Variation in red fox Vulpes vulpes diet in five continents
Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes. We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, one of the world's most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217...
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Published in | Mammal review Vol. 52; no. 3; pp. 328 - 342 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Oxford
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.07.2022
Wiley |
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Abstract | Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes.
We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, one of the world's most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217 studies at 276 locations in five continents to assess how fox diet composition varied according to geographic location, climate, anthropogenic impact, and sampling method.
The diet of foxes showed substantial variation throughout the species' range, but with a general trend for small mammals and invertebrates to be the most frequently occurring dietary items.
The incidence of small and large mammals and birds in fox diets was greater away from the equator. The incidence of invertebrates and fruits increased with mean elevation, while the occurrence of medium‐sized mammals and birds decreased.
Fox diet differed according to climatic and anthropogenic variables. Diet richness decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The incidence of small and large mammals decreased with increasing temperature. The incidence of birds and invertebrates decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation. Higher Human Footprint Index was associated with a lower incidence of large mammals and a higher incidence of birds and fruit in fox diet.
Sampling method influenced fox diet estimation: estimated percentage of small and medium‐sized mammals and fruit was lower in studies based on stomach contents, while large mammals were more likely to be recorded in studies of stomach contents than in studies of scats.
Our study confirms the flexible and opportunistic dietary behaviour of foxes at the global scale. This behavioural trait allows them to thrive in a range of climatic conditions, and in areas with different degrees of human‐induced habitat change. This knowledge can help us to place the results of local‐scale fox diet studies into a broader context and to predict how foxes will respond to future environmental changes.
Resumen en Español
El estudio de las variaciones de la dieta de especies ampliamente distribuidas puede ayudarnos a comprender mejor como estas especies responderán frente a cambios ambientales futuros.
En este estudio analizamos la dieta de uno de los mamíferos carnívoros más ampliamente distribuido, el zorro rojo Vulpes vulpes. Para determinar como la composición de la dieta de los zorros rojos variaba en función de la localización geográfica, el clima, los impactos antrópicos y el método de muestreo recopilamos los datos de 217 estudios llevados a cabo en 276 lugares en cinco continentes.
La dieta de los zorros rojos varió de forma importante a lo largo de su área de distribución, siendo los mamíferos pequeños y los invertebrados las presas más frecuentemente consumidas.
La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y grandes así como de aves fue mayor en los lugares alejados del ecuador. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de los invertebrados y los frutos incrementó con el aumento de la altitud media mientras que la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos medianos y aves disminuyó.
La dieta de los zorros rojos estuvo influenciada por factores climáticos y antrópicos. La riqueza de la dieta disminuyó con el aumento de la temperatura y la precipitación. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y grandes disminuyó con el incremento de la temperatura. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de aves e invertebrados disminuyó con el aumento de la precipitación media anual. Valores elevados del índice de huella humana estuvieron asociados con una disminución de la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos grandes y un incremento de aves y frutos en la dieta de los zorros rojos.
La dieta de los zorros rojos también estuvo influenciada por el método de muestreo utilizado. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y medianos y de frutos fue inferior en estudios basados en el análisis de contenidos estomacales que en estudios basados en el análisis de excrementos. Por el contrario, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos grandes fue mayor en los estudios basados en el análisis de contenidos estomacales que los estudios basados en el análisis de excrementos.
Nuestro estudio confirma el comportamiento alimentario flexible y oportunista de los zorros rojos a escala global. Estos rasgos de comportamiento permiten a los zorros rojos ocupar un amplio rango de condiciones climáticas y antrópicas. Este conocimiento puede ayudar a situar los resultados locales en un contexto global y a predecir cuales serán las respuestas de los zorros rojos frente a cambios ambientales futuros.
We reviewed the diet of the red fox as described in 217 studies including 13 food categories. Globally, red fox diet was dominated by small mammals and invertebrates. The proportion of each of the prey categories in red fox diet varied with environmental and anthropogenic variables and sampling method. |
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AbstractList | Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes.
We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, one of the world's most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217 studies at 276 locations in five continents to assess how fox diet composition varied according to geographic location, climate, anthropogenic impact, and sampling method.
The diet of foxes showed substantial variation throughout the species' range, but with a general trend for small mammals and invertebrates to be the most frequently occurring dietary items.
The incidence of small and large mammals and birds in fox diets was greater away from the equator. The incidence of invertebrates and fruits increased with mean elevation, while the occurrence of medium‐sized mammals and birds decreased.
Fox diet differed according to climatic and anthropogenic variables. Diet richness decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The incidence of small and large mammals decreased with increasing temperature. The incidence of birds and invertebrates decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation. Higher Human Footprint Index was associated with a lower incidence of large mammals and a higher incidence of birds and fruit in fox diet.
Sampling method influenced fox diet estimation: estimated percentage of small and medium‐sized mammals and fruit was lower in studies based on stomach contents, while large mammals were more likely to be recorded in studies of stomach contents than in studies of scats.
Our study confirms the flexible and opportunistic dietary behaviour of foxes at the global scale. This behavioural trait allows them to thrive in a range of climatic conditions, and in areas with different degrees of human‐induced habitat change. This knowledge can help us to place the results of local‐scale fox diet studies into a broader context and to predict how foxes will respond to future environmental changes.
Resumen en Español
El estudio de las variaciones de la dieta de especies ampliamente distribuidas puede ayudarnos a comprender mejor como estas especies responderán frente a cambios ambientales futuros.
En este estudio analizamos la dieta de uno de los mamíferos carnívoros más ampliamente distribuido, el zorro rojo Vulpes vulpes. Para determinar como la composición de la dieta de los zorros rojos variaba en función de la localización geográfica, el clima, los impactos antrópicos y el método de muestreo recopilamos los datos de 217 estudios llevados a cabo en 276 lugares en cinco continentes.
La dieta de los zorros rojos varió de forma importante a lo largo de su área de distribución, siendo los mamíferos pequeños y los invertebrados las presas más frecuentemente consumidas.
La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y grandes así como de aves fue mayor en los lugares alejados del ecuador. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de los invertebrados y los frutos incrementó con el aumento de la altitud media mientras que la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos medianos y aves disminuyó.
La dieta de los zorros rojos estuvo influenciada por factores climáticos y antrópicos. La riqueza de la dieta disminuyó con el aumento de la temperatura y la precipitación. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y grandes disminuyó con el incremento de la temperatura. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de aves e invertebrados disminuyó con el aumento de la precipitación media anual. Valores elevados del índice de huella humana estuvieron asociados con una disminución de la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos grandes y un incremento de aves y frutos en la dieta de los zorros rojos.
La dieta de los zorros rojos también estuvo influenciada por el método de muestreo utilizado. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y medianos y de frutos fue inferior en estudios basados en el análisis de contenidos estomacales que en estudios basados en el análisis de excrementos. Por el contrario, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos grandes fue mayor en los estudios basados en el análisis de contenidos estomacales que los estudios basados en el análisis de excrementos.
Nuestro estudio confirma el comportamiento alimentario flexible y oportunista de los zorros rojos a escala global. Estos rasgos de comportamiento permiten a los zorros rojos ocupar un amplio rango de condiciones climáticas y antrópicas. Este conocimiento puede ayudar a situar los resultados locales en un contexto global y a predecir cuales serán las respuestas de los zorros rojos frente a cambios ambientales futuros.
We reviewed the diet of the red fox as described in 217 studies including 13 food categories. Globally, red fox diet was dominated by small mammals and invertebrates. The proportion of each of the prey categories in red fox diet varied with environmental and anthropogenic variables and sampling method. Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes.We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, one of the world's most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217 studies at 276 locations in five continents to assess how fox diet composition varied according to geographic location, climate, anthropogenic impact, and sampling method.The diet of foxes showed substantial variation throughout the species' range, but with a general trend for small mammals and invertebrates to be the most frequently occurring dietary items.The incidence of small and large mammals and birds in fox diets was greater away from the equator. The incidence of invertebrates and fruits increased with mean elevation, while the occurrence of medium‐sized mammals and birds decreased.Fox diet differed according to climatic and anthropogenic variables. Diet richness decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The incidence of small and large mammals decreased with increasing temperature. The incidence of birds and invertebrates decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation. Higher Human Footprint Index was associated with a lower incidence of large mammals and a higher incidence of birds and fruit in fox diet.Sampling method influenced fox diet estimation: estimated percentage of small and medium‐sized mammals and fruit was lower in studies based on stomach contents, while large mammals were more likely to be recorded in studies of stomach contents than in studies of scats.Our study confirms the flexible and opportunistic dietary behaviour of foxes at the global scale. This behavioural trait allows them to thrive in a range of climatic conditions, and in areas with different degrees of human‐induced habitat change. This knowledge can help us to place the results of local‐scale fox diet studies into a broader context and to predict how foxes will respond to future environmental changes. Abstract Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes. We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes , one of the world's most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217 studies at 276 locations in five continents to assess how fox diet composition varied according to geographic location, climate, anthropogenic impact, and sampling method. The diet of foxes showed substantial variation throughout the species' range, but with a general trend for small mammals and invertebrates to be the most frequently occurring dietary items. The incidence of small and large mammals and birds in fox diets was greater away from the equator. The incidence of invertebrates and fruits increased with mean elevation, while the occurrence of medium‐sized mammals and birds decreased. Fox diet differed according to climatic and anthropogenic variables. Diet richness decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The incidence of small and large mammals decreased with increasing temperature. The incidence of birds and invertebrates decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation. Higher Human Footprint Index was associated with a lower incidence of large mammals and a higher incidence of birds and fruit in fox diet. Sampling method influenced fox diet estimation: estimated percentage of small and medium‐sized mammals and fruit was lower in studies based on stomach contents, while large mammals were more likely to be recorded in studies of stomach contents than in studies of scats. Our study confirms the flexible and opportunistic dietary behaviour of foxes at the global scale. This behavioural trait allows them to thrive in a range of climatic conditions, and in areas with different degrees of human‐induced habitat change. This knowledge can help us to place the results of local‐scale fox diet studies into a broader context and to predict how foxes will respond to future environmental changes. Resumen en Español El estudio de las variaciones de la dieta de especies ampliamente distribuidas puede ayudarnos a comprender mejor como estas especies responderán frente a cambios ambientales futuros. En este estudio analizamos la dieta de uno de los mamíferos carnívoros más ampliamente distribuido, el zorro rojo Vulpes vulpes . Para determinar como la composición de la dieta de los zorros rojos variaba en función de la localización geográfica, el clima, los impactos antrópicos y el método de muestreo recopilamos los datos de 217 estudios llevados a cabo en 276 lugares en cinco continentes. La dieta de los zorros rojos varió de forma importante a lo largo de su área de distribución, siendo los mamíferos pequeños y los invertebrados las presas más frecuentemente consumidas. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y grandes así como de aves fue mayor en los lugares alejados del ecuador. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de los invertebrados y los frutos incrementó con el aumento de la altitud media mientras que la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos medianos y aves disminuyó. La dieta de los zorros rojos estuvo influenciada por factores climáticos y antrópicos. La riqueza de la dieta disminuyó con el aumento de la temperatura y la precipitación. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y grandes disminuyó con el incremento de la temperatura. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de aves e invertebrados disminuyó con el aumento de la precipitación media anual. Valores elevados del índice de huella humana estuvieron asociados con una disminución de la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos grandes y un incremento de aves y frutos en la dieta de los zorros rojos. La dieta de los zorros rojos también estuvo influenciada por el método de muestreo utilizado. La frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos pequeños y medianos y de frutos fue inferior en estudios basados en el análisis de contenidos estomacales que en estudios basados en el análisis de excrementos. Por el contrario, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de mamíferos grandes fue mayor en los estudios basados en el análisis de contenidos estomacales que los estudios basados en el análisis de excrementos. Nuestro estudio confirma el comportamiento alimentario flexible y oportunista de los zorros rojos a escala global. Estos rasgos de comportamiento permiten a los zorros rojos ocupar un amplio rango de condiciones climáticas y antrópicas. Este conocimiento puede ayudar a situar los resultados locales en un contexto global y a predecir cuales serán las respuestas de los zorros rojos frente a cambios ambientales futuros. 1. Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes. 2. We studied the diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, one of the world's most widely distributed carnivores. We compiled dietary data from 217 studies at 276 locations in five continents to assess how fox diet composition varied according to geographic location, climate, anthropogenic impact, and sampling method. 3. The diet of foxes showed substantial variation throughout the species' range, but with a general trend for small mammals and invertebrates to be the most frequently occurring dietary items. 4. The incidence of small and large mammals and birds in fox diets was greater away from the equator. The incidence of invertebrates and fruits increased with mean elevation, while the occurrence of medium-sized mammals and birds decreased. 5. Fox diet differed according to climatic and anthropogenic variables. Diet richness decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The incidence of small and large mammals decreased with increasing temperature. The incidence of birds and invertebrates decreased with increasing mean annual precipitation. Higher Human Footprint Index was associated with a lower incidence of large mammals and a higher incidence of birds and fruit in fox diet. 6. Sampling method influenced fox diet estimation: estimated percentage of small and medium-sized mammals and fruit was lower in studies based on stomach contents, while large mammals were more likely to be recorded in studies of stomach contents than in studies of scats. 7. Our study confirms the flexible and opportunistic dietary behaviour of foxes at the global scale. This behavioural trait allows them to thrive in a range of climatic conditions, and in areas with different degrees of human-induced habitat change. This knowledge can help us to place the results of local-scale fox diet studies into a broader context and to predict how foxes will respond to future environmental changes. |
Author | Doherty, Tim S. Woinarski, John C. Z. Stobo‐Wilson, Alyson M. Newsome, Thomas M. Castañeda, Irene Fleming, Patricia A. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Irene surname: Castañeda fullname: Castañeda, Irene email: irene.castanedagonz@gmail.com organization: Université de Bordeaux – sequence: 2 givenname: Tim S. orcidid: 0000-0001-7745-0251 surname: Doherty fullname: Doherty, Tim S. organization: The University of Sydney – sequence: 3 givenname: Patricia A. orcidid: 0000-0002-0626-3851 surname: Fleming fullname: Fleming, Patricia A. organization: Murdoch University – sequence: 4 givenname: Alyson M. surname: Stobo‐Wilson fullname: Stobo‐Wilson, Alyson M. organization: Charles Darwin University – sequence: 5 givenname: John C. Z. surname: Woinarski fullname: Woinarski, John C. Z. organization: Charles Darwin University – sequence: 6 givenname: Thomas M. surname: Newsome fullname: Newsome, Thomas M. organization: The University of Sydney |
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Keywords | geographic gradient omnívoro diet richness red fox Vulpes vulpes Correspondence Palabras clave cambio climático impacto antrópico carnivore gradiente geográfico zorro rojo Vulpes vulpes global anthropogenic impact riqueza de la dieta climate change |
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PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Oxford |
PublicationTitle | Mammal review |
PublicationYear | 2022 |
Publisher | Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley |
Publisher_xml | – name: Blackwell Publishing Ltd – name: Wiley |
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Snippet | Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes.
We... Abstract Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic... Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes.We... 1. Understanding variation in the diet of widely distributed species can help us to predict how they respond to future environmental and anthropogenic changes.... |
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SubjectTerms | Annual precipitation Anthropogenic factors anthropogenic impact Birds cambio climático carnivore Carnivores climate change Climatic conditions Continents Diet diet richness Elevation Environmental changes Environmental Sciences Equator Foxes Fruits geographic gradient Geographical locations global gradiente geográfico Habitat changes Human influences impacto antrópico Invertebrates Mammals omnívoro Precipitation red fox Vulpes vulpes riqueza de la dieta Sampling Sampling methods Stomach Variation Vulpes vulpes zorro rojo Vulpes vulpes |
Title | Variation in red fox Vulpes vulpes diet in five continents |
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