Riparian reforestation on the landscape scale: Navigating trade‐offs among agricultural production, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity
Stream–riparian networks are subject to multiple human pressures that threaten key functions of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, drive habitat and diversity losses, affect riparian connectivity and cause stakeholder conflicts. Designing riparian landscapes in a way that they can simultaneously me...
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| Published in | The Journal of applied ecology Vol. 59; no. 6; pp. 1456 - 1471 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.2022
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-8901 1365-2664 1365-2664 |
| DOI | 10.1111/1365-2664.14176 |
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| Abstract | Stream–riparian networks are subject to multiple human pressures that threaten key functions of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, drive habitat and diversity losses, affect riparian connectivity and cause stakeholder conflicts. Designing riparian landscapes in a way that they can simultaneously meet multiple competing demands requires a clear understanding of existing trade‐offs, and a landscape‐scale perspective on the planning of reforestation measures.
This study applied a landscape optimization algorithm for allocating riparian forest management measures in the intensively used agricultural catchment of the Zwalm River (Belgium). We optimized forest allocation to improve stream ecological quality (EPT index), functional diversity (diatoms) and riparian carbon processing (cotton‐strip assay), while minimizing losses in agricultural production potential. Regression models were developed to predict the target indicators for 489 segments of the Zwalm riparian corridor, using spatial variables on three different scales. For each riparian segment, we developed spatially explicit management measures, representing different intensities of riparian reforestation. The allocation and combination of these measures in the riparian corridor were optimized to identify (a) trade‐offs among the target indicators, (b) priority regions for reforestation actions and (c) the required reforestation intensity.
The results showed that all target indicators were affected by the area share of riparian forests and its landscape‐scale configuration. Reforestation of the Zwalm riparian corridor could significantly improve indicators for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (e.g. up to +96% for EPT index), but would lead to a strong trade‐off with agricultural production. By optimizing the placement of management measures, we showed how these trade‐offs could be best balanced.
The headwater regions of the Zwalm were identified as priority regions for reforestation actions. Facilitating connectivity among and further expansion of existing forest patches in the Zwalm headwaters showed to improve ecosystems with minimized trade‐offs.
Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of landscape optimization algorithms to support the management and design of multifunctional stream–riparian networks. We identified riparian reforestation solutions that minimized trade‐offs between specific natural values and societal needs. Our spatially explicit approach allows for an integration into spatial planning and can inform policy design and implementation.
Samenvatting
Geïntegreerde waterloop‐oever‐netwerken zijn onderhevig aan veelvoudige menselijke drukken die de sleutelfuncties van aquatische en terrestrische ecosystemen bedreigen, habitat‐ en diversiteitsverliezen veroorzaken, de oeververbindingen aantasten, en daardoor vaak de conflicten tussen de belanghebbenden veroorzaken en aanwakkeren. Het ontwerpen van oeverlandschappen op een manier dat zij maximaal kunnen voldoen aan meervoudige doelstellingen vereist een duidelijk begrip van de bestaande afwegingen, en in het bijzonder een perspectief op landschapsschaal bij de planning van onder meer herbebossingsmaatregelen.
In deze studie werd een landschapsoptimalisatie‐algoritme toegepast voor de toewijzing van oeverbosbeheermaatregelen in het stroomgebied van de Zwalm (België), dat onderhevig is aan intensieve landbouwactiviteiten. Wij optimaliseerden de toewijzing van bosuitbreidingen om de ecologische kwaliteit van de beek, de functionele diversiteit en de oeverkoolstofverwerking te verbeteren, op danige wijze dat het verlies aan landbouwproductiepotentieel tot een minimum werd beperkt. Regressiemodellen werden ontwikkeld om de doelindicatoren te voorspellen voor 489 segmenten van de oeversystemen van de Zwalm, door gebruik te maken van ruimtelijke variabelen op drie verschillende schalen. Voor elk oeversegment ontwikkelden wij ruimtelijk‐expliciete beheersmaatregelen, die verschillende intensiteiten van oeverherbebossing vertegenwoordigen. De toewijzing en de combinatie van deze maatregelen in de oeversystemen werden geoptimaliseerd om (1) afwegingen tussen de doelindicatoren, (2) prioritaire regio's voor herbebossingsacties en (3) de vereiste herbebossingsintensiteit vast te stellen.
Uit de resultaten bleek dat alle doelindicatoren werden beïnvloed door het areaalaandeel van de oeverbossen en de configuratie daarvan op landschapsschaal. Herbebossing van de oevercorridor van de Zwalm zou de indicatoren voor biodiversiteit en werking van het ecosysteem aanzienlijk kunnen verbeteren, maar houdt een sterke wisselwerking met de landbouwproductie in. Door op een ruimtelijk‐expliciete manier de spreiding van beheersmaatregelen te optimaliseren, hebben wij aangetoond hoe deze verschillende noden en wensen het best in evenwicht kunnen worden gebracht.
De bovenloopgebieden van de Zwalm werden aangewezen als prioritaire gebieden voor herbebossingsacties. Het vergemakkelijken van de connectiviteit tussen en de verdere uitbreiding van de bestaande bosgebieden in de bovenloop van de Zwalm bleken de ecosystemen te verbeteren met zo weinig mogelijk nadelige compromissen.
Synthese en toepassingen. Deze studie toont voor het eerst het potentieel aan van landschapsoptimalisatie‐algoritmen om het beheer en het ontwerp van multifunctionele waterloop‐oever‐netwerken te ondersteunen. Wij hebben oeverbebossingsoplossingen geïdentificeerd die de afruil tussen specifieke natuurwaarden en maatschappelijke behoeften tot een minimum beperken. Onze ruimtelijk‐expliciete aanpak maakt een integratie in de ruimtelijke ordening mogelijk en kan hierdoor nuttige informatie verschaffen voor het ontwerpen en uitvoeren van geïntegreerd water‐ en landbeleid.
This study demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of landscape optimization algorithms to support the management and design of multifunctional stream–riparian networks. We identified riparian reforestation solutions that minimized trade‐offs between specific natural values and societal needs. Our spatially explicit approach allows for an integration into spatial planning and can inform policy design and implementation. |
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| AbstractList | Stream–riparian networks are subject to multiple human pressures that threaten key functions of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, drive habitat and diversity losses, affect riparian connectivity and cause stakeholder conflicts. Designing riparian landscapes in a way that they can simultaneously meet multiple competing demands requires a clear understanding of existing trade‐offs, and a landscape‐scale perspective on the planning of reforestation measures. This study applied a landscape optimization algorithm for allocating riparian forest management measures in the intensively used agricultural catchment of the Zwalm River (Belgium). We optimized forest allocation to improve stream ecological quality (EPT index), functional diversity (diatoms) and riparian carbon processing (cotton‐strip assay), while minimizing losses in agricultural production potential. Regression models were developed to predict the target indicators for 489 segments of the Zwalm riparian corridor, using spatial variables on three different scales. For each riparian segment, we developed spatially explicit management measures, representing different intensities of riparian reforestation. The allocation and combination of these measures in the riparian corridor were optimized to identify (a) trade‐offs among the target indicators, (b) priority regions for reforestation actions and (c) the required reforestation intensity. The results showed that all target indicators were affected by the area share of riparian forests and its landscape‐scale configuration. Reforestation of the Zwalm riparian corridor could significantly improve indicators for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (e.g. up to +96% for EPT index), but would lead to a strong trade‐off with agricultural production. By optimizing the placement of management measures, we showed how these trade‐offs could be best balanced. The headwater regions of the Zwalm were identified as priority regions for reforestation actions. Facilitating connectivity among and further expansion of existing forest patches in the Zwalm headwaters showed to improve ecosystems with minimized trade‐offs. Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of landscape optimization algorithms to support the management and design of multifunctional stream–riparian networks. We identified riparian reforestation solutions that minimized trade‐offs between specific natural values and societal needs. Our spatially explicit approach allows for an integration into spatial planning and can inform policy design and implementation. Stream–riparian networks are subject to multiple human pressures that threaten key functions of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, drive habitat and diversity losses, affect riparian connectivity and cause stakeholder conflicts. Designing riparian landscapes in a way that they can simultaneously meet multiple competing demands requires a clear understanding of existing trade‐offs, and a landscape‐scale perspective on the planning of reforestation measures. This study applied a landscape optimization algorithm for allocating riparian forest management measures in the intensively used agricultural catchment of the Zwalm River (Belgium). We optimized forest allocation to improve stream ecological quality (EPT index), functional diversity (diatoms) and riparian carbon processing (cotton‐strip assay), while minimizing losses in agricultural production potential. Regression models were developed to predict the target indicators for 489 segments of the Zwalm riparian corridor, using spatial variables on three different scales. For each riparian segment, we developed spatially explicit management measures, representing different intensities of riparian reforestation. The allocation and combination of these measures in the riparian corridor were optimized to identify (a) trade‐offs among the target indicators, (b) priority regions for reforestation actions and (c) the required reforestation intensity. The results showed that all target indicators were affected by the area share of riparian forests and its landscape‐scale configuration. Reforestation of the Zwalm riparian corridor could significantly improve indicators for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (e.g. up to +96% for EPT index), but would lead to a strong trade‐off with agricultural production. By optimizing the placement of management measures, we showed how these trade‐offs could be best balanced. The headwater regions of the Zwalm were identified as priority regions for reforestation actions. Facilitating connectivity among and further expansion of existing forest patches in the Zwalm headwaters showed to improve ecosystems with minimized trade‐offs. Synthesis and applications . This study demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of landscape optimization algorithms to support the management and design of multifunctional stream–riparian networks. We identified riparian reforestation solutions that minimized trade‐offs between specific natural values and societal needs. Our spatially explicit approach allows for an integration into spatial planning and can inform policy design and implementation. Geïntegreerde waterloop‐oever‐netwerken zijn onderhevig aan veelvoudige menselijke drukken die de sleutelfuncties van aquatische en terrestrische ecosystemen bedreigen, habitat‐ en diversiteitsverliezen veroorzaken, de oeververbindingen aantasten, en daardoor vaak de conflicten tussen de belanghebbenden veroorzaken en aanwakkeren. Het ontwerpen van oeverlandschappen op een manier dat zij maximaal kunnen voldoen aan meervoudige doelstellingen vereist een duidelijk begrip van de bestaande afwegingen, en in het bijzonder een perspectief op landschapsschaal bij de planning van onder meer herbebossingsmaatregelen. In deze studie werd een landschapsoptimalisatie‐algoritme toegepast voor de toewijzing van oeverbosbeheermaatregelen in het stroomgebied van de Zwalm (België), dat onderhevig is aan intensieve landbouwactiviteiten. Wij optimaliseerden de toewijzing van bosuitbreidingen om de ecologische kwaliteit van de beek, de functionele diversiteit en de oeverkoolstofverwerking te verbeteren, op danige wijze dat het verlies aan landbouwproductiepotentieel tot een minimum werd beperkt. Regressiemodellen werden ontwikkeld om de doelindicatoren te voorspellen voor 489 segmenten van de oeversystemen van de Zwalm, door gebruik te maken van ruimtelijke variabelen op drie verschillende schalen. Voor elk oeversegment ontwikkelden wij ruimtelijk‐expliciete beheersmaatregelen, die verschillende intensiteiten van oeverherbebossing vertegenwoordigen. De toewijzing en de combinatie van deze maatregelen in de oeversystemen werden geoptimaliseerd om (1) afwegingen tussen de doelindicatoren, (2) prioritaire regio's voor herbebossingsacties en (3) de vereiste herbebossingsintensiteit vast te stellen. Uit de resultaten bleek dat alle doelindicatoren werden beïnvloed door het areaalaandeel van de oeverbossen en de configuratie daarvan op landschapsschaal. Herbebossing van de oevercorridor van de Zwalm zou de indicatoren voor biodiversiteit en werking van het ecosysteem aanzienlijk kunnen verbeteren, maar houdt een sterke wisselwerking met de landbouwproductie in. Door op een ruimtelijk‐expliciete manier de spreiding van beheersmaatregelen te optimaliseren, hebben wij aangetoond hoe deze verschillende noden en wensen het best in evenwicht kunnen worden gebracht. De bovenloopgebieden van de Zwalm werden aangewezen als prioritaire gebieden voor herbebossingsacties. Het vergemakkelijken van de connectiviteit tussen en de verdere uitbreiding van de bestaande bosgebieden in de bovenloop van de Zwalm bleken de ecosystemen te verbeteren met zo weinig mogelijk nadelige compromissen. Synthese en toepassingen . Deze studie toont voor het eerst het potentieel aan van landschapsoptimalisatie‐algoritmen om het beheer en het ontwerp van multifunctionele waterloop‐oever‐netwerken te ondersteunen. Wij hebben oeverbebossingsoplossingen geïdentificeerd die de afruil tussen specifieke natuurwaarden en maatschappelijke behoeften tot een minimum beperken. Onze ruimtelijk‐expliciete aanpak maakt een integratie in de ruimtelijke ordening mogelijk en kan hierdoor nuttige informatie verschaffen voor het ontwerpen en uitvoeren van geïntegreerd water‐ en landbeleid. Stream–riparian networks are subject to multiple human pressures that threaten key functions of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, drive habitat and diversity losses, affect riparian connectivity and cause stakeholder conflicts. Designing riparian landscapes in a way that they can simultaneously meet multiple competing demands requires a clear understanding of existing trade‐offs, and a landscape‐scale perspective on the planning of reforestation measures. This study applied a landscape optimization algorithm for allocating riparian forest management measures in the intensively used agricultural catchment of the Zwalm River (Belgium). We optimized forest allocation to improve stream ecological quality (EPT index), functional diversity (diatoms) and riparian carbon processing (cotton‐strip assay), while minimizing losses in agricultural production potential. Regression models were developed to predict the target indicators for 489 segments of the Zwalm riparian corridor, using spatial variables on three different scales. For each riparian segment, we developed spatially explicit management measures, representing different intensities of riparian reforestation. The allocation and combination of these measures in the riparian corridor were optimized to identify (a) trade‐offs among the target indicators, (b) priority regions for reforestation actions and (c) the required reforestation intensity. The results showed that all target indicators were affected by the area share of riparian forests and its landscape‐scale configuration. Reforestation of the Zwalm riparian corridor could significantly improve indicators for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (e.g. up to +96% for EPT index), but would lead to a strong trade‐off with agricultural production. By optimizing the placement of management measures, we showed how these trade‐offs could be best balanced. The headwater regions of the Zwalm were identified as priority regions for reforestation actions. Facilitating connectivity among and further expansion of existing forest patches in the Zwalm headwaters showed to improve ecosystems with minimized trade‐offs. Synthesis and applications. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of landscape optimization algorithms to support the management and design of multifunctional stream–riparian networks. We identified riparian reforestation solutions that minimized trade‐offs between specific natural values and societal needs. Our spatially explicit approach allows for an integration into spatial planning and can inform policy design and implementation. Samenvatting Geïntegreerde waterloop‐oever‐netwerken zijn onderhevig aan veelvoudige menselijke drukken die de sleutelfuncties van aquatische en terrestrische ecosystemen bedreigen, habitat‐ en diversiteitsverliezen veroorzaken, de oeververbindingen aantasten, en daardoor vaak de conflicten tussen de belanghebbenden veroorzaken en aanwakkeren. Het ontwerpen van oeverlandschappen op een manier dat zij maximaal kunnen voldoen aan meervoudige doelstellingen vereist een duidelijk begrip van de bestaande afwegingen, en in het bijzonder een perspectief op landschapsschaal bij de planning van onder meer herbebossingsmaatregelen. In deze studie werd een landschapsoptimalisatie‐algoritme toegepast voor de toewijzing van oeverbosbeheermaatregelen in het stroomgebied van de Zwalm (België), dat onderhevig is aan intensieve landbouwactiviteiten. Wij optimaliseerden de toewijzing van bosuitbreidingen om de ecologische kwaliteit van de beek, de functionele diversiteit en de oeverkoolstofverwerking te verbeteren, op danige wijze dat het verlies aan landbouwproductiepotentieel tot een minimum werd beperkt. Regressiemodellen werden ontwikkeld om de doelindicatoren te voorspellen voor 489 segmenten van de oeversystemen van de Zwalm, door gebruik te maken van ruimtelijke variabelen op drie verschillende schalen. Voor elk oeversegment ontwikkelden wij ruimtelijk‐expliciete beheersmaatregelen, die verschillende intensiteiten van oeverherbebossing vertegenwoordigen. De toewijzing en de combinatie van deze maatregelen in de oeversystemen werden geoptimaliseerd om (1) afwegingen tussen de doelindicatoren, (2) prioritaire regio's voor herbebossingsacties en (3) de vereiste herbebossingsintensiteit vast te stellen. Uit de resultaten bleek dat alle doelindicatoren werden beïnvloed door het areaalaandeel van de oeverbossen en de configuratie daarvan op landschapsschaal. Herbebossing van de oevercorridor van de Zwalm zou de indicatoren voor biodiversiteit en werking van het ecosysteem aanzienlijk kunnen verbeteren, maar houdt een sterke wisselwerking met de landbouwproductie in. Door op een ruimtelijk‐expliciete manier de spreiding van beheersmaatregelen te optimaliseren, hebben wij aangetoond hoe deze verschillende noden en wensen het best in evenwicht kunnen worden gebracht. De bovenloopgebieden van de Zwalm werden aangewezen als prioritaire gebieden voor herbebossingsacties. Het vergemakkelijken van de connectiviteit tussen en de verdere uitbreiding van de bestaande bosgebieden in de bovenloop van de Zwalm bleken de ecosystemen te verbeteren met zo weinig mogelijk nadelige compromissen. Synthese en toepassingen. Deze studie toont voor het eerst het potentieel aan van landschapsoptimalisatie‐algoritmen om het beheer en het ontwerp van multifunctionele waterloop‐oever‐netwerken te ondersteunen. Wij hebben oeverbebossingsoplossingen geïdentificeerd die de afruil tussen specifieke natuurwaarden en maatschappelijke behoeften tot een minimum beperken. Onze ruimtelijk‐expliciete aanpak maakt een integratie in de ruimtelijke ordening mogelijk en kan hierdoor nuttige informatie verschaffen voor het ontwerpen en uitvoeren van geïntegreerd water‐ en landbeleid. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of landscape optimization algorithms to support the management and design of multifunctional stream–riparian networks. We identified riparian reforestation solutions that minimized trade‐offs between specific natural values and societal needs. Our spatially explicit approach allows for an integration into spatial planning and can inform policy design and implementation. |
| Author | Burdon, Francis J. Witing, Felix Mckie, Brendan Forio, Marie Anne Eurie Strauch, Michael Goethals, Peter Volk, Martin |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Felix orcidid: 0000-0002-7314-4908 surname: Witing fullname: Witing, Felix email: felix.witing@ufz.de organization: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ – sequence: 2 givenname: Marie Anne Eurie orcidid: 0000-0001-6675-4751 surname: Forio fullname: Forio, Marie Anne Eurie organization: Ghent University – sequence: 3 givenname: Francis J. orcidid: 0000-0002-5398-4993 surname: Burdon fullname: Burdon, Francis J. organization: University of Waikato – sequence: 4 givenname: Brendan orcidid: 0000-0002-1796-9497 surname: Mckie fullname: Mckie, Brendan organization: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences – sequence: 5 givenname: Peter orcidid: 0000-0003-1168-6776 surname: Goethals fullname: Goethals, Peter organization: Ghent University – sequence: 6 givenname: Michael orcidid: 0000-0002-9872-6904 surname: Strauch fullname: Strauch, Michael organization: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ – sequence: 7 givenname: Martin orcidid: 0000-0003-0064-8133 surname: Volk fullname: Volk, Martin organization: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ |
| BackLink | https://res.slu.se/id/publ/117055$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
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| SubjectTerms | Agricultural ecosystems Agricultural production Agricultural watersheds Algorithms applied ecology Aquatic ecosystems Belgium Biodiversity carbon Cotton Ecological function Ecology ecosystem functioning ecosystem services Ecosystems Ekologi Elk Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use Forest management forest riparian buffers Forests functional diversity habitats Headwaters humans Indicators issues and policy Landscape Landscape design landscapes Marine microorganisms Miljö- och naturvårdsvetenskap multi‐objective optimization Optimization Reforestation Regression analysis Regression models riparian areas Riparian forests riparian management rivers Segments spatial planning stakeholders streams Terrestrial ecosystems trade‐off water |
| Title | Riparian reforestation on the landscape scale: Navigating trade‐offs among agricultural production, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity |
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