A New Era of Epidemiology: Digital Epidemiology for Investigating the COVID-19 Outbreak in China

A novel pneumonia-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has swept across China and the world. Public health measures that were effective in previous infection outbreaks (eg, wearing a face mask, quarantining) were implemented in this outbreak. Available m...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of medical Internet research Vol. 22; no. 9; p. e21685
Main Authors He, Zonglin, Zhang, Casper J P, Huang, Jian, Zhai, Jingyan, Zhou, Shuang, Chiu, Joyce Wai-Ting, Sheng, Jie, Tsang, Winghei, Akinwunmi, Babatunde O, Ming, Wai-Kit
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Canada JMIR Publications 17.09.2020
Subjects
Betacoronavirus
China - epidemiology
Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology
Coronavirus Infections - virology
COVID-19
Disease Outbreaks - statistics & numerical data
Epidemiologic Methods
Humans
Masks
Pandemics
Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology
Pneumonia, Viral - virology
Quarantine - statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2
Viewpoint
China
COVID-19
epidemiology
China
outbreak
control
risk
case study
public health
digital epidemiology
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract A novel pneumonia-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has swept across China and the world. Public health measures that were effective in previous infection outbreaks (eg, wearing a face mask, quarantining) were implemented in this outbreak. Available multidimensional social network data that take advantage of the recent rapid development of information and communication technologies allow for an exploration of disease spread and control via a modernized epidemiological approach. By using spatiotemporal data and real-time information, we can provide more accurate estimates of disease spread patterns related to human activities and enable more efficient responses to the outbreak. Two real cases during the COVID-19 outbreak demonstrated the application of emerging technologies and digital data in monitoring human movements related to disease spread. Although the ethical issues related to using digital epidemiology are still under debate, the cases reported in this article may enable the identification of more effective public health measures, as well as future applications of such digitally directed epidemiological approaches in controlling infectious disease outbreaks, which offer an alternative and modern outlook on addressing the long-standing challenges in population health.
AbstractList A novel pneumonia-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has swept across China and the world. Public health measures that were effective in previous infection outbreaks (eg, wearing a face mask, quarantining) were implemented in this outbreak. Available multidimensional social network data that take advantage of the recent rapid development of information and communication technologies allow for an exploration of disease spread and control via a modernized epidemiological approach. By using spatiotemporal data and real-time information, we can provide more accurate estimates of disease spread patterns related to human activities and enable more efficient responses to the outbreak. Two real cases during the COVID-19 outbreak demonstrated the application of emerging technologies and digital data in monitoring human movements related to disease spread. Although the ethical issues related to using digital epidemiology are still under debate, the cases reported in this article may enable the identification of more effective public health measures, as well as future applications of such digitally directed epidemiological approaches in controlling infectious disease outbreaks, which offer an alternative and modern outlook on addressing the long-standing challenges in population health.
A novel pneumonia-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has swept across China and the world. Public health measures that were effective in previous infection outbreaks (eg, wearing a face mask, quarantining) were implemented in this outbreak. Available multidimensional social network data that take advantage of the recent rapid development of information and communication technologies allow for an exploration of disease spread and control via a modernized epidemiological approach. By using spatiotemporal data and real-time information, we can provide more accurate estimates of disease spread patterns related to human activities and enable more efficient responses to the outbreak. Two real cases during the COVID-19 outbreak demonstrated the application of emerging technologies and digital data in monitoring human movements related to disease spread. Although the ethical issues related to using digital epidemiology are still under debate, the cases reported in this article may enable the identification of more effective public health measures, as well as future applications of such digitally directed epidemiological approaches in controlling infectious disease outbreaks, which offer an alternative and modern outlook on addressing the long-standing challenges in population health.A novel pneumonia-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has swept across China and the world. Public health measures that were effective in previous infection outbreaks (eg, wearing a face mask, quarantining) were implemented in this outbreak. Available multidimensional social network data that take advantage of the recent rapid development of information and communication technologies allow for an exploration of disease spread and control via a modernized epidemiological approach. By using spatiotemporal data and real-time information, we can provide more accurate estimates of disease spread patterns related to human activities and enable more efficient responses to the outbreak. Two real cases during the COVID-19 outbreak demonstrated the application of emerging technologies and digital data in monitoring human movements related to disease spread. Although the ethical issues related to using digital epidemiology are still under debate, the cases reported in this article may enable the identification of more effective public health measures, as well as future applications of such digitally directed epidemiological approaches in controlling infectious disease outbreaks, which offer an alternative and modern outlook on addressing the long-standing challenges in population health.
Author Zhai, Jingyan
Huang, Jian
Akinwunmi, Babatunde O
Zhang, Casper J P
Sheng, Jie
Tsang, Winghei
Zhou, Shuang
Chiu, Joyce Wai-Ting
Ming, Wai-Kit
He, Zonglin
AuthorAffiliation 4 MRC Centre for Environment and Health Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary’s Campus Imperial College London London United Kingdom
2 Faculty of Medicine International School Jinan University Guangzhou China
1 Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine School of Medicine Jinan University Guangzhou China
5 College of Economics Jinan University Guangzhou China
6 Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard University Boston, MA United States
3 School of Public Health LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
7 Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Unit, Asthma Research Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 5 College of Economics Jinan University Guangzhou China
– name: 4 MRC Centre for Environment and Health Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary’s Campus Imperial College London London United Kingdom
– name: 3 School of Public Health LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
– name: 6 Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard University Boston, MA United States
– name: 7 Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Unit, Asthma Research Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA United States
– name: 1 Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine School of Medicine Jinan University Guangzhou China
– name: 2 Faculty of Medicine International School Jinan University Guangzhou China
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Zonglin
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7650-1459
  surname: He
  fullname: He, Zonglin
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Casper J P
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1047-0287
  surname: Zhang
  fullname: Zhang, Casper J P
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Jian
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3931-5013
  surname: Huang
  fullname: Huang, Jian
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jingyan
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1307-1548
  surname: Zhai
  fullname: Zhai, Jingyan
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Shuang
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5086-4670
  surname: Zhou
  fullname: Zhou, Shuang
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Joyce Wai-Ting
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0406-9676
  surname: Chiu
  fullname: Chiu, Joyce Wai-Ting
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Jie
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5912-8410
  surname: Sheng
  fullname: Sheng, Jie
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Winghei
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4350-3559
  surname: Tsang
  fullname: Tsang, Winghei
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Babatunde O
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8316-1552
  surname: Akinwunmi
  fullname: Akinwunmi, Babatunde O
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Wai-Kit
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8846-7515
  surname: Ming
  fullname: Ming, Wai-Kit
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32805703$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNpdkVtvEzEQRi3Uil7oX0B-QUJCS31br80DUpUGiFSRF-DV-Lpx2dip1ynqv2fblKrp04zGR2dG_k7AQcrJA3CG0UeCJT8nmIv2FTjGjIpGiA4fPOuPwMk4XiNEEJP4NTiiRKC2Q_QY_L6A3_1fOC8a5gDnm-j8OuYh93ef4GXsY9XD3hSGXOAi3fqxxl7XmHpYVx7Olr8Wlw2WcLmtpnj9B8YEZ6uY9BtwGPQw-rPHegp-fpn_mH1rrpZfF7OLq8YyImsjPbedY54wxjqppZDYGt0JSzjGresC4tSFLlBkpMbEG-SRoVg6bik3jtNTsNh5XdbXalPiWpc7lXVUD4NceqVLjXbwyjiEhAghCCEYN0gjxpHUxMjOMobF5Pq8c222Zu2d9akWPexJ919SXKk-36quxZiQdhK8fxSUfLOd_kqt42j9MOjk83ZUhNEWS9y2ZELfPt_1tOR_RBPwbgfYksex-PCEYKTuo1cP0U_chxecndKrMd-fGIcX9D_wCKw5
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1177_20552076241304070
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12992_021_00772_7
crossref_primary_10_2196_37507
crossref_primary_10_1055_s_0041_1726486
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jenvman_2022_114728
Cites_doi 10.1109/mpul.2016.2627238
10.1111/gwao.12471
10.1111/irv.12226
10.21203/rs.3.rs-26576/v1
10.1371/journal.pmed.0050074
10.21037/atm.2018.11.55
10.1093/infdis/jiw400
10.1109/access.2019.2902905
10.1038/s41591-020-0832-5
10.1038/nature07634
10.2139/ssrn.1926431
10.2196/19284
10.1503/cmaj.1090215
10.1038/s41598-017-05957-y
10.1186/s40504-017-0065-7
10.1371/journal.pntd.0005295
10.1097/EDE.0000000000000274
10.1371/journal.pone.0139701
10.1186/s40504-017-0062-x
10.1371/journal.pone.0011596
10.1140/epjst/e2008-00640-0
10.1186/s13756-018-0359-4
10.1001/jama.2020.6602
10.1056/nejmp1307752
10.2196/publichealth.9136
10.2196/19359
10.1186/s40504-017-0063-9
10.1073/pnas.1006219107
10.1007/s11434-014-0499-8
10.1103/physreve.84.059904
10.1109/tsp.2013.2256902
10.1056/nejmp0900702
10.1007/bf02464422
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Zonglin He, Casper J P Zhang, Jian Huang, Jingyan Zhai, Shuang Zhou, Joyce Wai-Ting Chiu, Jie Sheng, Winghei Tsang, Babatunde O Akinwunmi, Wai-Kit Ming. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 17.09.2020.
Zonglin He, Casper J P Zhang, Jian Huang, Jingyan Zhai, Shuang Zhou, Joyce Wai-Ting Chiu, Jie Sheng, Winghei Tsang, Babatunde O Akinwunmi, Wai-Kit Ming. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 17.09.2020. 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: Zonglin He, Casper J P Zhang, Jian Huang, Jingyan Zhai, Shuang Zhou, Joyce Wai-Ting Chiu, Jie Sheng, Winghei Tsang, Babatunde O Akinwunmi, Wai-Kit Ming. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 17.09.2020.
– notice: Zonglin He, Casper J P Zhang, Jian Huang, Jingyan Zhai, Shuang Zhou, Joyce Wai-Ting Chiu, Jie Sheng, Winghei Tsang, Babatunde O Akinwunmi, Wai-Kit Ming. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 17.09.2020. 2020
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.2196/21685
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
MEDLINE
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals (WRLC)
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Library & Information Science
EISSN 1438-8871
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_bd0088fff88846b0a04609a2b97c4418
PMC7511225
32805703
10_2196_21685
Genre Journal Article
GeographicLocations China
GeographicLocations_xml – name: China
GroupedDBID ---
.4I
.DC
29L
2WC
36B
53G
5GY
5VS
77K
7RV
7X7
8FI
8FJ
AAFWJ
AAKPC
AAWTL
AAYXX
ABDBF
ABIVO
ABUWG
ACGFO
ADBBV
AEGXH
AENEX
AFKRA
AFPKN
AIAGR
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALSLI
AOIJS
BAWUL
BCNDV
BENPR
CCPQU
CITATION
CNYFK
CS3
DIK
DU5
DWQXO
E3Z
EAP
EBD
EBS
EJD
ELW
EMB
EMOBN
ESX
F5P
FRP
FYUFA
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
HMCUK
HYE
KQ8
M1O
M48
NAPCQ
OK1
OVT
P2P
PGMZT
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQQKQ
RNS
RPM
SJN
SV3
TR2
UKHRP
XSB
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
7X8
PPXIY
PRQQA
5PM
PUEGO
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c429t-9e6c7d4e244479a9891cba78c26115d7f063df7f30b9a12eb0e0b319d6c36bd63
IEDL.DBID M48
ISSN 1438-8871
1439-4456
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:19:21 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 18:11:48 EDT 2025
Thu Jul 10 19:07:50 EDT 2025
Thu Jan 02 22:58:56 EST 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:11:03 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 02:05:51 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 9
Keywords COVID-19
epidemiology
China
outbreak
control
risk
case study
public health
digital epidemiology
Language English
License Zonglin He, Casper J P Zhang, Jian Huang, Jingyan Zhai, Shuang Zhou, Joyce Wai-Ting Chiu, Jie Sheng, Winghei Tsang, Babatunde O Akinwunmi, Wai-Kit Ming. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 17.09.2020.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c429t-9e6c7d4e244479a9891cba78c26115d7f063df7f30b9a12eb0e0b319d6c36bd63
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-8846-7515
0000-0003-4350-3559
0000-0001-5912-8410
0000-0003-1047-0287
0000-0002-3931-5013
0000-0003-1307-1548
0000-0002-0406-9676
0000-0001-8316-1552
0000-0001-7650-1459
0000-0002-5086-4670
OpenAccessLink http://journals.scholarsportal.info/openUrl.xqy?doi=10.2196/21685
PMID 32805703
PQID 2435191552
PQPubID 23479
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_bd0088fff88846b0a04609a2b97c4418
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7511225
proquest_miscellaneous_2435191552
pubmed_primary_32805703
crossref_primary_10_2196_21685
crossref_citationtrail_10_2196_21685
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-09-17
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-09-17
PublicationDate_xml – month: 09
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-09-17
  day: 17
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Canada
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Canada
– name: Toronto, Canada
PublicationTitle Journal of medical Internet research
PublicationTitleAlternate J Med Internet Res
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher JMIR Publications
Publisher_xml – name: JMIR Publications
References ref13
ref35
ref12
ref34
ref15
ref14
ref36
ref31
ref30
ref11
ref33
ref10
ref32
ref2
ref1
ref17
ref39
ref16
ref38
ref18
Pentland, A (ref29) 2010
ref24
ref23
ref26
(ref19) 2020
ref25
ref20
ref41
ref22
ref21
Oliver, N (ref37) 2020
ref28
ref27
ref8
ref7
ref9
ref4
ref3
ref6
ref5
ref40
References_xml – ident: ref7
  doi: 10.1109/mpul.2016.2627238
– ident: ref25
  doi: 10.1111/gwao.12471
– ident: ref1
– ident: ref24
  doi: 10.1111/irv.12226
– ident: ref26
  doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-26576/v1
– ident: ref30
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050074
– ident: ref2
  doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.11.55
– ident: ref13
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw400
– ident: ref27
  doi: 10.1109/access.2019.2902905
– ident: ref38
  doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0832-5
– ident: ref9
  doi: 10.1038/nature07634
– ident: ref34
  doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1926431
– start-page: 1
  year: 2020
  ident: ref37
  publication-title: Mobile phone data and COVID-19: Missing an opportunity?
– ident: ref4
  doi: 10.2196/19284
– ident: ref11
  doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1090215
– start-page: 1
  year: 2010
  ident: ref29
  publication-title: Honest signals: how they shape our world
– ident: ref12
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05957-y
– ident: ref6
  doi: 10.1186/s40504-017-0065-7
– ident: ref23
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005295
– ident: ref3
  doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000274
– ident: ref21
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139701
– ident: ref35
  doi: 10.1186/s40504-017-0062-x
– ident: ref28
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011596
– ident: ref17
– ident: ref31
  doi: 10.1140/epjst/e2008-00640-0
– year: 2020
  ident: ref19
  publication-title: The Municipal Public Security Bureau shall crack down on illegal and criminal activities related to the epidemic
– ident: ref20
  doi: 10.1186/s13756-018-0359-4
– ident: ref36
– ident: ref39
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6602
– ident: ref5
  doi: 10.1056/nejmp1307752
– ident: ref8
  doi: 10.2196/publichealth.9136
– ident: ref41
  doi: 10.2196/19359
– ident: ref33
  doi: 10.1186/s40504-017-0063-9
– ident: ref40
– ident: ref14
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006219107
– ident: ref22
  doi: 10.1007/s11434-014-0499-8
– ident: ref16
  doi: 10.1103/physreve.84.059904
– ident: ref32
  doi: 10.1109/tsp.2013.2256902
– ident: ref18
– ident: ref10
  doi: 10.1056/nejmp0900702
– ident: ref15
  doi: 10.1007/bf02464422
SSID ssj0020491
Score 2.3225691
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet A novel pneumonia-like coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has swept across China and the world. Public health...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
StartPage e21685
SubjectTerms Betacoronavirus
China - epidemiology
Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology
Coronavirus Infections - virology
COVID-19
Disease Outbreaks - statistics & numerical data
Epidemiologic Methods
Humans
Masks
Pandemics
Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology
Pneumonia, Viral - virology
Quarantine - statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2
Viewpoint
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1BTxQxFH4xHIgJMYiKo0JqQrxNaDvdduoNYQmaIBcx3Ia208JGM2tg9-C_972Z7rpLSLx4bTszTd_rvPfltd8HcKCobqhtKHVsTam8FKXTXJWmjW2qtPLBE1A8_6rPLtWXq9HVitQXnQkb6IGHhTv0LUapOqWEUE1pzx1V8qyT3pqAoby_5osxbwGmMtTCvFdswhYddEYXO5RCk1jySuTpCfofyyofHo5ciTan2_Asp4nsaJjec3gSux3Yy5cM2AeWbxHRqrK8PXdg8zwXyl_A9RHD3xcb3zk2TWz8Vwb290d2MrkhpZC1VoavYyucG90Nw8yQHV98_3xSCssu5jPEzu4Hm3Ssl9x-CZen42_HZ2UWUygDhpxZaaMOplURw7ky1tnaiuCdqQNCKDFqTcJcpU0mVdxbJ2T0PHKP-7PVodK-1dUr2OimXXwNDM3u8bE68KiVE8ZJnniSCpGPiFbyAg4WC92EzDROghc_G0QcZI-mt0cB-8thvwZqjYcDPpGVlp3EhN03oH802T-af_lHAe8XNm5w51A5xHVxOr9vpCJxQqKgK2B3sPnyU5WsOXGTFWDWvGFtLus93eS2Z-c2lMLK0Zv_Mfm38FQSvifJCvMONmZ387iHSdDM7_f-_gfgwARc
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
Title A New Era of Epidemiology: Digital Epidemiology for Investigating the COVID-19 Outbreak in China
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32805703
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2435191552
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7511225
https://doaj.org/article/bd0088fff88846b0a04609a2b97c4418
Volume 22
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3fb9MwED6xTZqQEILxK8AiI028BWzHtWMkhPaj00DqihBFewu2Y5dqUzq6VmL_Pec0K820R17ykDiJ5fPlvsvZ3wewJ2LdUGqXSV-pTFjOMiOpyFTlq5BLYZ2NieLgVJ6MxJez3tpqwnYAr-5M7aKe1Gh28e7P7-tP6PAf4zJmnEDvOZNFbwO2MBipKGIwEKtCAkcAzLbhQadpJwQ1TP13wcvbqyTXws7xI3jY4kWyvzTwY7jn6x3YbXcbkLek3U4Uh5e0froD24O2Yv4Efu4T_I6R_syQaSD9f3qw1x_I0WQcJUM6Zwk-jqyRb9RjghCRHA5_fD7KmCbDxRyTaHNOJjVptLefwui4__3wJGtVFTKHsWeeaS-dqoTHuC6UNrrQzFmjCoe5FOtVKiBoqYIKObXaMO4t9dSio1bS5dJWMn8Gm_W09i-AoP0t3lY46qUwTBlOAw1cYArEvOY0gb2bgS5dSzkelS8uSkw9oj3Kxh4JpKtml0uOjdsNDqKVVhcjJXZzYjobl62HlbZCOFOEEDCnF9JSE0u-2nCrlUPMVyTw5sbGJbpQrIuY2k8XVyUXUaUwctEl8Hxp89Wrcl7QSFKWgOrMhk5fulfqya-GpltFLMt7L_9H51_BfR4T_ahdoV7D5ny28LuIhuY2hQ11plLYOuiffv2WNv8U8Dhgw7TxhL9tEQ3u
linkProvider Scholars Portal
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+New+Era+of+Epidemiology%3A+Digital+Epidemiology+for+Investigating+the+COVID-19+Outbreak+in+China&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+medical+Internet+research&rft.au=He%2C+Zonglin&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Casper+J+P&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Jingyan&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.pub=JMIR+Publications&rft.eissn=1438-8871&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=e21685&rft_id=info:doi/10.2196%2F21685&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_bd0088fff88846b0a04609a2b97c4418
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1438-8871&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1438-8871&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1438-8871&client=summon