 5 geomagnetic pulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3373-3388, 1979. RADOSKI, H. R., A note on oscillating field lines, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 418-419, 1967. CRAVEN, A. H. and J. A. LAWRIE, The effect of the lower ionosphere on hydromagnetic modes in the plasmasphere, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 211-213, 1979. MIER-JEDRZEJOWICZ, W. A. C. and D. J. SOUTHWOOD, The east-west structure of mid-latitude geomagnetic pulsations in the 8-25mHz band, Planet. Space Sc., 27, 617-630, 1979. WARNER, M. R. and D. ORR, Time of flight calculations for high latitude geomagnetic pulsations, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 679-689, 1979. INOUE, Y., Wave polarizations of geomagnetic pulsations observed in high latitudes on the earth's surface, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 2959-2976, 1973. MAL'TSEV, Yu. P., S. V. LEONT'YEV, and V. B. LYATSKY, Pi-2 pulsations as a result of evolution of an Alfvén impulse originating in the ionosphere during a brightening of aurora, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 1519-1533, 1974b. HUGHES, W. J., The effect of the atmosphere and ionosphere on long period magnetospheric micropulsations, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 1157-1172, 1974. UNWIN, R. S. and KNOX, F. B., Radio aurora and electric fields, Radio Sci., 6, 1061-1077, 1971. ALLAN, W. and KNOX, F. B., A dipole field model for axisymmetric Alfvén waves with finite ionosphere conductivities, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 79-85, 1979a (see also “Erratum”, Planet. Space Sci., p. 1045). FUKUNISHI, H., L. J. LANZEROTTI, and C. G. MACLENNAN., Three-dimensional polarization characteristics of magnetic variations in the Pc 5 frequency range at conjugate areas near L=4, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3973-3984, 1975. KOKUBUN, S., R. L. MCPHERRON, and C. T. RUSSELL, Ogo 5 observations of Pc 5 waves: ground-magnetosphere correlations, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5141-5149, 1976. LANZEROTTI, L. J., C. G. MACLENNAN, and H. FUKUNISHI, ULF geomagnetic power near L=4, 5: Crosspower spectral studies of geomagnetic variations 2-27 mHz in conjugate areas, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3299-3315, 1976. VAN'YAN, L. L. and M. B. GOKHBERG, Excitation of magnetospheric resonators, Geomagn. Aeron., 12, 435-440, 1972 (English transl.). ALLAN, W. and KNOX, F. B., Interpretation of an ATS 6 Alfvén wave using solutions with finite ionosphere conductivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 849-852, 1978. FUKUNISHI, H, and L. J. LANZEROTTI, ULF pulsation evidence of the plasmapause 2. Polarization studies of Pc 3 and Pc 4 pulsations near L=4 and at a latitude network in the conjugate region, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4632-4647, 1974. ROSTOKER, G. and H. -L. LAM, A generation mechanism for Pc5 micropulsations in the morning sector, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 493-505, 1978. NISHIDA, A., Ionospheric screening effect and storm sudden commencement, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 1861-1874, 1964. ANDREWS, M. K., Magnetic pulsation behaviour in the magnetosphere inferred from whistler mode signals, Planet. Space Sci., 25, 957-966, 1977. HUGHES, W. J., R. L. MCPHERRON, and J. N. BARFIELD, Geomagnetic pulsations observed simultaneously on three geostationary satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1109-1116, 1978. RIETVELD, M. T., R. L. DOWDEN, and L. E. S. AMON, Micropulsations observed by whistler-mode transmissions, Nature, 276, 165-167, 1978. MAL'TSEV, Yu. P. and S. V. LEONT'YEV, Ionospheric conductivity and attenuation of Pi2 pulsations, Geomagn. Aeron., 17, 95-96, 1977 (English transl.). VAN'YAN, L. L. and L. A. ABRAMOV, Propagation of low-frequency hydromagnetic waves, guided by the geomagnetic field, through a gyrotropic ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron., 9, 620-621, 1969b (English transl.). ALLAN, W. and KNOX, F. B., The effect of finite ionosphere conductivities on axisymmetric toroidal Alfvén wave resonances, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 939-950, 1979b. DUNGEY, J. W., Electrodynamics of the outer atmosphere, Scientific Report No. 69, Pennsylvania State University, U. S. A., 1954. DUNGEY, J. W., Cosmic Electrodynamics, pp. 169-172, Cambridge University Press, 1958. BARFIELD, J. N., N. M. BONDARENKO, A. M. BULOSHNIKOV, M. B. GOKHBERG, A. L. KALISHER, R. L. MCPHERRON, and V. A. TROITSKAYA, Synchronous observations of long-period geomagnetic pulsations on the ATS 6 satellite and at the surface of the earth, Geomagn. Aeron., 17, 596-599, 1977 (English transl.). VAN'YAN, L. L. and L. A. ABRAMOV, Propagation of hydromagnetic waves, guided by the magnetic field, through the lower layers of the ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron., 9, 121-122, 1969a (English transl.). NEWTON, R. S., D. J. SOUTHWOOD, and W. J. HUGHES, Damping of geomagnetic pulsations by the ionosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 201-209, 1978. ANDREWS, M. K., L. J. LANZEROTTI, and C. G. MACLENNAN, Rotation of hydromagnetic waves between magnetosphere and ground, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 7267-7270, 1979. ARTHUR, C. W., R. L. MCPHERRON, and W. J. HUGHES, A statistical study of Pc3 magnetic pulsations at synchronous orbit, ATS 6, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1149-1157, 1977. CRAVEN, A. H. and J. A. LAWRIE, A simple mechanical analogy to illustrate a latitude phase effect in mid-latitude micropulsations, Planet. Space Sci., 24, 612-613, 1976. MCDIARMID, D. R., Comment on “A generation mechanism for Pc 5 micropulsations in the morning sector” by Gordon Rostoker and Hing-Lan Lam, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 1123-1125, 1979. MAL'TSEV, Yu. P., Boundary condition for Alfvén waves at the ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron.,17, 677-679, 1977 (English transl.). SAMSON, J. C., J. A. JACOBS, and G. ROSTOKER, Latitude-dependent characteristics of long-period geomagnetic micropulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3675-3683, 1971. SOUTHWOOD, D. J. and W. J. HUGHES, Source induced vertical components in geomagnetic pulsation signals, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 715-720, 1978. VAN'YAN, L. L. and L. A. ABRAMOV, Influence of the inclination of geomagnetic lines of force on the propagation of guided hydromagnetic waves in the lower ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron., 9, 733-735, 1969 (English transl.). VAN'YAN, L. L., M. B. GOKHBERG, and L. A. ABRAMOV, Influence of the lower ionosphere on the propagation of hydromagnetic waves directed by the geomagnetic field, Geomagn. Aeron., 10, 565-568,1970 (English transl.). MAL'TSEV, Yu. P., V. B. LYATSKY, and A. M. LYATSKAYA, Currents over the auroral arc, Planet. Space Sci., 25, 53-57, 1977. HUGHES, W. J. and D. J. SOUTHWOOD, An illustration of modification of geomagnetic pulsation structure by the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3241-3247, 1976b. STUART, W. F., P. M. BRETT, and T. J. HARRIS, Mid-latitude secondary resonance in Pi 2's, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 41, 65-75, 1979. DUNGEY, J. W., Hydromagnetic waves and the ionosphere, Proc. Int. Conference on the Ionosphere, pp. 230-232, Inst. Physics, London, 1963. VAN'YAN, L. L. and A. A. KOZHEVNIKOV, Effect of the geomagnetic field inclination on the reflection from the ionosphere of guided hydromagnetic waves, Geomagn. Aeron., 14, 256-261, 1974 (English transl.). MAL'TSEV, Yu. P., S. V. LEONT'YEV, and V. B. LYATSKY, Generation and natural frequencies of Pi 2 pulsations, Geomagn. Aeron., 14, 101-107, 1974a (English transl.). ARYKOV, A. A. and Yu. P. MAL'TSEV, Artificial oscillations of geomagnetic field line, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 463-471, 1979. HANSON, H. W., D. C. WEBB, and D. BEAMISH, A high resolution study of continuous pulsations in the European sector, Planet. Space Sc., 27, 1371-1382, 1979. HRUŠKA, A., The magnetodynamic toroidal waves, Planet. Space Sci., 16, 1305-1309, 1968. MACLENNAN, C. G., L. J. LANZEROTTI, A. HASEGAWA, E. A. BERING III, J. R. BENBROOK, W. R. SHELDON, T. J. ROSENBERG, and D. L. MATTHEWS, On the relationship of -3mHz (Pc5) electric, magnetic and particle variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 403-406, 1978. GREEN, C. A. and R. A. HAMILTON, Polarization characteristics and phase differences of Pi2 pulsations at conjugate stations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 40, 1223-1228, 1978. DAVYDOV, V. M., Effect of the time-dependence of the lower ionosphere on the parameters of the magnetospheric resonator, Geomagn. Aeron., 16, 156-159, 1976 (English transl.). SINGER, H. J., C. T. RUSSELL, M. G. KIVELSON, T. A. FRITZ, and W. LENNARTSON, Satellite observations of the spatial extent and structure of Pc3, 4, 5 pulsations near the magnetospheric equator, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 889-892, 1979. |
| References_xml | – reference: HUGHES, W. J., The effect of the atmosphere and ionosphere on long period magnetospheric micropulsations, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 1157-1172, 1974. – reference: VAN'YAN, L. L. and M. B. GOKHBERG, Excitation of magnetospheric resonators, Geomagn. Aeron., 12, 435-440, 1972 (English transl.). – reference: CRAVEN, A. H. and J. A. LAWRIE, The effect of the lower ionosphere on hydromagnetic modes in the plasmasphere, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 211-213, 1979. – reference: ALLAN, W. and KNOX, F. B., Interpretation of an ATS 6 Alfvén wave using solutions with finite ionosphere conductivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 849-852, 1978. – reference: GREEN, C. A., Meridional characteristics of a Pc 4 micropulsation event in the plasmasphere, Planet. Space Sc., 26, 955-967, 1978. – reference: ARYKOV, A. A. and Yu. P. MAL'TSEV, Artificial oscillations of geomagnetic field line, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 463-471, 1979. – reference: RADOSKI, H. R., A note on oscillating field lines, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 418-419, 1967. – reference: MAL'TSEV, Yu. P., S. V. LEONT'YEV, and V. B. LYATSKY, Pi-2 pulsations as a result of evolution of an Alfvén impulse originating in the ionosphere during a brightening of aurora, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 1519-1533, 1974b. – reference: SOUTHWOOD, D. J. and W. J. HUGHES, Source induced vertical components in geomagnetic pulsation signals, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 715-720, 1978. – reference: VAN'YAN, L. L. and L. A. ABRAMOV, Propagation of hydromagnetic waves, guided by the magnetic field, through the lower layers of the ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron., 9, 121-122, 1969a (English transl.). – reference: MALLINCKRODT, A. J. and C. W. CARLSON, Relations between transverse electric fields and field-aligned currents, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1426-1432, 1978. – reference: HUGHES, W. J. and D. J. SOUTHWOOD, The screening of micropulsation signals by the atmosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3234-3240, 1976a. – reference: BARFIELD, J. N., N. M. BONDARENKO, A. M. BULOSHNIKOV, M. B. GOKHBERG, A. L. KALISHER, R. L. MCPHERRON, and V. A. TROITSKAYA, Synchronous observations of long-period geomagnetic pulsations on the ATS 6 satellite and at the surface of the earth, Geomagn. Aeron., 17, 596-599, 1977 (English transl.). – reference: FUKUNISHI, H, and L. J. LANZEROTTI, ULF pulsation evidence of the plasmapause 2. Polarization studies of Pc 3 and Pc 4 pulsations near L=4 and at a latitude network in the conjugate region, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4632-4647, 1974. – reference: KOKUBUN, S., R. L. MCPHERRON, and C. T. RUSSELL, Ogo 5 observations of Pc 5 waves: ground-magnetosphere correlations, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5141-5149, 1976. – reference: MCDIARMID, D. R., Comment on “A generation mechanism for Pc 5 micropulsations in the morning sector” by Gordon Rostoker and Hing-Lan Lam, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 1123-1125, 1979. – reference: ANDREWS, M. K., Magnetic pulsation behaviour in the magnetosphere inferred from whistler mode signals, Planet. Space Sci., 25, 957-966, 1977. – reference: CRAVEN, A. H. and J. A. LAWRIE, A simple mechanical analogy to illustrate a latitude phase effect in mid-latitude micropulsations, Planet. Space Sci., 24, 612-613, 1976. – reference: VAN'YAN, L. L. and L. A. ABRAMOV, Influence of the inclination of geomagnetic lines of force on the propagation of guided hydromagnetic waves in the lower ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron., 9, 733-735, 1969 (English transl.). – reference: GREEN, C. A. and R. A. HAMILTON, Polarization characteristics and phase differences of Pi2 pulsations at conjugate stations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 40, 1223-1228, 1978. – reference: NISHIDA, A., Ionospheric screening effect and storm sudden commencement, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 1861-1874, 1964. – reference: HUGHES, W. J., R. L. MCPHERRON, and J. N. BARFIELD, Geomagnetic pulsations observed simultaneously on three geostationary satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1109-1116, 1978. – reference: DAVYDOV, V. M., Effect of the time-dependence of the lower ionosphere on the parameters of the magnetospheric resonator, Geomagn. Aeron., 16, 156-159, 1976 (English transl.). – reference: DUNGEY, J. W., Cosmic Electrodynamics, pp. 169-172, Cambridge University Press, 1958. – reference: ALLAN, W. and KNOX, F. B., The effect of finite ionosphere conductivities on axisymmetric toroidal Alfvén wave resonances, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 939-950, 1979b. – reference: MIER-JEDRZEJOWICZ, W. A. C. and D. J. SOUTHWOOD, The east-west structure of mid-latitude geomagnetic pulsations in the 8-25mHz band, Planet. Space Sc., 27, 617-630, 1979. – reference: LANZEROTTI, L. J., C. G. MACLENNAN, and H. FUKUNISHI, ULF geomagnetic power near L=4, 5: Crosspower spectral studies of geomagnetic variations 2-27 mHz in conjugate areas, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3299-3315, 1976. – reference: RIETVELD, M. T., R. L. DOWDEN, and L. E. S. AMON, Micropulsations observed by whistler-mode transmissions, Nature, 276, 165-167, 1978. – reference: SAMSON, J. C., J. A. JACOBS, and G. ROSTOKER, Latitude-dependent characteristics of long-period geomagnetic micropulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3675-3683, 1971. – reference: HANSON, H. W., D. C. WEBB, and D. BEAMISH, A high resolution study of continuous pulsations in the European sector, Planet. Space Sc., 27, 1371-1382, 1979. – reference: HASEGAWA, A. and L. J. LANZEROTTI, On the orientation of hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.,16, 263-266, 1978. – reference: VAN'YAN, L. L., M. B. GOKHBERG, and L. A. ABRAMOV, Influence of the lower ionosphere on the propagation of hydromagnetic waves directed by the geomagnetic field, Geomagn. Aeron., 10, 565-568,1970 (English transl.). – reference: MAL'TSEV, Yu. P., Boundary condition for Alfvén waves at the ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron.,17, 677-679, 1977 (English transl.). – reference: HUGHES, W. J. and D. J. SOUTHWOOD, An illustration of modification of geomagnetic pulsation structure by the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3241-3247, 1976b. – reference: MAL'TSEV, Yu. P. and S. V. LEONT'YEV, Ionospheric conductivity and attenuation of Pi2 pulsations, Geomagn. Aeron., 17, 95-96, 1977 (English transl.). – reference: BEAMISH, D., H. W. HANSON, and D. C. WEBB, Complex demodulation applied to Pi2 geomagnetic pulsations, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., 58, 471-493, 1979. – reference: HRUŠKA, A., The magnetodynamic toroidal waves, Planet. Space Sci., 16, 1305-1309, 1968. – reference: STUART, W. F., P. M. BRETT, and T. J. HARRIS, Mid-latitude secondary resonance in Pi 2's, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 41, 65-75, 1979. – reference: NEWTON, R. S., D. J. SOUTHWOOD, and W. J. HUGHES, Damping of geomagnetic pulsations by the ionosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 201-209, 1978. – reference: FUKUNISHI, H., L. J. LANZEROTTI, and C. G. MACLENNAN., Three-dimensional polarization characteristics of magnetic variations in the Pc 5 frequency range at conjugate areas near L=4, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3973-3984, 1975. – reference: DUNGEY, J. W., Electrodynamics of the outer atmosphere, Scientific Report No. 69, Pennsylvania State University, U. S. A., 1954. – reference: ALLAN, W. and KNOX, F. B., A dipole field model for axisymmetric Alfvén waves with finite ionosphere conductivities, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 79-85, 1979a (see also “Erratum”, Planet. Space Sci., p. 1045). – reference: ARTHUR, C. W., R. L. MCPHERRON, and W. J. HUGHES, A statistical study of Pc3 magnetic pulsations at synchronous orbit, ATS 6, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1149-1157, 1977. – reference: MACLENNAN, C. G., L. J. LANZEROTTI, A. HASEGAWA, E. A. BERING III, J. R. BENBROOK, W. R. SHELDON, T. J. ROSENBERG, and D. L. MATTHEWS, On the relationship of -3mHz (Pc5) electric, magnetic and particle variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 403-406, 1978. – reference: ROSTOKER, G. and H. -L. LAM, A generation mechanism for Pc5 micropulsations in the morning sector, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 493-505, 1978. – reference: ANDREWS, M. K., L. J. LANZEROTTI, and C. G. MACLENNAN, Rotation of hydromagnetic waves between magnetosphere and ground, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 7267-7270, 1979. – reference: CUMMINGS, W. D., S. E. DEFOREST, and R. L. MCPHERRON, Measurements of the Poynting vector of standing hydromagnetic waves at geosynchronous orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 697-706, 1978. – reference: UNWIN, R. S. and KNOX, F. B., Radio aurora and electric fields, Radio Sci., 6, 1061-1077, 1971. – reference: VAN'YAN, L. L. and L. A. ABRAMOV, Propagation of low-frequency hydromagnetic waves, guided by the geomagnetic field, through a gyrotropic ionosphere, Geomagn. Aeron., 9, 620-621, 1969b (English transl.). – reference: WARNER, M. R. and D. ORR, Time of flight calculations for high latitude geomagnetic pulsations, Planet. Space Sci., 27, 679-689, 1979. – reference: DAVYDOV, V. M. and L. F. SNEGUROVA, Influence of the lower layers of the ionosphere and of the earth on the field of three-dimensional Alfvén waves, Geomagn. Aeron., 10, 710-713, 1970 (English transl.). – reference: WALKER, A. D. M., R. A. GREENWALD, W. F. STUART, and C. A. GREEN, STARE auroral radar observations of Pc 5 geomagnetic pulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3373-3388, 1979. – reference: DUNGEY, J. W., Hydromagnetic waves and the ionosphere, Proc. Int. Conference on the Ionosphere, pp. 230-232, Inst. Physics, London, 1963. – reference: INOUE, Y., Wave polarizations of geomagnetic pulsations observed in high latitudes on the earth's surface, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 2959-2976, 1973. – reference: VAN'YAN, L. L. and A. A. 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| Title | Damping and Coupling of Long-Period Hydromagnetic Waves by the Ionosphere |
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