Species introduction in restoration projects – Evaluation of different techniques for the establishment of semi-natural grasslands in Central and Northwestern Europe
During recent decades, many studies have shown that the successful restoration of species-rich grasslands is often seed-limited because of depleted seed banks and limited seed dispersal in modern fragmented landscapes. In Europe, commercial seed mixtures, which are widely used for restoration measur...
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Published in | Basic and applied ecology Vol. 11; no. 4; pp. 285 - 299 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier GmbH
01.06.2010
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | During recent decades, many studies have shown that the successful restoration of species-rich grasslands is often seed-limited because of depleted seed banks and limited seed dispersal in modern fragmented landscapes. In Europe, commercial seed mixtures, which are widely used for restoration measures, mostly consist of species and varieties of non-local provenance. The regional biodiversity of a given landscape, however, can be preserved only when seeds or plants of local provenance are used in restoration projects. Furthermore, the transfer of suitable target species of local provenance can strongly enhance restoration success.
We review and evaluate the success of currently used near-natural methods for the introduction of target plant species (e.g. seeding of site-specific seed mixtures, transfer of fresh seed-containing hay, vacuum harvesting, transfer of turves or seed-containing soil) on restoration sites, ranging from dry and mesic meadows to floodplain grasslands and fens. Own data combined with literature findings show species establishment rates during the initial phase as well as the persistence of target species during long-term vegetation development on restoration sites.
In conclusion, our review indicates that seed limitation can be overcome successfully by most of the reviewed measures for species introduction. The establishment of species-rich grasslands is most successful when seeds, seed-containing plant material or soil are spread on bare soil of ex-arable fields after tilling or topsoil removal, or on raw soils, e.g. in mined areas. In species-poor grasslands without soil disturbance and on older ex-arable fields with dense weed vegetation, final transfer rates were the lowest. For future restoration projects, suitable measures have to be chosen carefully from case to case as they differ considerably in costs and logistic effort. Long-term prospects for restored grassland are especially good when management can be incorporated in agricultural systems.
Während der letzten Jahrzehnte haben zahlreiche Untersuchungen gezeigt, dass die erfolgreiche Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation vielerorts durch die mangelnde Verfügbarkeit von Diasporen limitiert wird, da Zielarten in der Samenbank von Renaturierungsflächen fehlen und die Diasporenausbreitung in fragmentierten Landschaften erschwert ist. Handelsübliche Saatmischungen, die in Europa häufig im Rahmen von Begrünungsmaßnahmen verwendet werden, enthalten oftmals Arten oder Unterarten nicht-heimischer Herkunft. Die Biodiversität einer Region kann jedoch nur erhalten werden, wenn im Rahmen von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen gebietseigenes Saatgut oder Pflanzenmaterial verwendet wird. Durch die Einbringung standortangepasster Zielarten gebietseigener Herkunft kann der Renaturierungserfolg deutlich gesteigert werden.
Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung analysiert und bewertet unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Ansiedlung von Zielarten (z. B. Ansaat mit gebietsheimischem Saatgut, Übertragung von Mahd- oder Sauggut, Übertragung von Soden oder samenhaltigem Oberboden) im Rahmen der Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation (von Trocken- und Halbtrockenrasen bis hin zu Feuchtgrünland und Niedermoor). Eigene Daten in Kombination mit Literaturangaben dokumentieren sowohl die Artentransferraten in der Initialphase der durchgeführten Maßnahmen als auch die langfristigen Etablierungsraten der eingebrachten Zielarten. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die meisten der untersuchten Artentransfermaßnahmen das Problem der Diasporenlimitierung erfolgreich lösen. Die Etablierung artenreicher Graslandvegetation ist am erfolgreichsten, wenn Saatgut oder samenhaltiges Pflanzen- oder Bodenmaterial auf offenem Boden ehemaliger Äcker (nach Bodenbearbeitung oder Bodenabtrag) oder auf Rohböden (z.B. auf Abgrabungs- oder ehemaligen Bergbauflächen) ausgebracht werden. Bei der Ansiedlung in bestehenden artenarmen Grasländern oder auf älteren Ackerbrachen mit dichter Vegetation waren die Etablierungsraten der eingebrachten Arten am niedrigsten.
Für künftige Projekte zur Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation müssen die jeweils geeigneten Verfahren sorgfältig ausgewählt werden, da sie sich hinsichtlich des logistischen Aufwands und der Kosten deutlich unterscheiden. Die langfristigen Perspektiven für neu angelegte Grasländer sind besonders gut, wenn notwendige Managementmaßnahmen in landwirtschaftliche Systeme eingebunden werden können. |
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AbstractList | During recent decades, many studies have shown that the successful restoration of species-rich grasslands is often seed-limited because of depleted seed banks and limited seed dispersal in modern fragmented landscapes. In Europe, commercial seed mixtures, which are widely used for restoration measures, mostly consist of species and varieties of non-local provenance. The regional biodiversity of a given landscape, however, can be preserved only when seeds or plants of local provenance are used in restoration projects. Furthermore, the transfer of suitable target species of local provenance can strongly enhance restoration success. We review and evaluate the success of currently used near-natural methods for the introduction of target plant species (e.g. seeding of site-specific seed mixtures, transfer of fresh seed-containing hay, vacuum harvesting, transfer of turves or seed-containing soil) on restoration sites, ranging from dry and mesic meadows to floodplain grasslands and fens. Own data combined with literature findings show species establishment rates during the initial phase as well as the persistence of target species during long-term vegetation development on restoration sites. In conclusion, our review indicates that seed limitation can be overcome successfully by most of the reviewed measures for species introduction. The establishment of species-rich grasslands is most successful when seeds, seed-containing plant material or soil are spread on bare soil of ex-arable fields after tilling or topsoil removal, or on raw soils, e.g. in mined areas. In species-poor grasslands without soil disturbance and on older ex-arable fields with dense weed vegetation, final transfer rates were the lowest. For future restoration projects, suitable measures have to be chosen carefully from case to case as they differ considerably in costs and logistic effort. Long-term prospects for restored grassland are especially good when management can be incorporated in agricultural systems. WA[curren]hrend der letzten Jahrzehnte haben zahlreiche Untersuchungen gezeigt, dass die erfolgreiche Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation vielerorts durch die mangelnde Verfuegbarkeit von Diasporen limitiert wird, da Zielarten in der Samenbank von RenaturierungsflA[curren]chen fehlen und die Diasporenausbreitung in fragmentierten Landschaften erschwert ist. Handelsuebliche Saatmischungen, die in Europa hA[curren]ufig im Rahmen von Begruenungsmassnahmen verwendet werden, enthalten oftmals Arten oder Unterarten nicht-heimischer Herkunft. Die BiodiversitA[curren]t einer Region kann jedoch nur erhalten werden, wenn im Rahmen von Renaturierungsmassnahmen gebietseigenes Saatgut oder Pflanzenmaterial verwendet wird. Durch die Einbringung standortangepasster Zielarten gebietseigener Herkunft kann der Renaturierungserfolg deutlich gesteigert werden. Die vorliegende Veroeffentlichung analysiert und bewertet unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Ansiedlung von Zielarten (z. B. Ansaat mit gebietsheimischem Saatgut, Aoebertragung von Mahd- oder Sauggut, Aoebertragung von Soden oder samenhaltigem Oberboden) im Rahmen der Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation (von Trocken- und Halbtrockenrasen bis hin zu Feuchtgruenland und Niedermoor). Eigene Daten in Kombination mit Literaturangaben dokumentieren sowohl die Artentransferraten in der Initialphase der durchgefuehrten Massnahmen als auch die langfristigen Etablierungsraten der eingebrachten Zielarten. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die meisten der untersuchten Artentransfermassnahmen das Problem der Diasporenlimitierung erfolgreich loesen. Die Etablierung artenreicher Graslandvegetation ist am erfolgreichsten, wenn Saatgut oder samenhaltiges Pflanzen- oder Bodenmaterial auf offenem Boden ehemaliger A"cker (nach Bodenbearbeitung oder Bodenabtrag) oder auf Rohboeden (z.B. auf Abgrabungs- oder ehemaligen BergbauflA[curren]chen) ausgebracht werden. Bei der Ansiedlung in bestehenden artenarmen GraslA[curren]ndern oder auf A[curren]lteren Ackerbrachen mit dichter Vegetation waren die Etablierungsraten der eingebrachten Arten am niedrigsten. Fuer kuenftige Projekte zur Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation muessen die jeweils geeigneten Verfahren sorgfA[curren]ltig ausgewA[curren]hlt werden, da sie sich hinsichtlich des logistischen Aufwands und der Kosten deutlich unterscheiden. Die langfristigen Perspektiven fuer neu angelegte GraslA[curren]nder sind besonders gut, wenn notwendige Managementmassnahmen in landwirtschaftliche Systeme eingebunden werden koennen. During recent decades, many studies have shown that the successful restoration of species-rich grasslands is often seed-limited because of depleted seed banks and limited seed dispersal in modern fragmented landscapes. In Europe, commercial seed mixtures, which are widely used for restoration measures, mostly consist of species and varieties of non-local provenance. The regional biodiversity of a given landscape, however, can be preserved only when seeds or plants of local provenance are used in restoration projects. Furthermore, the transfer of suitable target species of local provenance can strongly enhance restoration success. We review and evaluate the success of currently used near-natural methods for the introduction of target plant species (e.g. seeding of site-specific seed mixtures, transfer of fresh seed-containing hay, vacuum harvesting, transfer of turves or seed-containing soil) on restoration sites, ranging from dry and mesic meadows to floodplain grasslands and fens. Own data combined with literature findings show species establishment rates during the initial phase as well as the persistence of target species during long-term vegetation development on restoration sites. In conclusion, our review indicates that seed limitation can be overcome successfully by most of the reviewed measures for species introduction. The establishment of species-rich grasslands is most successful when seeds, seed-containing plant material or soil are spread on bare soil of ex-arable fields after tilling or topsoil removal, or on raw soils, e.g. in mined areas. In species-poor grasslands without soil disturbance and on older ex-arable fields with dense weed vegetation, final transfer rates were the lowest. For future restoration projects, suitable measures have to be chosen carefully from case to case as they differ considerably in costs and logistic effort. Long-term prospects for restored grassland are especially good when management can be incorporated in agricultural systems. During recent decades, many studies have shown that the successful restoration of species-rich grasslands is often seed-limited because of depleted seed banks and limited seed dispersal in modern fragmented landscapes. In Europe, commercial seed mixtures, which are widely used for restoration measures, mostly consist of species and varieties of non-local provenance. The regional biodiversity of a given landscape, however, can be preserved only when seeds or plants of local provenance are used in restoration projects. Furthermore, the transfer of suitable target species of local provenance can strongly enhance restoration success. We review and evaluate the success of currently used near-natural methods for the introduction of target plant species (e.g. seeding of site-specific seed mixtures, transfer of fresh seed-containing hay, vacuum harvesting, transfer of turves or seed-containing soil) on restoration sites, ranging from dry and mesic meadows to floodplain grasslands and fens. Own data combined with literature findings show species establishment rates during the initial phase as well as the persistence of target species during long-term vegetation development on restoration sites. In conclusion, our review indicates that seed limitation can be overcome successfully by most of the reviewed measures for species introduction. The establishment of species-rich grasslands is most successful when seeds, seed-containing plant material or soil are spread on bare soil of ex-arable fields after tilling or topsoil removal, or on raw soils, e.g. in mined areas. In species-poor grasslands without soil disturbance and on older ex-arable fields with dense weed vegetation, final transfer rates were the lowest. For future restoration projects, suitable measures have to be chosen carefully from case to case as they differ considerably in costs and logistic effort. Long-term prospects for restored grassland are especially good when management can be incorporated in agricultural systems. Während der letzten Jahrzehnte haben zahlreiche Untersuchungen gezeigt, dass die erfolgreiche Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation vielerorts durch die mangelnde Verfügbarkeit von Diasporen limitiert wird, da Zielarten in der Samenbank von Renaturierungsflächen fehlen und die Diasporenausbreitung in fragmentierten Landschaften erschwert ist. Handelsübliche Saatmischungen, die in Europa häufig im Rahmen von Begrünungsmaßnahmen verwendet werden, enthalten oftmals Arten oder Unterarten nicht-heimischer Herkunft. Die Biodiversität einer Region kann jedoch nur erhalten werden, wenn im Rahmen von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen gebietseigenes Saatgut oder Pflanzenmaterial verwendet wird. Durch die Einbringung standortangepasster Zielarten gebietseigener Herkunft kann der Renaturierungserfolg deutlich gesteigert werden. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung analysiert und bewertet unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Ansiedlung von Zielarten (z. B. Ansaat mit gebietsheimischem Saatgut, Übertragung von Mahd- oder Sauggut, Übertragung von Soden oder samenhaltigem Oberboden) im Rahmen der Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation (von Trocken- und Halbtrockenrasen bis hin zu Feuchtgrünland und Niedermoor). Eigene Daten in Kombination mit Literaturangaben dokumentieren sowohl die Artentransferraten in der Initialphase der durchgeführten Maßnahmen als auch die langfristigen Etablierungsraten der eingebrachten Zielarten. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die meisten der untersuchten Artentransfermaßnahmen das Problem der Diasporenlimitierung erfolgreich lösen. Die Etablierung artenreicher Graslandvegetation ist am erfolgreichsten, wenn Saatgut oder samenhaltiges Pflanzen- oder Bodenmaterial auf offenem Boden ehemaliger Äcker (nach Bodenbearbeitung oder Bodenabtrag) oder auf Rohböden (z.B. auf Abgrabungs- oder ehemaligen Bergbauflächen) ausgebracht werden. Bei der Ansiedlung in bestehenden artenarmen Grasländern oder auf älteren Ackerbrachen mit dichter Vegetation waren die Etablierungsraten der eingebrachten Arten am niedrigsten. Für künftige Projekte zur Wiederherstellung artenreicher Graslandvegetation müssen die jeweils geeigneten Verfahren sorgfältig ausgewählt werden, da sie sich hinsichtlich des logistischen Aufwands und der Kosten deutlich unterscheiden. Die langfristigen Perspektiven für neu angelegte Grasländer sind besonders gut, wenn notwendige Managementmaßnahmen in landwirtschaftliche Systeme eingebunden werden können. |
Author | Kirmer, Anita Donath, Tobias W. Rasran, Leonid Kiehl, Kathrin Hölzel, Norbert |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kathrin surname: Kiehl fullname: Kiehl, Kathrin email: k.kiehl@fh-osnabrueck.de organization: Vegetation Ecology and Botany, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Oldenburger Landstr. 24, D-49090 Osnabrück, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Anita surname: Kirmer fullname: Kirmer, Anita organization: Anhalt University of Applied Sciences (FH), Fachbereich 1, Strenzfelder Allee 28, D-06406 Bernburg, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Tobias W. surname: Donath fullname: Donath, Tobias W. organization: Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, D-35392 Gießen, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Leonid surname: Rasran fullname: Rasran, Leonid organization: Michael-Otto Institute, NABU, Goosstroot 1, D-24861 Bergenhusen, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Norbert surname: Hölzel fullname: Hölzel, Norbert organization: Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 26-28, D-48149 Münster, Germany |
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SubjectTerms | biodiversity disturbed soils Europe Ex-arable fields floodplains Habitat transfer harvesting hay Hay transfer landscapes Local provenance meadows provenance Review seed dispersal Seed mixture seed mixtures Seeding seeds Soil translocation sowing topsoil Topsoil removal weeds |
Title | Species introduction in restoration projects – Evaluation of different techniques for the establishment of semi-natural grasslands in Central and Northwestern Europe |
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