Readiness of Ugandan health services for the management of outpatients with chronic diseases
Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods A stratified ran...
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Published in | Tropical medicine & international health Vol. 20; no. 10; pp. 1385 - 1395 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.10.2015
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Objective
Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non‐communicable diseases (NCDs).
Methods
A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self‐completed questionnaire.
Results
Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium‐sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower‐level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower‐level HFs. Non‐doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care.
Conclusion
Compared with higher level HFs, lower‐level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower‐level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible.
Objectif
Traditionnellement, les systèmes de santé en Afrique subsaharienne ont mis l'accent sur les maladies aiguës. Peu de données existent sur l’état d'apprêtement des établissements de santé (ES) africains pour faire face à la charge croissante des maladies chroniques (MC), spécifiquement chroniques, les maladies non transmissibles (MNT).
Méthodes
Un échantillon aléatoire stratifié de 28 ES urbains et ruraux ougandais a été interrogé pour documenter la charge de MC sélectionnées, en analysant les statistiques des services, la disponibilité des services et l'apprêtement des services à l'aide d'un questionnaire SARA modifié de l’OMS. Les connaissances, compétences et pratiques dans la prise en charge des MC de 222 agents de la santé ont été évaluées par le biais d'un questionnaire auto‐administré.
Résultats
Parmi les visites ambulatoires d'adultes dans les hôpitaux, 33% étaient pour des MC dont le VIH, contre 14% et 4% dans les centres de santé de taille moyenne et petite, respectivement. Beaucoup d’ES manquaient de directives, de matériel de diagnostic et des médicaments essentiels pour la prise en charge primaire des MC; les systèmes de formation et de report étaient faibles. Les établissements de niveau inférieur référaient couramment les patients souffrant d'hypertension et de diabète. Les services VIH enregistraient la plupart des visites de MC et étaient plus préparés que les services des MNT. Les systèmes étaient moins préparés dans les ES de niveau inférieur. Les cliniciens non‐médecins et les infirmier(e)s manquaient de connaissances et d'expérience dans les soins des MNT.
Conclusion
Comparés aux ES de niveau supérieur, ceux de niveau inférieur sont moins bien préparés et peu utilisés pour les soins de MC. Les systèmes de santé en Ouganda, particulièrement les ES de niveau inférieur, ont urgemment besoin d'amélioration pour la prise en charge des MNT courantes afin de pouvoir faire face à la charge croissante. Cela devrait inclure la fourniture de directives standard, l’équipement de diagnostic et les médicaments essentiels, la formation des agents de santé, la supervision formative et l'amélioration des systèmes d'aiguillage. L'apprêtement substantiellement meilleur des services VIH de base démontre que l'amélioration des soins des MNT est faisable.
Objetivo
Tradicionalmente, los sistemas sanitarios en África subsahariana se han centrado en condiciones agudas. Existen pocos datos sobre el nivel de preparación de los centros sanitarios (CS) africanos para afrontar la cada vez mayor carga de enfermedades crónicas (EC), específicamente las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNs).
Métodos
Se evaluó una muestra estratificada y aleatoria de 28 SC urbanos y rurales de Uganda, para documentar la carga de ECs mediante el análisis de estadísticas del servicio, disponibilidad de servicios y nivel de preparación de los servicios utilizando una modificación del cuestionario SARA de la OMS. Se evaluaron los conocimientos, las capacidades y las prácticas en el manejo de las ECs de 222 trabajadores sanitarios mediante un cuestionario autocompletado.
Resultados
Entre los adultos que visitaron los hospitales como pacientes externos, un 33% lo hizo por ECs incluyendo VIH versus 14% y 4% en centros sanitarios de tamaño medio y pequeño, respectivamente. En muchos CSs había una falta de guías, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales para el manejo primario de ECs; los sistemas de formación e informes eran débiles. Los centros de menor nivel referían a sus pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes de forma rutinaria. Los servicios de VIH recibían la mayoría de las visitas por ECs y eran más fuertes que los servicios para ECNs. Los sistemas eran más débiles en CSs de menor nivel. Los sanitarios no médicos y las enfermeras no tenían ni los conocimientos ni la experiencia para la atención de ECN.
Conclusión
Comparado con CS de mayor nivel, los de menor nivel están menos preparados y poco acostumbrados a la atención de ECs. Los sistemas sanitarios en Uganda, en particular los CS de menor nivel, necesitan mejorar urgentemente el manejo de ECN para afrontar una carga que va en aumento. Ello incluye contar con guías estandarizadas, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales, entrenamiento de los trabajadores sanitarios, supervisión de apoyo y sistemas de referencia mejorados. Unos servicios de atención básica al VIH sustancialmente mejores son la prueba de que es factible contar con una atención mejorada de las ECN. |
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AbstractList | Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self-completed questionnaire.
Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium-sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower-level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower-level HFs. Non-doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care.
Compared with higher level HFs, lower-level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower-level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible. Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analyzing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self-completed questionnaire. Results Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium-sized and small health centers, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower-level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower-level HFs. Non-doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. Conclusion Compared with higher level HFs, lower-level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower-level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible. Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self‐completed questionnaire. Results Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium‐sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower‐level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower‐level HFs. Non‐doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. Conclusion Compared with higher level HFs, lower‐level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower‐level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible. Objectif Traditionnellement, les systèmes de santé en Afrique subsaharienne ont mis l'accent sur les maladies aiguës. Peu de données existent sur l’état d'apprêtement des établissements de santé (ES) africains pour faire face à la charge croissante des maladies chroniques (MC), spécifiquement chroniques, les maladies non transmissibles (MNT). Méthodes Un échantillon aléatoire stratifié de 28 ES urbains et ruraux ougandais a été interrogé pour documenter la charge de MC sélectionnées, en analysant les statistiques des services, la disponibilité des services et l'apprêtement des services à l'aide d'un questionnaire SARA modifié de l’OMS. Les connaissances, compétences et pratiques dans la prise en charge des MC de 222 agents de la santé ont été évaluées par le biais d'un questionnaire auto‐administré. Résultats Parmi les visites ambulatoires d'adultes dans les hôpitaux, 33% étaient pour des MC dont le VIH, contre 14% et 4% dans les centres de santé de taille moyenne et petite, respectivement. Beaucoup d’ES manquaient de directives, de matériel de diagnostic et des médicaments essentiels pour la prise en charge primaire des MC; les systèmes de formation et de report étaient faibles. Les établissements de niveau inférieur référaient couramment les patients souffrant d'hypertension et de diabète. Les services VIH enregistraient la plupart des visites de MC et étaient plus préparés que les services des MNT. Les systèmes étaient moins préparés dans les ES de niveau inférieur. Les cliniciens non‐médecins et les infirmier(e)s manquaient de connaissances et d'expérience dans les soins des MNT. Conclusion Comparés aux ES de niveau supérieur, ceux de niveau inférieur sont moins bien préparés et peu utilisés pour les soins de MC. Les systèmes de santé en Ouganda, particulièrement les ES de niveau inférieur, ont urgemment besoin d'amélioration pour la prise en charge des MNT courantes afin de pouvoir faire face à la charge croissante. Cela devrait inclure la fourniture de directives standard, l’équipement de diagnostic et les médicaments essentiels, la formation des agents de santé, la supervision formative et l'amélioration des systèmes d'aiguillage. L'apprêtement substantiellement meilleur des services VIH de base démontre que l'amélioration des soins des MNT est faisable. Objetivo Tradicionalmente, los sistemas sanitarios en África subsahariana se han centrado en condiciones agudas. Existen pocos datos sobre el nivel de preparación de los centros sanitarios (CS) africanos para afrontar la cada vez mayor carga de enfermedades crónicas (EC), específicamente las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNs). Métodos Se evaluó una muestra estratificada y aleatoria de 28 SC urbanos y rurales de Uganda, para documentar la carga de ECs mediante el análisis de estadísticas del servicio, disponibilidad de servicios y nivel de preparación de los servicios utilizando una modificación del cuestionario SARA de la OMS. Se evaluaron los conocimientos, las capacidades y las prácticas en el manejo de las ECs de 222 trabajadores sanitarios mediante un cuestionario autocompletado. Resultados Entre los adultos que visitaron los hospitales como pacientes externos, un 33% lo hizo por ECs incluyendo VIH versus 14% y 4% en centros sanitarios de tamaño medio y pequeño, respectivamente. En muchos CSs había una falta de guías, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales para el manejo primario de ECs; los sistemas de formación e informes eran débiles. Los centros de menor nivel referían a sus pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes de forma rutinaria. Los servicios de VIH recibían la mayoría de las visitas por ECs y eran más fuertes que los servicios para ECNs. Los sistemas eran más débiles en CSs de menor nivel. Los sanitarios no médicos y las enfermeras no tenían ni los conocimientos ni la experiencia para la atención de ECN. Conclusión Comparado con CS de mayor nivel, los de menor nivel están menos preparados y poco acostumbrados a la atención de ECs. Los sistemas sanitarios en Uganda, en particular los CS de menor nivel, necesitan mejorar urgentemente el manejo de ECN para afrontar una carga que va en aumento. Ello incluye contar con guías estandarizadas, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales, entrenamiento de los trabajadores sanitarios, supervisión de apoyo y sistemas de referencia mejorados. Unos servicios de atención básica al VIH sustancialmente mejores son la prueba de que es factible contar con una atención mejorada de las ECN. OBJECTIVETraditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). METHODSA stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self-completed questionnaire. RESULTSAmong adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium-sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower-level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower-level HFs. Non-doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. CONCLUSIONCompared with higher level HFs, lower-level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower-level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible. |
Author | Peck, Robert Biraro, Samuel Munderi, Paula Smeeth, Liam Mutungi, Gerald Baisley, Kathy Ikoona, Eric Katende, David Hayes, Richard Grosskurth, Heiner |
AuthorAffiliation | 2 Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda 3 MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK 5 Department of Non‐communicable Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK 1 Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda 4 Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit and Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Department of Non‐communicable Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK – name: 3 MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK – name: 2 Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda – name: 4 Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit and Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania – name: 1 Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: David surname: Katende fullname: Katende, David organization: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS – sequence: 2 givenname: Gerald surname: Mutungi fullname: Mutungi, Gerald organization: Ministry of Health – sequence: 3 givenname: Kathy surname: Baisley fullname: Baisley, Kathy organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine – sequence: 4 givenname: Samuel surname: Biraro fullname: Biraro, Samuel organization: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS – sequence: 5 givenname: Eric surname: Ikoona fullname: Ikoona, Eric organization: Ministry of Health – sequence: 6 givenname: Robert surname: Peck fullname: Peck, Robert organization: Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit and Weill Bugando School of Medicine – sequence: 7 givenname: Liam surname: Smeeth fullname: Smeeth, Liam organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine – sequence: 8 givenname: Richard surname: Hayes fullname: Hayes, Richard organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine – sequence: 9 givenname: Paula surname: Munderi fullname: Munderi, Paula organization: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS – sequence: 10 givenname: Heiner surname: Grosskurth fullname: Grosskurth, Heiner organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26095069$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2015 The Authors. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2015 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd |
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Keywords | pacientes externos chronic diseases Ouganda sistemas sanitarios África subsahariana healthcare systems patients ambulatoires maladies chroniques Afrique subsaharienne services de santé sub-Saharan Africa health services servicios sanitarios Uganda outpatients systèmes de santé enfermedades crónicas |
Language | English |
License | Attribution 2015 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
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References | 2015; 13 2010; 87 2012; 2 2010; 15 2014; 2 2012 2010 2013; 56 2011; 40 2007; 450 2013; 63 2013; 91 2009; 7 2014; 19 2014 2013 2013; 8 2012; 7 1998; 76 2011; 29 2008; 372 2006; 100 2010; 6 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 Coleman R (e_1_2_7_21_1) 1998; 76 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_17_1 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 WHO (e_1_2_7_25_1) 2013 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_13_1 e_1_2_7_24_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_23_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 Yuko‐Jowi CA (e_1_2_7_8_1) 2012; 2 |
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year: 2011 end-page: 171 article-title: Distribution of hyperglycaemia and related cardiovascular disease risk factors in low‐income countries: a cross‐sectional population‐based survey in rural Uganda publication-title: Int J Epidemiol – volume: 8 start-page: e72554 year: 2013 article-title: Diabetes and pre‐diabetes among persons aged 35 to 60 years in eastern Uganda: prevalence and associated factors publication-title: PLoS One – volume: 100 start-page: 191 year: 2006 end-page: 199 article-title: The double burden of communicable and non‐communicable diseases in developing countries publication-title: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg – volume: 450 start-page: 494 year: 2007 end-page: 496 article-title: Grand challenges in chronic non‐communicable diseases publication-title: Nature – volume: 6 start-page: 5 year: 2010 article-title: Tackling Africa's chronic disease burden: from the local to the global publication-title: Global Health – volume: 15 start-page: 176 year: 2010 end-page: 181 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countries: a cross‐sectional population‐based survey in rural Uganda publication-title: J Hypertens – year: 2012 – year: 2013 – ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_19_1 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq156 – ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 doi: 10.1038/450494a – ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072554 – ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02438.x – ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61404-X – volume: 76 start-page: 633 year: 1998 ident: e_1_2_7_21_1 article-title: Noncommunicable disease management in resource‐poor settings: a primary care model from rural South Africa publication-title: Bull World Health Organ contributor: fullname: Coleman R – ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.10.011 – ident: e_1_2_7_17_1 doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.116798 – volume: 2 start-page: 231 year: 2012 ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 article-title: African experiences of humanitarian cardiovascular medicine: a Kenyan perspective publication-title: Cardiovasc Diagn Ther contributor: fullname: Yuko‐Jowi CA – ident: e_1_2_7_18_1 doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283466e90 – ident: e_1_2_7_24_1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043400 – ident: e_1_2_7_15_1 doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0357-9 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.11.006 – ident: e_1_2_7_20_1 doi: 10.1111/tmi.12273 – ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.021 – ident: e_1_2_7_22_1 doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-7-76 – volume-title: Non‐Communicable Diseases. 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Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities... Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to... Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities... OBJECTIVETraditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities... |
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SubjectTerms | Afrique subsaharienne Attitude of Health Personnel Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnosis Cardiovascular Diseases - therapy Chronic Disease chronic diseases Chronic illnesses Delivery of Health Care - organization & administration Diabetes Mellitus - diagnosis Diabetes Mellitus - therapy Disease management enfermedades crónicas Epilepsy - diagnosis Epilepsy - therapy Health facilities Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Health Personnel health services Health Services - standards healthcare systems HIV Infections - diagnosis HIV Infections - therapy Humans maladies chroniques Original Original Research Papers Ouganda Outpatients pacientes externos patients ambulatoires Respiratory Tract Diseases - diagnosis Respiratory Tract Diseases - therapy Rural Health services de santé servicios sanitarios sistemas sanitarios sub‐Saharan Africa Surveys and Questionnaires systèmes de santé Uganda Urban Health África subsahariana |
Title | Readiness of Ugandan health services for the management of outpatients with chronic diseases |
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