Readiness of Ugandan health services for the management of outpatients with chronic diseases

Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods A stratified ran...

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Published inTropical medicine & international health Vol. 20; no. 10; pp. 1385 - 1395
Main Authors Katende, David, Mutungi, Gerald, Baisley, Kathy, Biraro, Samuel, Ikoona, Eric, Peck, Robert, Smeeth, Liam, Hayes, Richard, Munderi, Paula, Grosskurth, Heiner
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2015
John Wiley and Sons Inc
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Abstract Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self‐completed questionnaire. Results Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium‐sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower‐level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower‐level HFs. Non‐doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. Conclusion Compared with higher level HFs, lower‐level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower‐level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible. Objectif Traditionnellement, les systèmes de santé en Afrique subsaharienne ont mis l'accent sur les maladies aiguës. Peu de données existent sur l’état d'apprêtement des établissements de santé (ES) africains pour faire face à la charge croissante des maladies chroniques (MC), spécifiquement chroniques, les maladies non transmissibles (MNT). Méthodes Un échantillon aléatoire stratifié de 28 ES urbains et ruraux ougandais a été interrogé pour documenter la charge de MC sélectionnées, en analysant les statistiques des services, la disponibilité des services et l'apprêtement des services à l'aide d'un questionnaire SARA modifié de l’OMS. Les connaissances, compétences et pratiques dans la prise en charge des MC de 222 agents de la santé ont été évaluées par le biais d'un questionnaire auto‐administré. Résultats Parmi les visites ambulatoires d'adultes dans les hôpitaux, 33% étaient pour des MC dont le VIH, contre 14% et 4% dans les centres de santé de taille moyenne et petite, respectivement. Beaucoup d’ES manquaient de directives, de matériel de diagnostic et des médicaments essentiels pour la prise en charge primaire des MC; les systèmes de formation et de report étaient faibles. Les établissements de niveau inférieur référaient couramment les patients souffrant d'hypertension et de diabète. Les services VIH enregistraient la plupart des visites de MC et étaient plus préparés que les services des MNT. Les systèmes étaient moins préparés dans les ES de niveau inférieur. Les cliniciens non‐médecins et les infirmier(e)s manquaient de connaissances et d'expérience dans les soins des MNT. Conclusion Comparés aux ES de niveau supérieur, ceux de niveau inférieur sont moins bien préparés et peu utilisés pour les soins de MC. Les systèmes de santé en Ouganda, particulièrement les ES de niveau inférieur, ont urgemment besoin d'amélioration pour la prise en charge des MNT courantes afin de pouvoir faire face à la charge croissante. Cela devrait inclure la fourniture de directives standard, l’équipement de diagnostic et les médicaments essentiels, la formation des agents de santé, la supervision formative et l'amélioration des systèmes d'aiguillage. L'apprêtement substantiellement meilleur des services VIH de base démontre que l'amélioration des soins des MNT est faisable. Objetivo Tradicionalmente, los sistemas sanitarios en África subsahariana se han centrado en condiciones agudas. Existen pocos datos sobre el nivel de preparación de los centros sanitarios (CS) africanos para afrontar la cada vez mayor carga de enfermedades crónicas (EC), específicamente las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNs). Métodos Se evaluó una muestra estratificada y aleatoria de 28 SC urbanos y rurales de Uganda, para documentar la carga de ECs mediante el análisis de estadísticas del servicio, disponibilidad de servicios y nivel de preparación de los servicios utilizando una modificación del cuestionario SARA de la OMS. Se evaluaron los conocimientos, las capacidades y las prácticas en el manejo de las ECs de 222 trabajadores sanitarios mediante un cuestionario autocompletado. Resultados Entre los adultos que visitaron los hospitales como pacientes externos, un 33% lo hizo por ECs incluyendo VIH versus 14% y 4% en centros sanitarios de tamaño medio y pequeño, respectivamente. En muchos CSs había una falta de guías, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales para el manejo primario de ECs; los sistemas de formación e informes eran débiles. Los centros de menor nivel referían a sus pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes de forma rutinaria. Los servicios de VIH recibían la mayoría de las visitas por ECs y eran más fuertes que los servicios para ECNs. Los sistemas eran más débiles en CSs de menor nivel. Los sanitarios no médicos y las enfermeras no tenían ni los conocimientos ni la experiencia para la atención de ECN. Conclusión Comparado con CS de mayor nivel, los de menor nivel están menos preparados y poco acostumbrados a la atención de ECs. Los sistemas sanitarios en Uganda, en particular los CS de menor nivel, necesitan mejorar urgentemente el manejo de ECN para afrontar una carga que va en aumento. Ello incluye contar con guías estandarizadas, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales, entrenamiento de los trabajadores sanitarios, supervisión de apoyo y sistemas de referencia mejorados. Unos servicios de atención básica al VIH sustancialmente mejores son la prueba de que es factible contar con una atención mejorada de las ECN.
AbstractList Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self-completed questionnaire. Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium-sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower-level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower-level HFs. Non-doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. Compared with higher level HFs, lower-level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower-level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible.
Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analyzing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self-completed questionnaire. Results Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium-sized and small health centers, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower-level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower-level HFs. Non-doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. Conclusion Compared with higher level HFs, lower-level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower-level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible.
Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods A stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self‐completed questionnaire. Results Among adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium‐sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower‐level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower‐level HFs. Non‐doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. Conclusion Compared with higher level HFs, lower‐level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower‐level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible. Objectif Traditionnellement, les systèmes de santé en Afrique subsaharienne ont mis l'accent sur les maladies aiguës. Peu de données existent sur l’état d'apprêtement des établissements de santé (ES) africains pour faire face à la charge croissante des maladies chroniques (MC), spécifiquement chroniques, les maladies non transmissibles (MNT). Méthodes Un échantillon aléatoire stratifié de 28 ES urbains et ruraux ougandais a été interrogé pour documenter la charge de MC sélectionnées, en analysant les statistiques des services, la disponibilité des services et l'apprêtement des services à l'aide d'un questionnaire SARA modifié de l’OMS. Les connaissances, compétences et pratiques dans la prise en charge des MC de 222 agents de la santé ont été évaluées par le biais d'un questionnaire auto‐administré. Résultats Parmi les visites ambulatoires d'adultes dans les hôpitaux, 33% étaient pour des MC dont le VIH, contre 14% et 4% dans les centres de santé de taille moyenne et petite, respectivement. Beaucoup d’ES manquaient de directives, de matériel de diagnostic et des médicaments essentiels pour la prise en charge primaire des MC; les systèmes de formation et de report étaient faibles. Les établissements de niveau inférieur référaient couramment les patients souffrant d'hypertension et de diabète. Les services VIH enregistraient la plupart des visites de MC et étaient plus préparés que les services des MNT. Les systèmes étaient moins préparés dans les ES de niveau inférieur. Les cliniciens non‐médecins et les infirmier(e)s manquaient de connaissances et d'expérience dans les soins des MNT. Conclusion Comparés aux ES de niveau supérieur, ceux de niveau inférieur sont moins bien préparés et peu utilisés pour les soins de MC. Les systèmes de santé en Ouganda, particulièrement les ES de niveau inférieur, ont urgemment besoin d'amélioration pour la prise en charge des MNT courantes afin de pouvoir faire face à la charge croissante. Cela devrait inclure la fourniture de directives standard, l’équipement de diagnostic et les médicaments essentiels, la formation des agents de santé, la supervision formative et l'amélioration des systèmes d'aiguillage. L'apprêtement substantiellement meilleur des services VIH de base démontre que l'amélioration des soins des MNT est faisable. Objetivo Tradicionalmente, los sistemas sanitarios en África subsahariana se han centrado en condiciones agudas. Existen pocos datos sobre el nivel de preparación de los centros sanitarios (CS) africanos para afrontar la cada vez mayor carga de enfermedades crónicas (EC), específicamente las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNs). Métodos Se evaluó una muestra estratificada y aleatoria de 28 SC urbanos y rurales de Uganda, para documentar la carga de ECs mediante el análisis de estadísticas del servicio, disponibilidad de servicios y nivel de preparación de los servicios utilizando una modificación del cuestionario SARA de la OMS. Se evaluaron los conocimientos, las capacidades y las prácticas en el manejo de las ECs de 222 trabajadores sanitarios mediante un cuestionario autocompletado. Resultados Entre los adultos que visitaron los hospitales como pacientes externos, un 33% lo hizo por ECs incluyendo VIH versus 14% y 4% en centros sanitarios de tamaño medio y pequeño, respectivamente. En muchos CSs había una falta de guías, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales para el manejo primario de ECs; los sistemas de formación e informes eran débiles. Los centros de menor nivel referían a sus pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes de forma rutinaria. Los servicios de VIH recibían la mayoría de las visitas por ECs y eran más fuertes que los servicios para ECNs. Los sistemas eran más débiles en CSs de menor nivel. Los sanitarios no médicos y las enfermeras no tenían ni los conocimientos ni la experiencia para la atención de ECN. Conclusión Comparado con CS de mayor nivel, los de menor nivel están menos preparados y poco acostumbrados a la atención de ECs. Los sistemas sanitarios en Uganda, en particular los CS de menor nivel, necesitan mejorar urgentemente el manejo de ECN para afrontar una carga que va en aumento. Ello incluye contar con guías estandarizadas, equipos de diagnóstico y medicamentos esenciales, entrenamiento de los trabajadores sanitarios, supervisión de apoyo y sistemas de referencia mejorados. Unos servicios de atención básica al VIH sustancialmente mejores son la prueba de que es factible contar con una atención mejorada de las ECN.
OBJECTIVETraditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to address the growing burden of chronic diseases (CDs), specifically chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). METHODSA stratified random sample of 28 urban and rural Ugandan HFs was surveyed to document the burden of selected CDs by analysing the service statistics, service availability and service readiness using a modified WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment questionnaire. Knowledge, skills and practice in the management of CDs of 222 health workers were assessed through a self-completed questionnaire. RESULTSAmong adult outpatient visits at hospitals, 33% were for CDs including HIV vs. 14% and 4% at medium-sized and small health centres, respectively. Many HFs lacked guidelines, diagnostic equipment and essential medicines for the primary management of CDs; training and reporting systems were weak. Lower-level facilities routinely referred patients with hypertension and diabetes. HIV services accounted for most CD visits and were stronger than NCD services. Systems were weaker in lower-level HFs. Non-doctor clinicians and nurses lacked knowledge and experience in NCD care. CONCLUSIONCompared with higher level HFs, lower-level ones are less prepared and little used for CD care. Health systems in Uganda, particularly lower-level HFs, urgently need improvement in managing common NCDs to cope with the growing burden. This should include the provision of standard guidelines, essential diagnostic equipment and drugs, training of health workers, supportive supervision and improved referral systems. Substantially better HIV basic service readiness demonstrates that improved NCD care is feasible.
Author Peck, Robert
Biraro, Samuel
Munderi, Paula
Smeeth, Liam
Mutungi, Gerald
Baisley, Kathy
Ikoona, Eric
Katende, David
Hayes, Richard
Grosskurth, Heiner
AuthorAffiliation 2 Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda
3 MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
5 Department of Non‐communicable Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
1 Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
4 Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit and Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 5 Department of Non‐communicable Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
– name: 3 MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London UK
– name: 2 Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda
– name: 4 Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit and Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania
– name: 1 Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
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  surname: Katende
  fullname: Katende, David
  organization: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS
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  fullname: Mutungi, Gerald
  organization: Ministry of Health
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  surname: Baisley
  fullname: Baisley, Kathy
  organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
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  surname: Biraro
  fullname: Biraro, Samuel
  organization: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS
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  organization: Ministry of Health
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  organization: Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit and Weill Bugando School of Medicine
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  organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
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  organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
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  givenname: Paula
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  fullname: Munderi, Paula
  organization: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Heiner
  surname: Grosskurth
  fullname: Grosskurth, Heiner
  organization: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26095069$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2015 The Authors. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2015 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Copyright_xml – notice: 2015 The Authors. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
– notice: 2015 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
– notice: 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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DOI 10.1111/tmi.12560
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Issue 10
Keywords pacientes externos
chronic diseases
Ouganda
sistemas sanitarios
África subsahariana
healthcare systems
patients ambulatoires
maladies chroniques
Afrique subsaharienne
services de santé
sub-Saharan Africa
health services
servicios sanitarios
Uganda
outpatients
systèmes de santé
enfermedades crónicas
Language English
License Attribution
2015 The Authors. Tropical Medicine & International Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Snippet Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub‐Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities...
Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities (HFs) to...
Objective Traditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities...
OBJECTIVETraditionally, health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have focused on acute conditions. Few data exist on the readiness of African health facilities...
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SubjectTerms Afrique subsaharienne
Attitude of Health Personnel
Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnosis
Cardiovascular Diseases - therapy
Chronic Disease
chronic diseases
Chronic illnesses
Delivery of Health Care - organization & administration
Diabetes Mellitus - diagnosis
Diabetes Mellitus - therapy
Disease management
enfermedades crónicas
Epilepsy - diagnosis
Epilepsy - therapy
Health facilities
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Health Personnel
health services
Health Services - standards
healthcare systems
HIV Infections - diagnosis
HIV Infections - therapy
Humans
maladies chroniques
Original
Original Research Papers
Ouganda
Outpatients
pacientes externos
patients ambulatoires
Respiratory Tract Diseases - diagnosis
Respiratory Tract Diseases - therapy
Rural Health
services de santé
servicios sanitarios
sistemas sanitarios
sub‐Saharan Africa
Surveys and Questionnaires
systèmes de santé
Uganda
Urban Health
África subsahariana
Title Readiness of Ugandan health services for the management of outpatients with chronic diseases
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