The influence of dietary patterns on gut microbiome and its consequences for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

• Published in: Trends in food science & technology Vol. 96; pp. 135 - 144
• Main Authors: Zhang, Qing-Song, Tian, Feng-Wei, Zhao, Jian-Xin, Zhang, Hao, Zhai, Qi-Xiao, Chen, Wei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2020; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: carotenoids; Choline; Diet; Dietary fiber; Digestive system; eating habits; Energy balance; Fatty acids; Fatty liver; fish; Folic acid; Food; Fructose; fruits; Gastrointestinal tract; Gut microbiome; humans; Intestinal microflora; intestinal microorganisms; Intestine; intestines; Liver; Liver diseases; Meat; Mediterranean diet; metabolism; Microbiomes; Microbiota; Microorganisms; NAFLD; nutritional intervention; Nuts; Oils & fats; Olive oil; omega-3 fatty acids; Pathogenesis; patients; Permeability; polyphenols; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; processed meat; risk reduction; saturated fats; short chain fatty acids; surveys; vegetables; Vegetarian diet; Vegetarianism; Western diet; Western diets; whole grain foods; NAFLD; Mediterranean diet; Gut microbiome; Vegetarian diet; Western diet
• ISSN: 0924-2244; 1879-3053
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.013

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease and has great effects on quality of human life. Diets are one of the most important factors in the development of NAFLD, and in shaping gut microbiome. The role of the gut microbiota in the development of NAFLD has been increasingly studied in recent years. Therefore, the relationship among diet, the gut microbiome, and NAFLD requires discussion and clarification. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the effects of the Western diet, Mediterranean diet, and Vegetarian diet on NAFLD and summarizes the current known mechanisms by which the gut microbiome affects NAFLD. In addition, the manner by which diet affects NAFLD via alteration of characteristic microorganism was also evaluated. Key Findings and Conclusions: In the Mediterranean diets, the representative foods such as olive oil (rich in MUFA) and fish (rich in omega-3 PUFA) reduce the risk of NAFLD. Typical foods in the Vegetarian diets are vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grains. These foods are rich in dietary fiber, polyphenol, folate and carotenoid, which are beneficial against the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Red and processed meat (rich in saturated fat) and sugar (rich in fructose) are the most common foods in the Western diet, which may contribute to the development of NAFLD. The gut microbiome exerts various effects on the development and progression of NAFLD, by affecting host energy balance, intestinal permeability, choline metabolism and short-chain fatty acids production. Furthermore, the different diets promoted the growth of characteristic microorganisms associated with NAFLD. Clarifying these associations will be useful for future dietary interventions in patients with NAFLD. •The effects of the different dietary patterns on NAFLD are summarized.•Key gut microbes associated with NAFLD are discussed.•The regulative mechanisms of dietary patterns on gut microbiota are proposed.