Antarctic sea ice change and variability – Physical and ecological implications
Although Antarctic sea ice is undergoing a slight increase in overall extent, major regional changes are occurring in its spatio-temporal characteristics (most notably in sea ice seasonality). Biologically significant aspects of Antarctic sea ice are evaluated, emphasising the importance of scale an...
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| Published in | Polar science Vol. 4; no. 2; pp. 149 - 186 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier B.V
01.08.2010
国立極地研究所 National Institute of Polar Research |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Although Antarctic sea ice is undergoing a slight increase in overall extent, major regional changes are occurring in its spatio-temporal characteristics (most notably in sea ice seasonality). Biologically significant aspects of Antarctic sea ice are evaluated, emphasising the importance of scale and thermodynamics versus dynamics. Changing sea ice coverage is having major direct and indirect though regionally-dependent effects on ecosystem structure and function, with the most dramatic known effects to date occurring in the West Antarctic Peninsula region. There is mounting evidence that loss of sea ice has affected multiple levels of the marine food web in a complex fashion and has triggered cascading effects. Impacts on primary production, Antarctic krill, fish, marine mammals and birds are assessed, and are both negative and positive. The review includes recent analysis of change/variability in polynyas and fast ice, and also highlights the significance of extreme events (which have paradoxical impacts). Possible future scenarios are investigated in the light of the predicted decline in sea ice by 2100 e.g. increased storminess/waviness, numbers of icebergs and snowfall. Our current lack of knowledge on many aspects of sea ice-related change and biological response is emphasised. |
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| AbstractList | Although Antarctic sea ice is undergoing a slight increase in overall extent, major regional changes are occurring in its spatio-temporal characteristics (most notably in sea ice seasonality). Biologically significant aspects of Antarctic sea ice are evaluated, emphasising the importance of scale and thermodynamics versus dynamics. Changing sea ice coverage is having major direct and indirect though regionally-dependent effects on ecosystem structure and function, with the most dramatic known effects to date occurring in the West Antarctic Peninsula region. There is mounting evidence that loss of sea ice has affected multiple levels of the marine food web in a complex fashion and has triggered cascading effects. Impacts on primary production, Antarctic krill, fish, marine mammals and birds are assessed, and are both negative and positive. The review includes recent analysis of change/variability in polynyas and fast ice, and also highlights the significance of extreme events (which have paradoxical impacts). Possible future scenarios are investigated in the light of the predicted decline in sea ice by 2100 e.g. increased storminess/waviness, numbers of icebergs and snowfall. Our current lack of knowledge on many aspects of sea ice-related change and biological response is emphasised. 南極海における海氷は現在、全般には徐々に増加傾向にあるが、地域的には大きな時空間変動が存在する(最も顕著な海氷変動は季節変動である)。南極海における海氷が生物学的に重要であることは明らかになってきており、熱力学と動力学の割合の重要性が重視されている。海氷面積の変動はそれぞれの地域において、生態系の機能と構造に直接的、非直接的に影響を与えており、現在知られている中では、特に西南極半島域で生物学的な影響が顕著である。海氷の減少が海洋食物網の複数の階層に複雑な影響を与え、生態系の連続的な変動となり得る多くの証拠が見出されている。海氷変動が、基礎生産、ナンキョクオキアミ、魚類、海洋哺乳類、海鳥へ与える影響がそれぞれ研究され、増加と減少のどちらの要因にもなることが示されている。本レビューでは、近年のポリニアの変化と定着氷の変動の調査結果を示し、また、相反する影響を持つ極端な出来事の概要も示す。将来のシナリオとしては、例えば2100年には海氷が減少している予測に基づけば、暴風、波浪、氷山、降雪量が増加する可能性が示されている。しかしながら、現在までのところ、海氷が関連する変動や生物学的な応答は未だ未解明な点も多いことも記しておく。 Although Antarctic sea ice is undergoing a slight increase in overall extent, major regional changes are occurring in its spatio-temporal characteristics (most notably in sea ice seasonality). Biologically significant aspects of Antarctic sea ice are evaluated, emphasising the importance of scale and thermodynamics versus dynamics. Changing sea ice coverage is having major direct and indirect though regionally-dependent effects on ecosystem structure and function, with the most dramatic known effects to date occurring in the West Antarctic Peninsula region. There is mounting evidence that loss of sea ice has affected multiple levels of the marine food web in a complex fashion and has triggered cascading effects. Impacts on primary production, Antarctic krill, fish, marine mammals and birds are assessed, and are both negative and positive. The review includes recent analysis of change/variability in polynyas and fast ice, and also highlights the significance of extreme events (which have paradoxical impacts). Possible future scenarios are investigated in the light of the predicted decline in sea ice by 2100 e.g. increased storminess/waviness, numbers of icebergs and snowfall. Our current lack of knowledge on many aspects of sea ice-related change and biological response is emphasised. |
| Author | Massom, Robert A. Stammerjohn, Sharon E. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Robert A. surname: Massom fullname: Massom, Robert A. email: r.massom@utas.edu.au organization: Australian Antarctic Division, Dept. of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Sharon E. surname: Stammerjohn fullname: Stammerjohn, Sharon E. organization: Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA |
| BackLink | https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572261552468086016$$DView record in CiNii |
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| Copyright | 2010 Elsevier B.V. and NIPR |
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