Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules in the soil of Okinawa Island, Japan: Paleoclimatic implications and discrimination scheme of the nodule origins

•Origin of ferromanganese nodules in the soil in Okinawa was debatable.•Geochemistry of the nodules clearly indicates their terrestrial origin.•Layered structure of the nodules would reflect paleoclimate change.•Geochemical diagram identifying occurrences of ferromanganese nodules was proposed. Shim...

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Published inJournal of Asian Earth Sciences: X Vol. 8; p. 100127
Main Authors Azami, Keishiro, Yasukawa, Kazutaka, Kato, Yasuhiro
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2022
Elsevier
Subjects
Computed tomography
Discrimination diagram
Ferromanganese nodule
Okinawa Island
Paleoclimate
Rare-earth element
HN
PAAS
Okinawa Island
REY
Ferromanganese nodule
DN
XRF
SSN
CT
Rare-earth element
Computed tomography
BSE
Paleoclimate
TN
FWN
Discrimination diagram
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Abstract •Origin of ferromanganese nodules in the soil in Okinawa was debatable.•Geochemistry of the nodules clearly indicates their terrestrial origin.•Layered structure of the nodules would reflect paleoclimate change.•Geochemical diagram identifying occurrences of ferromanganese nodules was proposed. Shimajiri–Mahji refers to dark-red soil covering Ryukyu limestone that is characterized by buried ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) nodules, and it is widely distributed in Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan. The formation environment of the Fe–Mn nodules is considered closely related to the pedogenetic process of Shimajiri–Mahji because the mineral assemblage of the nodules is similar to that of the surrounding soil. There are two competing hypotheses about the formation environment of the Fe–Mn nodules: marine or terrestrial. In this study, the chemical composition of the Fe–Mn nodules was analyzed to determine their origin. The low Ni and Cu contents and the positive Ce and negative Y anomalies of the Fe–Mn nodules are inconsistent with the geochemical features associated with formation in the deep ocean and shallow seas or lakes, respectively. In contrast, the geochemical features of the Fe–Mn nodules correspond to formation in terrestrial soil, especially in terra rossa. An elemental map of the Mn/Fe ratio and computed tomography results demonstrated that the Fe–Mn nodules have a layered structure, which indicates a temporal change in the redox potential of Shimajiri–Mahji. This may be attributed to changes in the soil moisture owing to the variable intensity of the East Asian monsoon and climate change. A new discrimination diagram based on Al/Na and Co/Rb ratios was developed for classifying the formation environments of Fe–Mn nodules, which may help improve understanding of the formation history of soils and sediments containing them.
AbstractList •Origin of ferromanganese nodules in the soil in Okinawa was debatable.•Geochemistry of the nodules clearly indicates their terrestrial origin.•Layered structure of the nodules would reflect paleoclimate change.•Geochemical diagram identifying occurrences of ferromanganese nodules was proposed. Shimajiri–Mahji refers to dark-red soil covering Ryukyu limestone that is characterized by buried ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) nodules, and it is widely distributed in Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan. The formation environment of the Fe–Mn nodules is considered closely related to the pedogenetic process of Shimajiri–Mahji because the mineral assemblage of the nodules is similar to that of the surrounding soil. There are two competing hypotheses about the formation environment of the Fe–Mn nodules: marine or terrestrial. In this study, the chemical composition of the Fe–Mn nodules was analyzed to determine their origin. The low Ni and Cu contents and the positive Ce and negative Y anomalies of the Fe–Mn nodules are inconsistent with the geochemical features associated with formation in the deep ocean and shallow seas or lakes, respectively. In contrast, the geochemical features of the Fe–Mn nodules correspond to formation in terrestrial soil, especially in terra rossa. An elemental map of the Mn/Fe ratio and computed tomography results demonstrated that the Fe–Mn nodules have a layered structure, which indicates a temporal change in the redox potential of Shimajiri–Mahji. This may be attributed to changes in the soil moisture owing to the variable intensity of the East Asian monsoon and climate change. A new discrimination diagram based on Al/Na and Co/Rb ratios was developed for classifying the formation environments of Fe–Mn nodules, which may help improve understanding of the formation history of soils and sediments containing them.
Shimajiri–Mahji refers to dark-red soil covering Ryukyu limestone that is characterized by buried ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) nodules, and it is widely distributed in Okinawa Island, southwestern Japan. The formation environment of the Fe–Mn nodules is considered closely related to the pedogenetic process of Shimajiri–Mahji because the mineral assemblage of the nodules is similar to that of the surrounding soil. There are two competing hypotheses about the formation environment of the Fe–Mn nodules: marine or terrestrial. In this study, the chemical composition of the Fe–Mn nodules was analyzed to determine their origin. The low Ni and Cu contents and the positive Ce and negative Y anomalies of the Fe–Mn nodules are inconsistent with the geochemical features associated with formation in the deep ocean and shallow seas or lakes, respectively. In contrast, the geochemical features of the Fe–Mn nodules correspond to formation in terrestrial soil, especially in terra rossa. An elemental map of the Mn/Fe ratio and computed tomography results demonstrated that the Fe–Mn nodules have a layered structure, which indicates a temporal change in the redox potential of Shimajiri–Mahji. This may be attributed to changes in the soil moisture owing to the variable intensity of the East Asian monsoon and climate change. A new discrimination diagram based on Al/Na and Co/Rb ratios was developed for classifying the formation environments of Fe–Mn nodules, which may help improve understanding of the formation history of soils and sediments containing them.
ArticleNumber 100127
Author Kato, Yasuhiro
Azami, Keishiro
Yasukawa, Kazutaka
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  surname: Azami
  fullname: Azami, Keishiro
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  givenname: Kazutaka
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  fullname: Yasukawa, Kazutaka
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  givenname: Yasuhiro
  surname: Kato
  fullname: Kato, Yasuhiro
  email: ykato@sys.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
  organization: Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Keywords HN
PAAS
Okinawa Island
REY
Ferromanganese nodule
DN
XRF
SSN
CT
Rare-earth element
Computed tomography
BSE
Paleoclimate
TN
FWN
Discrimination diagram
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Snippet •Origin of ferromanganese nodules in the soil in Okinawa was debatable.•Geochemistry of the nodules clearly indicates their terrestrial origin.•Layered...
Shimajiri–Mahji refers to dark-red soil covering Ryukyu limestone that is characterized by buried ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) nodules, and it is widely distributed...
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StartPage 100127
SubjectTerms Computed tomography
Discrimination diagram
Ferromanganese nodule
Okinawa Island
Paleoclimate
Rare-earth element
Title Geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules in the soil of Okinawa Island, Japan: Paleoclimatic implications and discrimination scheme of the nodule origins
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2022.100127
https://doaj.org/article/cd318e07902a44d6874f4a85e9f0a013
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