Physiological toxicity, cell membrane damage and the release of dissolved organic carbon and geosmin by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae after exposure to water treatment chemicals
Reducing the level of dissolved organic carbon is an increasingly important goal in the treatment of drinking water. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds react with chemical disinfectants to form undesirable by-products, and DOC provides a substrate for bacterial growth. Chemicals used in water...
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Published in | Water research (Oxford) Vol. 29; no. 6; pp. 1515 - 1523 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford
Elsevier Ltd
1995
Elsevier Science |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Reducing the level of dissolved organic carbon is an increasingly important goal in the treatment of drinking water. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds react with chemical disinfectants to form undesirable by-products, and DOC provides a substrate for bacterial growth. Chemicals used in water treatment processes and surface water reservoir management can cause the release of dissolved organics from photosynthetic aquatic organisms, and specific organic compounds can impart taste, odour and sometimes toxicity to treated water. Thus, chemical treatment of water may exacerbate the problem of dissolved organic carbon loading. The effects of several chemicals used at different stages of the water treatment process were studied on a nitrogen-fixing strain of the cyanobacterium
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Chemicals included chlorine, potassium permanganate, aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride, calcium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and copper sulphate. Physiological effects on
Aphanizomenon, as quantified by its ability to fix nitrogen, were compared with cell membrane damage (manifested as potassium release) and the release of organic cellular components, including DOC and the specific odour compound, geosmin. Aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride did not cause either physiological toxicity, cell membrane damage or the release of DOC at treatment usage concentrations. Calcium hydroxide at low levels and hydrogen peroxide caused physiological toxicity, but only limited membrane damage, DOC and geosmin release. Chlorine, copper sulphate and potassium permanganate caused physiological damage with concomitant release of both DOC and geosmin at concentrations lower than those currently used in water treatment. Consequently, these last three chemicals create potential water treatment problems by releasing DOC and specific problem compounds. |
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AbstractList | Several water treatment chemicals were tested at concentrations typically found in treatment situations to identify chemicals causing physiological toxicity and cell membrane damage, with the release of the odour-causing compound geosmin by blue-green algae. A nitrogen-fixing strain of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was used in the tests. Aluminium sulphate and ferric chloride caused no damage. Calcium hydroxide (at low levels) and hydrogen peroxide caused physiological toxicity but only limited membrane damage. Chlorine, copper sulphate and potassium permanganate caused damage with release of dissolved organic carbon and geosmin at concentrations lower than those presently used in water treatment. Reducing the level of dissolved organic carbon is an increasingly important goal in the treatment of drinking water. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds react with chemical disinfectants to form undesirable by-products, and DOC provides a substrate for bacterial growth. Chemicals used in water treatment processes and surface water reservoir management can cause the release of dissolved organics from photosynthetic aquatic organisms, and specific organic compounds can impart taste, odour and sometimes toxicity to treated water. Thus, chemical treatment of water may exacerbate the problem of dissolved organic carbon loading. The effects of several chemicals used at different stages of the water treatment process were studied on a nitrogen-fixing strain of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Chemicals included chlorine, potassium permanganate, aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride, calcium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and copper sulphate. Physiological effects on Aphanizomenon, as quantified by its ability to fix nitrogen, were compared with cell membrane damage (manifested as potassium release) and the release of organic cellular components, including DOC and the specific odour compound, geosmin. Aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride did not cause either physiological toxicity, cell membrane damage or the release of DOC at treatment usage concentrations. Calcium hydroxide at low levels and hydrogen peroxide caused physiological toxicity, but only limited membrane damage, DOC and geosmin release. Chlorine, copper sulphate and potassium permanganate caused physiological damage with concomitant release of both DOC and geosmin at concentrations lower than those currently used in water treatment. Consequently, these last three chemicals create potential water treatment problems by releasing DOC and specific problem compounds. Reducing the level of dissolved organic carbon is an increasingly important goal in the treatment of drinking water. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds react with chemical disinfectants to form undesirable by-products, and DOC provides a substrate for bacterial growth. Chemicals used in water treatment processes and surface water reservoir management can cause the release of dissolved organics from photosynthetic aquatic organisms, and specific organic compounds can impart taste, odour and sometimes toxicity to treated water. Thus, chemical treatment of water may exacerbate the problem of dissolved organic carbon loading. The effects of several chemicals used at different stages of the water treatment process were studied on a nitrogen-fixing strain of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Chemicals included chlorine, potassium permanganate, aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride, calcium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and copper sulphate. Physiological effects on Aphanizomenon, as quantified by its ability to fix nitrogen, were compared with cell membrane damage (manifested as potassium release) and the release of organic cellular components, including DOC and the specific odour compound, geosmin. Aluminum sulphate and ferric chloride did not cause either physiological toxicity, cell membrane damage or the release of DOC at treatment usage concentrations. Calcium hydroxide at low levels and hydrogen peroxide caused physiological toxicity, but only limited membrane damage, DOC and geosmin release. Chlorine, copper sulphate and potassium permanganate caused physiological damage with concomitant release of both DOC and geosmin at concentrations lower than those currently used in water treatment. Consequently, these last three chemicals create potential water treatment problems by releasing DOC and specific problem compounds. |
Author | Peterson, Hans G. Hrudey, Steve E. Kenefick, Sandra L. Perley, Terrina R. Cantin, Ilene A. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Hans G. surname: Peterson fullname: Peterson, Hans G. organization: Saskatchewan Research Council, 15 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2X8 Canada – sequence: 2 givenname: Steve E. surname: Hrudey fullname: Hrudey, Steve E. organization: Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, 13-103 Clinical Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3 – sequence: 3 givenname: Ilene A. surname: Cantin fullname: Cantin, Ilene A. organization: Saskatchewan Research Council, 15 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2X8 Canada – sequence: 4 givenname: Terrina R. surname: Perley fullname: Perley, Terrina R. organization: Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, 13-103 Clinical Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3 – sequence: 5 givenname: Sandra L. surname: Kenefick fullname: Kenefick, Sandra L. organization: Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, 13-103 Clinical Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3 |
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Keywords | toxicity blue-green algae calcium hydroxide potassium permanganate cell-damage cyanobacteria nitrogen-fixation copper geosmin organic carbon chlorine Organic carbon Toxicity Chemical treatment Cyanobacteria Plasma membrane Nitrogen fixation Bacteria Lesion Waste water purification Aphanizomenon flosaquae |
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Snippet | Reducing the level of dissolved organic carbon is an increasingly important goal in the treatment of drinking water. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds... Several water treatment chemicals were tested at concentrations typically found in treatment situations to identify chemicals causing physiological toxicity... |
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SubjectTerms | Action of physical and chemical agents on bacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Bacteriology Biological and medical sciences blue-green algae calcium hydroxide cell-damage chlorine copper cyanobacteria Freshwater Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology geosmin Microbiology nitrogen-fixation organic carbon potassium permanganate toxicity |
Title | Physiological toxicity, cell membrane damage and the release of dissolved organic carbon and geosmin by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae after exposure to water treatment chemicals |
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