Conversion and characterization of activated carbon fiber derived from palm empty fruit bunch waste and its kinetic study on urea adsorption

• Published in: Journal of environmental management Vol. 197; pp. 199 - 205
• Main Authors: Ooi, Chee-Heong, Cheah, Wee-Keat, Sim, Yoke-Leng, Pung, Swee-Yong, Yeoh, Fei-Yee
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 15.07.2017
• Subjects: Activated carbon fiber; Adsorption; BET surface area; Carbon; Charcoal; Empty fruit bunch fiber; Fruit; Kinetics; Urea; Urea adsorption; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Urea adsorption; Empty fruit bunch fiber; BET surface area; Kinetics; Activated carbon fiber
• ISSN: 0301-4797; 1095-8630
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.083

Urea removal is an important process in household wastewater purification and hemodialysis treatment. The efficiency of the urea removal can be improved by utilizing activated carbon fiber (ACF) for effective urea adsorption. In this study, ACF was prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber via physicochemical activation using sulfuric acid as an activating reagent. Based on the FESEM result, ACF obtained after the carbonization and activation processes demonstrated uniform macropores with thick channel wall. ACF was found better prepared in 1.5:1 acid-to-EFB fiber ratio; where the pore size of ACF was analyzed as 1.2 nm in diameter with a predominant micropore volume of 0.39 cm3 g−1 and a BET surface area of 869 m2 g−1. The reaction kinetics of urea adsorption by the ACF was found to follow a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium amount of urea adsorbed on ACF decreased from 877.907 to 134.098 mg g−1 as the acid-to-fiber ratio increased from 0.75 to 4. During the adsorption process, the hydroxyl (OH) groups on ACF surface were ionized and became electronegatively charged due to the weak alkalinity of urea solution, causing ionic repulsion towards partially anionic urea. The ionic repulsion force between the electronegatively charged ACF surface and urea molecules became stronger when more OH functional groups appeared on ACF prepared at higher acid impregnation ratio. The results implied that EFB fiber based ACF can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the urea removal process. •Oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber was converted into activated carbon fiber.•Acid impregnation ratio affects the pore development of activated carbon fiber.•Activated carbon fiber has well developed micropores and high surface area.•Activated carbon fiber shows high urea adsorption capacity up to 877.907 mg g−1.•OH functional group affects the urea adsorption capacity of activated carbon fiber.