Forest structure and composition alleviate human thermal stress

Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest...

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Published inGlobal change biology Vol. 28; no. 24; pp. 7340 - 7352
Main Authors Gillerot, Loïc, Landuyt, Dries, Oh, Rachel, Chow, Winston, Haluza, Daniela, Ponette, Quentin, Jactel, Hervé, Bruelheide, Helge, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael, De Frenne, Pieter, Muys, Bart, Verheyen, Kris
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2022
Wiley
Subjects
Buffers
Canopies
Canopy
canopy height
Climate change
cold
Community composition
Composition
Cooling
Dr. Forest
Environmental Sciences
evergreen trees
Extreme cold
Extreme heat
Forest management
forest microclimate
Forests
Hazard mitigation
Health hazards
Heat
heat mitigation
Heat stress
Heat tolerance
human health
humans
Microclimate
nature‐based solution
physiologically equivalent temperature
Plant cover
Plant diversity
Plant species
Species composition
Species diversity
stand density
Stand structure
temperature
Temperature effects
Temperature perception
thermal comfort
Thermal stress
Urban forests
heat stress
heat mitigation
nature-based solution
Forest
physiologically equivalent temperature
forest microclimate
thermal comfort
Dr
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Abstract Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest plots across four European countries and compare these to open‐field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to reflect human thermal perception. Forests slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35°C), where forests reduced strong to extreme heat stress day occurrence by 84.1%. Mature forests cooled the microclimate by 12.1 to 14.5°C PET under, respectively, strong and extreme heat stress conditions. Even young plantations reduced those conditions by 10°C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated the buffering capacity, which was enhanced by increasing stand density, canopy height and canopy closure. Tree species composition had a more modest yet significant influence: that is, strongly shade‐casting, small‐leaved evergreen species amplified cooling. Tree diversity had little direct influences, though indirect effects through stand structure remain possible. Forests in general, both young and mature, are thus strong thermal stress reducers, but their cooling potential can be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) forest management that considers these new insights. Young forest plantations but especially mature stands have a cooling capacity that strongly increases the hotter it becomes, with forest microclimates getting well over 10°C cooler when temperatures become a potential health hazard for humans. Yet, targeted forest management can even further enhance this heat stress mitigation by adapting stand structure in the first place, and tweaking the species composition in the second place. The tree diversity seems of little direct importance, although it likely has beneficial long‐term effects that were not studied here.
AbstractList Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest plots across four European countries and compare these to open‐field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to reflect human thermal perception. Forests slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35°C), where forests reduced strong to extreme heat stress day occurrence by 84.1%. Mature forests cooled the microclimate by 12.1 to 14.5°C PET under, respectively, strong and extreme heat stress conditions. Even young plantations reduced those conditions by 10°C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated the buffering capacity, which was enhanced by increasing stand density, canopy height and canopy closure. Tree species composition had a more modest yet significant influence: that is, strongly shade‐casting, small‐leaved evergreen species amplified cooling. Tree diversity had little direct influences, though indirect effects through stand structure remain possible. Forests in general, both young and mature, are thus strong thermal stress reducers, but their cooling potential can be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) forest management that considers these new insights.
Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest plots across four European countries and compare these to open‐field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to reflect human thermal perception. Forests slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35°C), where forests reduced strong to extreme heat stress day occurrence by 84.1%. Mature forests cooled the microclimate by 12.1 to 14.5°C PET under, respectively, strong and extreme heat stress conditions. Even young plantations reduced those conditions by 10°C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated the buffering capacity, which was enhanced by increasing stand density, canopy height and canopy closure. Tree species composition had a more modest yet significant influence: that is, strongly shade‐casting, small‐leaved evergreen species amplified cooling. Tree diversity had little direct influences, though indirect effects through stand structure remain possible. Forests in general, both young and mature, are thus strong thermal stress reducers, but their cooling potential can be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) forest management that considers these new insights.
Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest plots across four European countries and compare these to open-field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to reflect human thermal perception. Forests slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35 degrees C), where forests reduced strong to extreme heat stress day occurrence by 84.1%. Mature forests cooled the microclimate by 12.1 to 14.5 degrees C PET under, respectively, strong and extreme heat stress conditions. Even young plantations reduced those conditions by 10 degrees C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated the buffering capacity, which was enhanced by increasing stand density, canopy height and canopy closure. Tree species composition had a more modest yet significant influence: that is, strongly shade-casting, small-leaved evergreen species amplified cooling. Tree diversity had little direct influences, though indirect effects through stand structure remain possible. Forests in general, both young and mature, are thus strong thermal stress reducers, but their cooling potential can be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) forest management that considers these new insights.
Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest plots across four European countries and compare these to open‐field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to reflect human thermal perception. Forests slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35°C), where forests reduced strong to extreme heat stress day occurrence by 84.1%. Mature forests cooled the microclimate by 12.1 to 14.5°C PET under, respectively, strong and extreme heat stress conditions. Even young plantations reduced those conditions by 10°C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated the buffering capacity, which was enhanced by increasing stand density, canopy height and canopy closure. Tree species composition had a more modest yet significant influence: that is, strongly shade‐casting, small‐leaved evergreen species amplified cooling. Tree diversity had little direct influences, though indirect effects through stand structure remain possible. Forests in general, both young and mature, are thus strong thermal stress reducers, but their cooling potential can be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) forest management that considers these new insights. Young forest plantations but especially mature stands have a cooling capacity that strongly increases the hotter it becomes, with forest microclimates getting well over 10°C cooler when temperatures become a potential health hazard for humans. Yet, targeted forest management can even further enhance this heat stress mitigation by adapting stand structure in the first place, and tweaking the species composition in the second place. The tree diversity seems of little direct importance, although it likely has beneficial long‐term effects that were not studied here.
Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest plots across four European countries and compare these to open-field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to reflect human thermal perception. Forests slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35°C), where forests reduced strong to extreme heat stress day occurrence by 84.1%. Mature forests cooled the microclimate by 12.1 to 14.5°C PET under, respectively, strong and extreme heat stress conditions. Even young plantations reduced those conditions by 10°C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated the buffering capacity, which was enhanced by increasing stand density, canopy height and canopy closure. Tree species composition had a more modest yet significant influence: that is, strongly shade-casting, small-leaved evergreen species amplified cooling. Tree diversity had little direct influences, though indirect effects through stand structure remain possible. Forests in general, both young and mature, are thus strong thermal stress reducers, but their cooling potential can be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) forest management that considers these new insights.Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation by forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 forest plots across four European countries and compare these to open-field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to reflect human thermal perception. Forests slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35°C), where forests reduced strong to extreme heat stress day occurrence by 84.1%. Mature forests cooled the microclimate by 12.1 to 14.5°C PET under, respectively, strong and extreme heat stress conditions. Even young plantations reduced those conditions by 10°C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated the buffering capacity, which was enhanced by increasing stand density, canopy height and canopy closure. Tree species composition had a more modest yet significant influence: that is, strongly shade-casting, small-leaved evergreen species amplified cooling. Tree diversity had little direct influences, though indirect effects through stand structure remain possible. Forests in general, both young and mature, are thus strong thermal stress reducers, but their cooling potential can be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) forest management that considers these new insights.
Author Chow, Winston
Bruelheide, Helge
De Frenne, Pieter
Muys, Bart
Landuyt, Dries
Oh, Rachel
Gillerot, Loïc
Verheyen, Kris
Ponette, Quentin
Jaroszewicz, Bogdan
Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael
Haluza, Daniela
Jactel, Hervé
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Issue 24
Keywords heat stress
heat mitigation
nature-based solution
Forest
physiologically equivalent temperature
forest microclimate
thermal comfort
Dr
Language English
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Notes Pieter De Frenne, Bart Muys and Kris Verheyen should be considered joint senior authors.
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Snippet Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this by acting as strong thermal buffers, yet...
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SubjectTerms Buffers
Canopies
Canopy
canopy height
Climate change
cold
Community composition
Composition
Cooling
Dr. Forest
Environmental Sciences
evergreen trees
Extreme cold
Extreme heat
Forest management
forest microclimate
Forests
Hazard mitigation
Health hazards
Heat
heat mitigation
Heat stress
Heat tolerance
human health
humans
Microclimate
nature‐based solution
physiologically equivalent temperature
Plant cover
Plant diversity
Plant species
Species composition
Species diversity
stand density
Stand structure
temperature
Temperature effects
Temperature perception
thermal comfort
Thermal stress
Urban forests
Title Forest structure and composition alleviate human thermal stress
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fgcb.16419
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Volume 28
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