Optimized Radio Frequency Footprint Identification Based on UAV Telemetry Radios

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 16; p. 5099
• Main Authors: Tian, Yuan, Wen, Hong, Zhou, Jiaxin, Duan, Zhiqiang, Li, Tao
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 06.08.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Classification; Communication; convolutional neural network; Identification systems; Machine learning; Performance evaluation; Radio frequency; Receivers & amplifiers; RF fingerprinting; self-organizing map; Software; Sound; Telemetry; telemetry radios; UAV identification; UAV identification; telemetry radios; self-organizing map; RF fingerprinting; convolutional neural network
• DOI: 10.3390/s24165099
• ISSN: 1424-8220

With the widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the detection and identification of UAVs is a vital security issue for the safety of airspace and ground facilities in the no-fly zone. Telemetry radios are important wireless communication devices for UAVs, especially in UAVs beyond the visual line of sight (BVLOS) operating mode. This work focuses on the UAV identification approach using transient signals from UAV telemetry radios instead of the signals from UAV controllers that the former research work depended on. In our novel UAV Radio Frequency (RF) identification system framework based on telemetry radio signals, the EC−α algorithm is optimized to detect the starting point of the UAV transient signal and the detection accuracy at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) is evaluated. In the training stage, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is trained to extract features from raw I/Q data of the transient signals with different waveforms. Its architecture and hyperparameters are analyzed and optimized. In the identification stage, the extracted transient signals are clustered through the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm and the Clustering Signals Joint Identification (CSJI) algorithm is proposed to improve the accuracy of RF fingerprint identification. To evaluate the performance of our proposed approach, we design a testbed, including two UAVs as the flight platform, a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) as the receiver, and 20 telemetry radios with the same model as targets for identification. Indoor test results show that the optimized identification approach achieves an average accuracy of 92.3% at 30 dB. In comparison, the identification accuracy of SVM and KNN is 69.7% and 74.5%, respectively, at the same SNR condition. Extensive experiments are conducted outdoors to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.