Optical Techniques for Detecting and Identifying Biological-Warfare Agents

• Published in: Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 97; no. 6; pp. 971 - 989
• Main Authors: Greenwood, Darryl P., Jeys, Thomas H., Johnson, Bernadette, Richardson, Jonathan M., Shatz, Michael P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.06.2009; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Biological; Biological agents; Biological materials; Biomedical optical imaging; Clutter; Collection; Delay; Detection; Fluorescence; Laboratories; Laser modes; medical diagnostics; National security; Optical detectors; Optical materials; Optical scattering; Optical sensors; particles; scatter; standoff sensing; State of the art; Stemming
• ISSN: 0018-9219; 1558-2256
• DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2013564

Rapid and accurate detection and identification of biological agents is an objective of various national security programs. Detection in general is difficult owing to natural clutter and anticipated low concentrations of subject material. Typical detection architectures comprise a nonspecific trigger, a rapid identifier, and a confirming step, often in a laboratory. High-confidence identification must be made prior to taking action, though this must be traded against regrets stemming from delay. Sensing requirements are best established by positing plausible scenarios, two of which are suggested herein. Modern technologies include the use of elastic scatter and ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence for triggering and standoff detection. Optical and nonoptical techniques are used routinely in analyzing clinical samples used to confirm infection and illness resulting from a biological attack. Today, environmental sensing serves at best as an alert to medical authorities for possible action, which would include sample collection and detailed analysis. This paper surveys the state of the art of sensing at all levels.