Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review

Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe or a...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inApplied sciences Vol. 11; no. 16; p. 7416
Main Authors Giechaskiel, Barouch, Clairotte, Michaël
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 12.08.2021
Subjects
Air pollution
CLA
Conformity
Emissions
Engines
formaldehyde
FTIR
Gases
Gasoline
Laboratories
Light
Measurement techniques
NDIR
NDUV
NH3
Nitrogen
Pollutants
Regulation
Temperature
Vehicles
United States > US
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2076-3417
2076-3417
DOI10.3390/app11167416

Cover

Abstract Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe or at chassis dynamometers (light-duty vehicles) sampling from the dilution tunnel. The latest regulations focused on the actual emissions of the vehicles on the road. Greenhouse gases (GHG) (such as CO2, CH4, N2O), and NH3 have also been the subject of some regulations. One instrument that can measure many gaseous compounds simultaneously is the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. In this review the studies that assessed FTIRs since the 1980s are summarized. Studies with calibration gases or vehicle exhaust gas in comparison with well-established techniques were included. The main conclusion is that FTIRs, even when used at the tailpipe and not at the dilution tunnel, provide comparable results with other well-established techniques for CO2, CO, NOx, while for hydrocarbons, higher deviations were noticed. The introduction of FTIRs in the regulation needs a careful description of the technical requirements, especially interference tests. Although the limited results of prototype portable FTIRs for on-road measurement are promising, their performance at the wide range of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, vibrations) needs further studies.
AbstractList Featured ApplicationThe review showed that sampling with FTIR from the tailpipe of vehicles for the determination of various gaseous pollutants is a possible alternative to currently regulated techniques.AbstractPollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe or at chassis dynamometers (light-duty vehicles) sampling from the dilution tunnel. The latest regulations focused on the actual emissions of the vehicles on the road. Greenhouse gases (GHG) (such as CO2, CH4, N2O), and NH3 have also been the subject of some regulations. One instrument that can measure many gaseous compounds simultaneously is the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. In this review the studies that assessed FTIRs since the 1980s are summarized. Studies with calibration gases or vehicle exhaust gas in comparison with well-established techniques were included. The main conclusion is that FTIRs, even when used at the tailpipe and not at the dilution tunnel, provide comparable results with other well-established techniques for CO2, CO, NOx, while for hydrocarbons, higher deviations were noticed. The introduction of FTIRs in the regulation needs a careful description of the technical requirements, especially interference tests. Although the limited results of prototype portable FTIRs for on-road measurement are promising, their performance at the wide range of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, vibrations) needs further studies.
Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx. The measurements are typically conducted at engine dynamometers (heavy-duty engines) sampling from the tailpipe or at chassis dynamometers (light-duty vehicles) sampling from the dilution tunnel. The latest regulations focused on the actual emissions of the vehicles on the road. Greenhouse gases (GHG) (such as CO2, CH4, N2O), and NH3 have also been the subject of some regulations. One instrument that can measure many gaseous compounds simultaneously is the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. In this review the studies that assessed FTIRs since the 1980s are summarized. Studies with calibration gases or vehicle exhaust gas in comparison with well-established techniques were included. The main conclusion is that FTIRs, even when used at the tailpipe and not at the dilution tunnel, provide comparable results with other well-established techniques for CO2, CO, NOx, while for hydrocarbons, higher deviations were noticed. The introduction of FTIRs in the regulation needs a careful description of the technical requirements, especially interference tests. Although the limited results of prototype portable FTIRs for on-road measurement are promising, their performance at the wide range of environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, vibrations) needs further studies.
Author Giechaskiel, Barouch
Clairotte, Michaël
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Barouch
  surname: Giechaskiel
  fullname: Giechaskiel, Barouch
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Michaël
  surname: Clairotte
  fullname: Clairotte, Michaël
BookMark eNptUU1rGzEQFSWBfDSn_AFBLwnFrUYfK29uIditISGQuL0KrXbUyNirrSSnzb-vUjcQSuYyw8ybx3szR2RviAMScgrskxAt-2zHEQAaLaF5Rw45081ESNB7r-oDcpLzitVoQUyBHRI_j9sUMNFlskP2MW3oYvDJJuzp2Xy5uDun9yO6kmJ2cXyiFUFv0OZtwg0OJdPo6Xd8CG6NdPb7wW5zobNNyDnEIV_QS3qHjwF_vSf73q4znvzLx-TbfLa8-jq5vv2yuLq8njgpWJloh7qHlvdaaeWmGlHIxstOVbmycS10rNNCStV00OnqClivoPV1yn2rUByTxY63j3ZlxhQ2Nj2ZaIP524jph7GpPKs1nRIoWdsjSCE9E51SzoMTU94KLqeqcn3YcY0p_txiLmZVbzVU-YarRjaCc80rCnYoV0-UE3rjQrGl2i_JhrUBZp6_Y159p-58_G_nRelb6D9kMY--
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_171467
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trpro_2023_11_295
crossref_primary_10_3390_technologies12030032
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms26020541
crossref_primary_10_1039_D3EA00136A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tca_2023_179590
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2CP01458K
crossref_primary_10_2116_bunsekikagaku_72_265
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25094768
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12302_024_00854_4
crossref_primary_10_3390_en16062561
crossref_primary_10_1007_s44273_025_00054_3
crossref_primary_10_1093_jaoacint_qsac081
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trpro_2023_11_857
crossref_primary_10_4271_03_17_07_0052
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cscee_2025_101162
crossref_primary_10_1177_14680874221149603
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jqsrt_2024_109131
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22228919
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aeaoa_2024_100307
crossref_primary_10_3390_catal12101230
crossref_primary_10_5988_jime_60_53
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_infrared_2023_105108
crossref_primary_10_3390_catal12060651
crossref_primary_10_3390_radiation4030022
crossref_primary_10_1109_LPT_2023_3289468
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19106199
crossref_primary_10_3390_en15041470
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijheatmasstransfer_2025_126661
crossref_primary_10_3390_s25051634
crossref_primary_10_3390_nano13050955
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_snb_2023_134500
crossref_primary_10_1002_bbb_2539
Cites_doi 10.1021/ac00292a017
10.4271/2017-24-0120
10.4271/2019-01-0076
10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.07.072
10.1016/j.fuel.2014.10.076
10.4271/940403
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148926
10.1007/s11356-015-4267-3
10.4271/2005-01-3724
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.009
10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117597
10.4271/2016-01-0975
10.1117/12.7972551
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.056
10.1021/es501381h
10.1016/0956-053X(96)82821-2
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.027
10.1117/12.46172
10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.037
10.3390/atmos12081011
10.3390/catal9070586
10.4271/2020-01-0365
10.4271/961155
10.1002/9781118354179
10.4271/940739
10.4271/2020-01-2047
10.4271/2016-01-0978
10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00025-7
10.4271/2013-01-1345
10.5772/2757
10.1117/12.46171
10.4271/2011-26-0044
10.4271/2000-01-0794
10.4271/2000-01-1140
10.4271/980047
10.1021/ac00206a007
10.1140/epjti/s40485-015-0018-6
10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.100
10.4271/2010-01-1571
10.4271/1999-01-0150
10.4271/2015-01-1064
10.1016/j.proci.2010.07.001
10.1201/b10777
10.4271/932494
10.4271/940304
10.4271/2012-01-0876
10.4271/930377
10.1021/es9909226
10.4271/2007-01-2066
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.021
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117394
10.4271/971018
10.3390/app8091633
10.3390/app9132751
10.1117/12.46178
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117643
10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117350
10.1016/j.snb.2016.03.040
10.4271/2013-01-1514
10.1115/1.4002893
10.3390/app8010095
10.3390/s17112612
10.4271/2013-01-1346
10.5194/amt-12-525-2019
10.4271/922246
10.1021/es00092a014
10.1007/s40825-016-0040-4
10.1038/181760a0
10.4271/2010-01-1557
10.1088/0256-307X/28/7/073302
10.1080/05704920500230906
10.1504/IJEP.2004.005548
10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.096
10.3390/ijerph16234819
10.4271/2009-01-1519
10.1364/JOSA.32.000285
10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116131
10.4271/851659
10.1364/AO.18.003404
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.038
10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.015
10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.039
10.4271/2018-01-1814
10.4271/2002-01-0612
10.4271/2006-01-3368
10.3390/atmos11020204
10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.018
10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.131
10.4271/2014-01-1586
10.4271/2017-01-2388
10.4271/932660
10.1088/1757-899X/78/1/012001
10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.002
10.4271/2015-24-2510
10.1081/ASR-200030192
10.1021/acsomega.8b02459
10.19206/CE-116930
10.3390/atmos11060582
10.2118/37878-MS
10.4271/670123
10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00395-6
10.4271/2005-01-3606
10.1002/cjce.23664
10.1029/2008GL035302
10.1243/PIME_PROC_1996_210_252_02
10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.006
10.4271/2012-01-1674
10.4271/2012-01-1098
10.4271/2005-01-0676
10.3390/app8112303
10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.029
10.1186/s12302-020-00407-5
10.4271/2014-36-0260
10.1021/es60159a010
10.4271/920723
10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.012
10.4271/830437
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.024
10.4271/2010-32-0126
10.1021/es0627850
10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.021
10.4271/JPF-HOR-002
10.4271/2008-01-1648
10.1088/0957-0233/11/10/201
10.1021/cr050198b
10.4271/910839
10.1093/chromsci/5.2.68
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.050
10.1007/s00231-018-2295-5
10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00583-0
10.4271/950933
10.4271/2007-01-1909
10.4271/851657
10.4271/2014-32-0032
10.3390/app9112263
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117019
10.3155/1047-3289.60.7.867
10.4271/2006-32-0023
10.4271/9780768099560
10.1080/10473289.2003.10466208
10.4271/2007-01-0330
10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.08.010
10.4271/2016-36-0158
10.1364/AO.39.000441
10.4271/2013-36-0181
10.4271/2008-01-0754
10.3390/atmos3020246
10.4271/2019-01-0746
10.4271/840470
10.3390/atmos11060645
10.1007/s40825-016-0050-2
10.4271/2014-01-2826
10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120223
10.4271/2013-01-1145
10.3390/atmos10040180
10.19206/CE-135811
10.2514/6.1976-137
10.4271/2017-01-0992
10.2116/analsci.9.77
10.4271/810429
10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.06.038
10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.031
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.054
10.4271/2010-01-0477
10.4271/2014-01-1615
10.4271/2000-01-1142
10.5194/acp-6-5339-2006
10.4271/2014-01-2812
10.4271/900275
10.1117/12.166782
10.4271/2011-24-0111
10.1016/0021-8502(89)90078-5
10.4271/930946
10.1007/b10463
10.4271/2007-01-0331
10.4271/2008-01-2428
10.1155/2015/136516
10.4271/2001-01-0213
10.4271/2009-01-2743
10.3390/atmos10040208
10.3390/catal9080678
10.3141/2158-12
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
DOA
DOI 10.3390/app11167416
DatabaseName CrossRef
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
DatabaseTitleList Publicly Available Content Database

CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
Sciences (General)
EISSN 2076-3417
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_b53e409de1434f03b55cf1c382932485
10_3390_app11167416
GeographicLocations United States--US
GeographicLocations_xml – name: United States--US
GroupedDBID .4S
2XV
5VS
7XC
8CJ
8FE
8FG
8FH
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAYXX
ADBBV
ADMLS
AFKRA
AFPKN
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
APEBS
ARCSS
BCNDV
BENPR
CCPQU
CITATION
CZ9
D1I
D1J
D1K
GROUPED_DOAJ
IAO
IGS
ITC
K6-
K6V
KC.
KQ8
L6V
LK5
LK8
M7R
MODMG
M~E
OK1
P62
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PROAC
TUS
ABUWG
AZQEC
DWQXO
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PUEGO
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-7ce7d192d7575c87ee346f4b591346c91b0b734456b1b707610d519f1342f95e3
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISSN 2076-3417
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:29:47 EDT 2025
Mon Jun 30 11:16:23 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 00:51:01 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:09:05 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 16
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c430t-7ce7d192d7575c87ee346f4b591346c91b0b734456b1b707610d519f1342f95e3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/2564632272?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PQID 2564632272
PQPubID 2032433
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_b53e409de1434f03b55cf1c382932485
proquest_journals_2564632272
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_app11167416
crossref_primary_10_3390_app11167416
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2021-08-12
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-08-12
PublicationDate_xml – month: 08
  year: 2021
  text: 2021-08-12
  day: 12
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Basel
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Basel
PublicationTitle Applied sciences
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher MDPI AG
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
References ref_94
ref_137
Koponen (ref_56) 2020; 236
ref_93
ref_139
ref_138
Zhao (ref_119) 2012; 3
Wallner (ref_159) 2011; 133
ref_130
ref_133
ref_132
ref_96
ref_135
Reyes (ref_78) 2006; 6
ref_126
ref_128
ref_127
ref_129
ref_120
ref_122
ref_121
ref_123
Gordon (ref_117) 2017; 203
Adachi (ref_31) 2000; 11
ref_70
ref_150
ref_153
Giechaskiel (ref_61) 2018; 166
Wu (ref_49) 2019; 258
Mehsein (ref_68) 2020; 226
Zardini (ref_66) 2015; 143
ref_83
ref_148
ref_82
ref_147
ref_81
ref_149
Gluck (ref_136) 2003; 53
Hadavi (ref_99) 2012; 5
Herget (ref_7) 1979; 18
ref_140
Soltani (ref_35) 2018; 220
ref_89
Takahama (ref_10) 2019; 12
ref_88
ref_141
Cheng (ref_155) 1998; 24
ref_87
ref_86
ref_143
ref_146
ref_145
Patience (ref_4) 2020; 98
Davies (ref_38) 2018; 239
Astorga (ref_60) 2018; 234
Erlandsson (ref_160) 2010; 3
Jorgensen (ref_158) 1990; 62
Sun (ref_131) 2011; 28
ref_203
Zardini (ref_71) 2014; 97
Gruden (ref_1) 2003; Volume 3T
ref_204
Khalfan (ref_91) 2014; 7
Kawarabayashi (ref_112) 1990; 90
Liu (ref_73) 2021; 795
ref_200
Zardini (ref_52) 2019; 170
Gautam (ref_124) 2015; 2
Wagner (ref_174) 1996; 210
Heland (ref_16) 2000; 39
ref_115
ref_114
ref_116
Andersson (ref_59) 2014; 7
Bielaczyc (ref_58) 2014; 159
Bradley (ref_14) 2000; 34
Durbin (ref_69) 2002; 36
ref_110
Zardini (ref_85) 2014; 94
ref_113
Clairotte (ref_75) 2013; 102
Daemme (ref_205) 2016; 27
Arai (ref_34) 1993; 9
Pavlovic (ref_80) 2019; 4
ref_104
Heland (ref_118) 1998; 32
ref_103
ref_106
ref_105
ref_108
Astorga (ref_76) 2016; 49
Clairotte (ref_84) 2012; 717
ref_109
ref_100
ref_102
ref_101
Allen (ref_9) 1989; 20
Doyle (ref_5) 1979; 13
Astorga (ref_79) 2016; 136
ref_11
Li (ref_90) 2014; 7
Hunicz (ref_46) 2020; 268
Koponen (ref_64) 2011; 4
ref_18
ref_17
Bogarra (ref_74) 2016; 180
Zardini (ref_151) 2015; 22
Riccobono (ref_201) 2017; 166
ref_15
Zhang (ref_179) 2013; 6
Yamada (ref_53) 2011; 33
Zarante (ref_51) 2018; 54
ref_25
ref_23
ref_22
ref_21
ref_20
Kousoulidou (ref_57) 2019; 235
ref_29
ref_28
ref_27
ref_26
White (ref_111) 1942; 32
Liu (ref_12) 2020; 270
Mohn (ref_152) 2004; 22
Palo (ref_156) 2007; 107
Liang (ref_181) 2015; 2015
Clairotte (ref_54) 2020; 32
Jindra (ref_98) 2018; 616–617
Balaji (ref_187) 2015; 78
McWilliam (ref_154) 1958; 181
Huai (ref_77) 2003; 4
Olsen (ref_142) 2010; 60
Haack (ref_24) 1986; 58
ref_173
Brosha (ref_50) 2017; 3
ref_172
ref_55
Cao (ref_144) 2016; 2
ref_177
ref_176
ref_178
Auvinen (ref_40) 2021; 291
Bacsik (ref_125) 2004; 39
ref_180
ref_182
Gierczak (ref_162) 2017; 150
Wang (ref_72) 2019; 199
Dietz (ref_157) 1967; 5
ref_169
Tuazon (ref_6) 1981; 15
ref_161
ref_67
ref_164
Tan (ref_44) 2012; 39
ref_163
ref_166
ref_165
ref_63
ref_62
ref_167
Collins (ref_92) 2007; 41
Li (ref_97) 2010; 3
ref_171
ref_170
(ref_65) 2014; 48
Bacsik (ref_19) 2005; 40
Livingston (ref_202) 2009; 43
Jiang (ref_48) 2019; 153
ref_194
ref_197
ref_33
ref_196
ref_32
ref_199
ref_198
ref_30
Mao (ref_13) 1995; 15
ref_39
ref_37
Miers (ref_195) 2010; 3
ref_47
Giechaskiel (ref_107) 2018; 166
ref_184
ref_183
ref_45
ref_186
ref_185
ref_43
ref_188
ref_42
ref_189
ref_3
Clairotte (ref_168) 2017; 203
ref_2
Williams (ref_175) 2019; 218
ref_191
ref_190
ref_193
ref_192
Dinh (ref_134) 2016; 231
ref_8
Machado (ref_41) 2012; 97
Stanciulescu (ref_36) 2010; 89
Sentoff (ref_95) 2010; 2158
References_xml – volume: 58
  start-page: 68
  year: 1986
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: Comparison of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine-Impinger Techniques for the Measurement of Formaldehyde in Vehicle Exhaust
  publication-title: Anal. Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/ac00292a017
– ident: ref_190
– ident: ref_2
  doi: 10.4271/2017-24-0120
– ident: ref_196
  doi: 10.4271/2019-01-0076
– volume: 239
  start-page: 10
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_38
  article-title: Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot Particulate from Diesel Exhaust by In-Situ Catalytic Generation and Utilisation of N2O
  publication-title: Appl. Catal. B Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.07.072
– volume: 143
  start-page: 173
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_66
  article-title: Impact of Ethanol Containing Gasoline Blends on Emissions from a Flex-Fuel Vehicle Tested over the Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle (WLTC)
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.10.076
– ident: ref_32
  doi: 10.4271/940403
– volume: 795
  start-page: 148926
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_73
  article-title: Research on Ammonia Emissions from Three-Way Catalytic Converters Based on Small Sample Test and Vehicle Test
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148926
– volume: 22
  start-page: 7450
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_151
  article-title: Intercomparison of Real-Time Tailpipe Ammonia Measurements from Vehicles Tested over the New World-Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC)
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.
  doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4267-3
– ident: ref_47
  doi: 10.4271/2005-01-3724
– volume: 43
  start-page: 3326
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_202
  article-title: Ammonia Emissions from a Representative In-Use Fleet of Light and Medium-Duty Vehicles in the California South Coast Air Basin
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.009
– volume: 270
  start-page: 117597
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: Effects of Iron-Based Fuel Borne Catalyst Addition on Microstructure, Element Composition and Oxidation Activity of Diesel Exhaust Particles
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117597
– ident: ref_150
  doi: 10.4271/2016-01-0975
– ident: ref_186
  doi: 10.1117/12.7972551
– volume: 166
  start-page: 488
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_201
  article-title: On-Road Measurement of NH3 Emissions from Gasoline and Diesel Passenger Cars during Real World Driving Conditions
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.056
– volume: 48
  start-page: 10489
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: Ethanol, Isobutanol, and Biohydrocarbons as Gasoline Components in Relation to Gaseous Emissions and Particulate Matter
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/es501381h
– volume: 15
  start-page: 567
  year: 1995
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry as a Continuous Emission Monitor
  publication-title: Waste Manag.
  doi: 10.1016/0956-053X(96)82821-2
– volume: 199
  start-page: 136
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Ammonia Emissions from China-6 Compliant Gasoline Vehicles Tested over the WLTC
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.027
– ident: ref_169
  doi: 10.1117/12.46172
– volume: 220
  start-page: 453
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_35
  article-title: The Effect of Exhaust Gas Composition on the Kinetics of Soot Oxidation and Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.037
– ident: ref_199
  doi: 10.3390/atmos12081011
– ident: ref_106
  doi: 10.3390/catal9070586
– ident: ref_204
  doi: 10.4271/2020-01-0365
– ident: ref_30
  doi: 10.4271/961155
– ident: ref_127
  doi: 10.1002/9781118354179
– volume: 616–617
  start-page: 774
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_98
  article-title: On-Road and Laboratory Emissions of NO, NO2, NH3, N2O and CH4 from Late-Model EU Light Utility Vehicles: Comparison of Diesel and CNG
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
– ident: ref_171
  doi: 10.4271/940739
– ident: ref_103
– ident: ref_42
  doi: 10.4271/2020-01-2047
– ident: ref_167
  doi: 10.4271/2016-01-0978
– volume: 24
  start-page: 89
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_155
  article-title: The Fast-Response Flame Ionization Detector
  publication-title: Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00025-7
– volume: 6
  start-page: 1126
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_179
  article-title: Research on Unregulated Emissions from an Alcohols-Gasoline Blend Vehicle Using FTIR, HPLC and GC-MS Measuring Methods
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Engines
  doi: 10.4271/2013-01-1345
– ident: ref_20
  doi: 10.5772/2757
– ident: ref_8
  doi: 10.1117/12.46171
– ident: ref_147
  doi: 10.4271/2011-26-0044
– ident: ref_161
  doi: 10.4271/2000-01-0794
– ident: ref_86
  doi: 10.4271/2000-01-1140
– ident: ref_113
  doi: 10.4271/980047
– volume: 62
  start-page: 683
  year: 1990
  ident: ref_158
  article-title: Prediction of Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector Response Factors from Molecular Structures
  publication-title: Anal. Chem.
  doi: 10.1021/ac00206a007
– volume: 2
  start-page: 1
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_124
  article-title: Review of Multidimensional Data Processing Approaches for Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy
  publication-title: EPJ Tech. Instrum.
  doi: 10.1140/epjti/s40485-015-0018-6
– volume: 180
  start-page: 245
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Study of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions in Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using On-Board Exhaust Gas Fuel Reforming
  publication-title: Appl. Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.100
– ident: ref_123
  doi: 10.4271/2010-01-1571
– ident: ref_132
  doi: 10.4271/1999-01-0150
– ident: ref_96
  doi: 10.4271/2015-01-1064
– volume: 33
  start-page: 2895
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Detailed Analysis of Diesel Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrocarbons and Particulate Size Distributions
  publication-title: Proc. Combust. Inst.
  doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2010.07.001
– ident: ref_191
– ident: ref_200
– ident: ref_3
  doi: 10.1201/b10777
– ident: ref_33
  doi: 10.4271/932494
– ident: ref_146
  doi: 10.4271/940304
– ident: ref_55
  doi: 10.4271/2012-01-0876
– ident: ref_26
  doi: 10.4271/930377
– volume: 34
  start-page: 897
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_14
  article-title: Motor Vehicle Fleet Emissions by OP-FTIR
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/es9909226
– ident: ref_87
  doi: 10.4271/2007-01-2066
– ident: ref_109
– volume: 136
  start-page: 134
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Unregulated Emissions from Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.021
– volume: 226
  start-page: 117394
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_68
  article-title: Minimizing Secondary Pollutant Formation through Identification of Most Influential Volatile Emissions in Gasoline Exhausts: Impact of the Vehicle Powertrain Technology
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117394
– ident: ref_194
– ident: ref_114
  doi: 10.4271/971018
– volume: 90
  start-page: 365
  year: 1990
  ident: ref_112
  article-title: Measurement of Vehicle Emissions with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Method
  publication-title: Int. Symp. COMODIA
– ident: ref_104
– ident: ref_145
  doi: 10.3390/app8091633
– ident: ref_37
  doi: 10.3390/app9132751
– ident: ref_126
  doi: 10.1117/12.46178
– volume: 236
  start-page: 117643
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_56
  article-title: Comprehensive Emission Characterisation of Exhaust from Alternative Fuelled Cars
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117643
– volume: 268
  start-page: 117350
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_46
  article-title: Efficient Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Combustion under Partially Premixed Conditions with Heavy Exhaust Gas Recirculation
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117350
– volume: 231
  start-page: 529
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_134
  article-title: A Review on Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Sensors: Improvement of Sensor Detection Limit and Interference Correction
  publication-title: Sens. Actuators B Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.03.040
– ident: ref_101
  doi: 10.4271/2013-01-1514
– volume: 133
  start-page: 082801
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_159
  article-title: Correlation between Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions and Flame Ionization Detector Response for Gasoline/Alcohol Blends
  publication-title: J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
  doi: 10.1115/1.4002893
– volume: 27
  start-page: 2192
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_205
  article-title: Emissions of Criteria and Non-Criteria Pollutants by a Flex-Fuel Motorcycle
  publication-title: J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
– ident: ref_39
  doi: 10.3390/app8010095
– ident: ref_188
  doi: 10.3390/s17112612
– ident: ref_70
  doi: 10.4271/2013-01-1346
– volume: 12
  start-page: 525
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: Atmospheric Particulate Matter Characterization by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Review of Statistical Calibration Strategies for Carbonaceous Aerosol Quantification in US Measurement Networks
  publication-title: Atmos. Meas. Tech.
  doi: 10.5194/amt-12-525-2019
– ident: ref_166
  doi: 10.4271/922246
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1232
  year: 1981
  ident: ref_6
  article-title: Trace Pollutant Concentrations in a Multiday Smog Episode in the California South Coast Air Basin by Long Path Length Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/es00092a014
– volume: 2
  start-page: 173
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_144
  article-title: A Comprehensive Evaluation of a Gaseous Portable Emissions Measurement System with a Mobile Reference Laboratory
  publication-title: Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1007/s40825-016-0040-4
– volume: 181
  start-page: 760
  year: 1958
  ident: ref_154
  article-title: Flame Ionization Detector for Gas Chromatography
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/181760a0
– volume: 3
  start-page: 453
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_160
  article-title: Measurement Methodologies for Hydrocarbons, Ethanol and Aldehyde Emissions from Ethanol Fuelled Vehicles
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
  doi: 10.4271/2010-01-1557
– volume: 28
  start-page: 073302
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_131
  article-title: Water Vapor Interference Correction in a Non Dispersive Infrared Multi-Gas Analyzer
  publication-title: Chin. Phys. Lett.
  doi: 10.1088/0256-307X/28/7/073302
– volume: 40
  start-page: 327
  year: 2005
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: FTIR Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere Part 2. Applications
  publication-title: Appl. Spectrosc. Rev.
  doi: 10.1080/05704920500230906
– ident: ref_116
– volume: 22
  start-page: 342
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_152
  article-title: Time-Resolved Ammonia Measurement in Vehicle Exhaust
  publication-title: Int. J. Environ. Pollut.
  doi: 10.1504/IJEP.2004.005548
– ident: ref_122
– volume: 234
  start-page: 318
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_60
  article-title: Impact of Cold Temperature on Euro 6 Passenger Car Emissions
  publication-title: Environ. Pollut.
  doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.096
– ident: ref_108
  doi: 10.3390/ijerph16234819
– ident: ref_153
  doi: 10.4271/2009-01-1519
– volume: 32
  start-page: 285
  year: 1942
  ident: ref_111
  article-title: Long Optical Paths of Large Aperture
  publication-title: J. Opt. Soc. Am.
  doi: 10.1364/JOSA.32.000285
– volume: 258
  start-page: 116131
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_49
  article-title: Effect of Post-Injection on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions in DI Diesel Engine
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116131
– ident: ref_23
  doi: 10.4271/851659
– volume: 18
  start-page: 3404
  year: 1979
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Remote Measurement of Gaseous Pollutant Concentrations Using a Mobile Fourier Transform Interferometer System
  publication-title: Appl. Opt.
  doi: 10.1364/AO.18.003404
– volume: 150
  start-page: 425
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_162
  article-title: Measuring NMHC and NMOG Emissions from Motor Vehicles via FTIR Spectroscopy
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.038
– volume: 89
  start-page: 2292
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_36
  article-title: Effect of Primary Amine Hydrocarbon Chain Length for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx from Diesel Engine Exhaust
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.015
– volume: 49
  start-page: 259
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Isocyanic Acid and Ammonia in Vehicle Emissions
  publication-title: Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.039
– ident: ref_149
  doi: 10.4271/2018-01-1814
– ident: ref_105
– ident: ref_133
  doi: 10.4271/2002-01-0612
– ident: ref_163
  doi: 10.4271/2006-01-3368
– ident: ref_102
  doi: 10.3390/atmos11020204
– volume: 97
  start-page: 796
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_41
  article-title: Hydrous Ethanol–Gasoline Blends—Combustion and Emission Investigations on a Flex-Fuel Engine
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.018
– volume: 203
  start-page: 330
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_168
  article-title: Intercomparison of Ethanol, Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Measurements from a Flex-Fuel Vehicle Exhaust during the WLTC
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.131
– ident: ref_185
  doi: 10.4271/2014-01-1586
– ident: ref_89
  doi: 10.4271/2017-01-2388
– ident: ref_170
  doi: 10.4271/932660
– volume: 78
  start-page: 012001
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_187
  article-title: Wire Rope Isolators for Vibration Isolation of Equipment and Structures—A Review
  publication-title: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.
  doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/78/1/012001
– volume: 39
  start-page: 356
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: Exhaust Emissions from a Light-Duty Diesel Engine with Jatropha Biodiesel Fuel
  publication-title: Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.002
– ident: ref_140
  doi: 10.4271/2015-24-2510
– volume: 39
  start-page: 295
  year: 2004
  ident: ref_125
  article-title: FTIR Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere. I. Principles and Methods
  publication-title: Appl. Spectrosc. Rev.
  doi: 10.1081/ASR-200030192
– volume: 4
  start-page: 3159
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_80
  article-title: Effect of Low Ambient Temperature on Emissions and Electric Range of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
  publication-title: ACS Omega
  doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02459
– ident: ref_141
– ident: ref_193
– volume: 159
  start-page: 48
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_58
  article-title: An Overview of Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen Compounds from Modern Light Duty Vehicles Featuring SI Engines
  publication-title: Combust. Engines
  doi: 10.19206/CE-116930
– ident: ref_17
  doi: 10.3390/atmos11060582
– ident: ref_177
  doi: 10.2118/37878-MS
– ident: ref_173
  doi: 10.4271/670123
– volume: 32
  start-page: 3067
  year: 1998
  ident: ref_118
  article-title: Determination of Major Combustion Products in Aircraft Exhausts by FTIR Emission Spectroscopy
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00395-6
– ident: ref_137
  doi: 10.4271/2005-01-3606
– volume: 98
  start-page: 25
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy—FTIR
  publication-title: Can. J. Chem. Eng.
  doi: 10.1002/cjce.23664
– ident: ref_11
  doi: 10.1029/2008GL035302
– volume: 210
  start-page: 109
  year: 1996
  ident: ref_174
  article-title: Aldehydes and Ketones in Engine Exhaust Emissions—A Review
  publication-title: Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng.
  doi: 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1996_210_252_02
– volume: 166
  start-page: 298
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: Evaluation of NOx Emissions of a Retrofitted Euro 5 Passenger Car for the Horizon Prize “Engine Retrofit”
  publication-title: Environ. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.006
– volume: 5
  start-page: 1132
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_99
  article-title: Comparison of Gaseous Emissions for B100 and Diesel Fuels for Real World Urban and Extra Urban Driving
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
  doi: 10.4271/2012-01-1674
– ident: ref_203
  doi: 10.4271/2012-01-1098
– ident: ref_110
  doi: 10.4271/2005-01-0676
– ident: ref_43
  doi: 10.3390/app8112303
– volume: 717
  start-page: 28
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_84
  article-title: Online Characterization of Regulated and Unregulated Gaseous and Particulate Exhaust Emissions from Two-Stroke Mopeds: A Chemometric Approach
  publication-title: Anal. Chim. Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.029
– volume: 32
  start-page: 125
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: Exhaust Emission Factors of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) from European Road Vehicles
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Eur.
  doi: 10.1186/s12302-020-00407-5
– ident: ref_172
  doi: 10.4271/2014-36-0260
– volume: 13
  start-page: 1416
  year: 1979
  ident: ref_5
  article-title: Simultaneous Concentrations of Ammonia and Nitric Acid in a Polluted Atmosphere and Their Equilibrium Relationship to Particulate Ammonium Nitrate
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/es60159a010
– ident: ref_25
  doi: 10.4271/920723
– volume: 166
  start-page: 251
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_107
  article-title: Framework for the Assessment of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) Uncertainty
  publication-title: Environ. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.012
– ident: ref_22
  doi: 10.4271/830437
– ident: ref_129
– volume: 94
  start-page: 307
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_85
  article-title: Effects of Alkylate Fuel on Exhaust Emissions and Secondary Aerosol Formation of a 2-Stroke and a 4-Stroke Scooter
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.024
– volume: 3
  start-page: 1112
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_195
  article-title: Measurement of Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions from Snowmobiles in the 2009 SAE Clean Snowmobile Challenge
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
  doi: 10.4271/2010-32-0126
– volume: 41
  start-page: 6554
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_92
  article-title: Measurements of In-Use Emissions from Modern Vehicles Using an on-Board Measurement System
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/es0627850
– volume: 170
  start-page: 203
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: Reducing the Exhaust Emissions of Unregulated Pollutants from Small Gasoline Engines with Alkylate Fuel and Low-Ash Lube Oil
  publication-title: Environ. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.021
– ident: ref_128
  doi: 10.4271/JPF-HOR-002
– volume: 4
  start-page: 9
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Investigation of Emission Rates of Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide and Other Exhaust Compounds from Alternative Fuel Vehicles Using a Chassis Dynamometer
  publication-title: Int. J. Automot. Technol.
– ident: ref_93
  doi: 10.4271/2008-01-1648
– volume: 11
  start-page: R113
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_31
  article-title: Emission Measurement Techniques for Advanced Powertrains
  publication-title: Meas. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1088/0957-0233/11/10/201
– volume: 107
  start-page: 3992
  year: 2007
  ident: ref_156
  article-title: Methanol Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production
  publication-title: Chem. Rev.
  doi: 10.1021/cr050198b
– ident: ref_28
  doi: 10.4271/910839
– volume: 5
  start-page: 68
  year: 1967
  ident: ref_157
  article-title: Response Factors for Gas Chromatographic Analyses
  publication-title: J. Chromatogr. Sci.
  doi: 10.1093/chromsci/5.2.68
– volume: 97
  start-page: 43
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_71
  article-title: Ammonia Exhaust Emissions from Spark Ignition Vehicles over the New European Driving Cycle
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.050
– volume: 54
  start-page: 2079
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: Comparison of Aldehyde Emissions Simulation with FTIR Measurements in the Exhaust of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled by Ethanol
  publication-title: Heat Mass Transf.
  doi: 10.1007/s00231-018-2295-5
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1475
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_69
  article-title: Estimates of the Emission Rates of Ammonia from Light-Duty Vehicles Using Standard Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00583-0
– ident: ref_27
  doi: 10.4271/950933
– ident: ref_189
  doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.012
– ident: ref_45
  doi: 10.4271/2007-01-1909
– ident: ref_164
  doi: 10.4271/851657
– ident: ref_82
  doi: 10.4271/2014-32-0032
– ident: ref_135
  doi: 10.3390/app9112263
– volume: 218
  start-page: 117019
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_175
  article-title: Quantification of the Influence of NO2, NO and CO Gases on the Determination of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Using the DNPH Method as Applied to Polluted Environments
  publication-title: Atmos. Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117019
– volume: 60
  start-page: 867
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_142
  article-title: Impact of Oxidation Catalysts on Exhaust NO2/NOx Ratio from Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines
  publication-title: J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.
  doi: 10.3155/1047-3289.60.7.867
– ident: ref_176
  doi: 10.4271/2006-32-0023
– ident: ref_130
  doi: 10.4271/9780768099560
– volume: 53
  start-page: 749
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_136
  article-title: Evaluation of NOx Flue Gas Analyzers for Accuracy and Their Applicability for Low-Concentration Measurements
  publication-title: J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.
  doi: 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466208
– ident: ref_120
  doi: 10.4271/2007-01-0330
– volume: 102
  start-page: 44
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_75
  article-title: Effects of Low Temperature on the Cold Start Gaseous Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles Fuelled by Ethanol-Blended Gasoline
  publication-title: Appl. Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.08.010
– ident: ref_83
  doi: 10.4271/2016-36-0158
– volume: 39
  start-page: 441
  year: 2000
  ident: ref_16
  article-title: Nonintrusive Optical Measurements of Aircraft Engine Exhaust Emissions and Comparison with Standard Intrusive Techniques
  publication-title: Appl. Opt.
  doi: 10.1364/AO.39.000441
– ident: ref_180
– ident: ref_81
  doi: 10.4271/2013-36-0181
– ident: ref_88
  doi: 10.4271/2008-01-0754
– volume: 3
  start-page: 246
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_119
  article-title: Estimation of the Interference in Multi-Gas Measurements Using Infrared Photoacoustic Analyzers
  publication-title: Atmosphere
  doi: 10.3390/atmos3020246
– ident: ref_197
– ident: ref_183
  doi: 10.4271/2019-01-0746
– ident: ref_115
  doi: 10.4271/840470
– ident: ref_198
  doi: 10.3390/atmos11060645
– volume: 3
  start-page: 112
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Response Characteristics of Stable Mixed-Potential NH3 Sensors in Diesel Engine Exhaust
  publication-title: Emiss. Control Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1007/s40825-016-0050-2
– volume: 7
  start-page: 919
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_59
  article-title: On-Road and Chassis Dynamometer Evaluations of Emissions from Two Euro 6 Diesel Vehicles
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
  doi: 10.4271/2014-01-2826
– volume: 291
  start-page: 120223
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_40
  article-title: A Detailed Study on Regeneration of SO2 Poisoned Exhaust Gas after-Treatment Catalysts: In Pursuance of High Durability and Low Methane, NH3 and N2O Emissions of Heavy-Duty Vehicles
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120223
– ident: ref_100
  doi: 10.4271/2013-01-1145
– ident: ref_62
  doi: 10.3390/atmos10040180
– ident: ref_184
  doi: 10.19206/CE-135811
– ident: ref_143
  doi: 10.2514/6.1976-137
– ident: ref_182
  doi: 10.4271/2017-01-0992
– volume: 9
  start-page: 77
  year: 1993
  ident: ref_34
  article-title: Continuous Analysis of Vehicle Exhaust Gas by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
  publication-title: Anal. Sci.
  doi: 10.2116/analsci.9.77
– ident: ref_21
  doi: 10.4271/810429
– volume: 203
  start-page: 3
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_117
  article-title: The HITRAN2016 Molecular Spectroscopic Database
  publication-title: J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.06.038
– ident: ref_192
– volume: 235
  start-page: 1427
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_57
  article-title: Impact of HVO Blends on Modern Diesel Passenger Cars Emissions during Real World Operation
  publication-title: Fuel
  doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.031
– volume: 153
  start-page: 669
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: Optimizing Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions: Combined Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Fuel Octane Number
  publication-title: Appl. Therm. Eng.
  doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.054
– volume: 3
  start-page: 133
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_97
  article-title: Influence of Cold Start and Ambient Temperatures on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Fuel Economy for SI Car Real World Driving
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
  doi: 10.4271/2010-01-0477
– volume: 7
  start-page: 1370
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_90
  article-title: Determination of GHG Emissions, Fuel Consumption and Thermal Efficiency for Real World Urban Driving Using a SI Probe Car
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Engines
  doi: 10.4271/2014-01-1615
– ident: ref_178
  doi: 10.4271/2000-01-1142
– volume: 6
  start-page: 5339
  year: 2006
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: Tecnical Note: Analysis of Non-Regulated Vehicular Emissions by Extractive FTIR Spectrometry: Tests on a Hybrid Car in Mexico City
  publication-title: Atmos. Chem. Phys.
  doi: 10.5194/acp-6-5339-2006
– volume: 7
  start-page: 1961
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_91
  article-title: Speciation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Tailpipe Emissions from a SI Car under Real World Driving Conditions
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Engines
  doi: 10.4271/2014-01-2812
– ident: ref_63
– ident: ref_18
– ident: ref_165
  doi: 10.4271/900275
– ident: ref_121
  doi: 10.1117/12.166782
– volume: 4
  start-page: 298
  year: 2011
  ident: ref_64
  article-title: Biogasoline Options—Possibilities for Achieving High Bio-Share and Compatibility with Conventional Cars
  publication-title: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.
  doi: 10.4271/2011-24-0111
– volume: 20
  start-page: 441
  year: 1989
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Recent Advances in Aerosol Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy
  publication-title: J. Aerosol Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/0021-8502(89)90078-5
– ident: ref_29
  doi: 10.4271/930946
– volume: Volume 3T
  start-page: 175
  year: 2003
  ident: ref_1
  article-title: Legislation for the reduction of exhaust gas emissions
  publication-title: Traffic and Environment
  doi: 10.1007/b10463
– ident: ref_138
  doi: 10.4271/2007-01-0331
– ident: ref_94
  doi: 10.4271/2008-01-2428
– volume: 2015
  start-page: 136516
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_181
  article-title: Portable Gas Analyzer Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Patrolling and Examining Gas Exhaust
  publication-title: J. Spectrosc.
  doi: 10.1155/2015/136516
– ident: ref_139
  doi: 10.4271/2001-01-0213
– ident: ref_148
  doi: 10.4271/2009-01-2743
– ident: ref_15
  doi: 10.3390/atmos10040208
– ident: ref_67
  doi: 10.3390/catal9080678
– volume: 2158
  start-page: 95
  year: 2010
  ident: ref_95
  article-title: Second-by-Second Characterization of Cold-Start Gas-Phase and Air Toxic Emissions from a Light-Duty Vehicle
  publication-title: Transp. Res. Rec.
  doi: 10.3141/2158-12
SSID ssj0000913810
Score 2.417411
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Pollution from vehicles is a serious concern for the environment and human health. Vehicle emission regulations worldwide have limits for pollutants such as...
Featured ApplicationThe review showed that sampling with FTIR from the tailpipe of vehicles for the determination of various gaseous pollutants is a possible...
SourceID doaj
proquest
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
StartPage 7416
SubjectTerms Air pollution
CLA
Conformity
Emissions
Engines
formaldehyde
FTIR
Gases
Gasoline
Laboratories
Light
Measurement techniques
NDIR
NDUV
NH3
Nitrogen
Pollutants
Regulation
Temperature
Vehicles
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1BS8MwFA6ykx7ETcXplBx22IRi2yRN623KyibMg2yyW2nShB2kG9sE_fe-13azoODFa_toynsved_LS75HSNeqSESutg43IsAyY-ikRgkHnUcKlUqVYqI4eQ5GM_40F_Naqy88E1bSA5eKu1OCGchBMgOBnVuXKSG09TQLIU4hHReuvhDzaslUsQZHHlJXlRfyGOT1WA_2sObAsbN5LQQVTP0_FuIiusQn5LiChXRQ_k6THJi8RY5qZIEt0qym4Yb2Kq7o_imxcdlzjk53AJSOc7vGU-W0F0_HL32KHea3yFm5XH1SkKCT723BDV1a-moWOCgdfiyQBIgOwfS4h7a5pwNa1g7OyCweTh9HTtU6wdGcuVtHaiMzAG-ZBDimQ2kM44HlSmChPdCRp1wlGQf0pDwlcS_DzQDLWXjr20gYdk4a-TI3F4SyUCKhTcY0squFaSQzJbXIAEdkDD7fJrc7bSa64hXH9hZvCeQXqPqkpvo26e6FVyWdxu9iD2iWvQhyYBcPwDOSyjOSvzyjTTo7oybVxNwkgPB4gH7oX_7HGFfk0MdDLsiR63dIY7t-N9eAUrbqpnDIL6Pt4QQ
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
Title Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy for Measurements of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions: A Review
URI https://www.proquest.com/docview/2564632272
https://doaj.org/article/b53e409de1434f03b55cf1c382932485
Volume 11
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1NT9tAEB0VuLSHio9WTQvRHjhAJat2dtdrc0EJioFKIIRCxc3KfpFDFadxKsG_Z8behEggrvZoLe3Ozr6ZWb8HcOh1LvPY-Eg4mVKbMYvGTsuInEdJPVZ6TIni1XV6cSd-38v7UHCrw7XKZUxsArWtDNXIf-HRLFIaoHc6-xeRahR1V4OExgZsYQjOMPnaGgyvb25XVRZivcySuP0xj2N-T33hhHoPghTO146ihrH_VUBuTpliGz4HeMj67XruwAc33YVPa6SBu7ATtmPNjgJn9PEe-KLVnmOjJRBll1M_p9vl7KgYXd4eM1KaXxB3ZTV7YmjBrl7KgzWrPPvjJvRRNnycEBkQG6ILUC2tPmF91vYQvsBdMRydXURBQiEygseLSBmnLII4qxCWmUw5x0XqhZbUcE9NnuhYKy4QRelEK6ppxBYxnce3PZ9Lx7_C5rSaum_AeKaI2MZyQyxr2ThXVisjLeIJy3H4DvxczmZpAr84yVz8LTHPoKkv16a-A4cr41lLq_G22YCWZWVCXNjNg2r-UIatVWrJHWap1iH0Ez7mWkrjE8MzRDJE2NaB_eWilmGD1uWLO31___UP-NijayzEgtvbh83F_L87QByy0F3YyIrzbnC5bpPNPwPDANzM
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwEB6VcgAOiBYQWwr4UKQWKSKJ7ThBQqjAhl3a7QFtUW_p-kUPaLPdbFX6p_obO5PHdiUQt17jkSONx-NvZuxvAHa8zmQWGh8IJxMqM6bBxGkZkPEoqSdKTyhQHB0lg2Px_USerMF19xaGrlV2PrF21LY0lCN_j0ezSGiC-NPsPKCuUVRd7VpoNGZx4K4uMWSrPg6_4vq-jeO8P_4yCNquAoERPFwEyjhlEddYhUjFpMo5LhIvtKQadGKySIdacYHAQkdaUZgfWoQ5Hkdjn0nHcd57cF9wntGOSvNvy5wOcWymUdg8A8TxkKrQEVU6BPVTXzn46v4Af7n_-kzLn8DjFoyy_cZ6NmDNTTfh0QpF4SZstJu_YrstQ_XeU_B50-mOjTvYy4ZTP6e77Gw3Hw9_7DHqa78gpsxydsVQgo1uk5EVKz376c7op6z_54yoh1gfDY4yd9UHts-aisUzOL4T1T6H9Wk5dS-A8VQRjY7lhjjd0kmmrFZGWkQvluP0PXjXabMwLZs5NdX4XWBUQ6ovVlTfg52l8Kwh8fi32GdalqUIMW_XH8r5r6LdyIWW3GFMbB0CTeFDrqU0PjI8RdxE9HA92O4WtWjdQVXcGu_W_4ffwIPBeHRYHA6PDl7Cw5gu0BD_brwN64v5hXuFCGihX9dmx-D0ru38Br79FCA
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3dT9RAEJ_gkRh9MIIaD1D3ARMwaWi7u93WxBiQaziRCyGH4a3efskDuR7XM8C_5l_nzLU9LtH4xmu72Saz05nffOxvALa9zmQWGh8IJxMqM6bByGkZkPIoqUdKjyhQPBkkR-fi64W8WIHf7V0YaqtsbeLcUNvSUI58D12zSGiDeM83bRGnh_nnyXVAE6So0tqO06hV5Njd3WD4Vn3qH-JZv4_jvDf8chQ0EwYCI3g4C5RxyiLGsQpRi0mVc1wkXmhJ9ejEZJEOteICQYaOtKKQP7QIeTy-jX0mHcd9H8Gqwqgo7MDqQW9werbI8BDjZhqF9aVAzrOQatIR1T0ETVdfcoPzaQF_OYO5h8ufw7MGmrL9WpfWYMWN1-HpEmHhOqw1pqBiOw1f9e4L8Hk9944NWxDM-mM_pc52tpMP-2e7jKbcz4g3s5zcMVzBTu5TkxUrPfvuLumjrHd7SURErIfqR3m86iPbZ3X94iWcP4hwX0FnXI7da2A8VUSqY7khhrd0lCmrlZEWsYzluH0XPrTSLEzDbU4jNq4KjHFI9MWS6LuwvVg8qSk9_r3sgI5lsYR4uOcPyunPovmtCy25wwjZOoSdwodcS2l8ZHiKKIrI4rqw1R5q0RiHqrhX5Y3_v34Hj1HHi2_9wfEmPImpm4bIeOMt6Mymv9wbhEMz_bbROwY_HlrV_wBYrhmy
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fourier+Transform+Infrared+%28FTIR%29+Spectroscopy+for+Measurements+of+Vehicle+Exhaust+Emissions%3A+A+Review&rft.jtitle=Applied+sciences&rft.au=Clairotte%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2076-3417&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=16&rft.spage=7416&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fapp11167416&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2076-3417&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2076-3417&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2076-3417&client=summon