Emerging roles for hypothalamic microglia as regulators of physiological homeostasis

•Microglia play important roles in both the development and continued function of the hypothalamus throughout life.•Microglia could be key regulators of homeostasis by sensing cues external to the CNS and acting through the hypothalamus.•Microglial dysfunction can result in neuroendocrine diseases w...

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Published inFrontiers in neuroendocrinology Vol. 54; p. 100748
Main Authors Rosin, Jessica M., Kurrasch, Deborah M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2019
Subjects
Animals
Anorexia
Homeostasis
Homeostasis - physiology
Humans
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus - growth & development
Hypothalamus - immunology
Hypothalamus - metabolism
Hypothalamus - physiology
Inflammation
Inflammation - immunology
Inflammation - metabolism
Microglia
Microglia - immunology
Microglia - metabolism
Microglia - physiology
Neuroendocrine
Obesity
Obesity - immunology
Obesity - metabolism
Sex Characteristics
Sexual dimorphism
Stress
Stress, Psychological - immunology
Stress, Psychological - metabolism
Obesity
Anorexia
Neuroendocrine
Homeostasis
Inflammation
Hypothalamus
Sexual dimorphism
Stress
Microglia
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Abstract •Microglia play important roles in both the development and continued function of the hypothalamus throughout life.•Microglia could be key regulators of homeostasis by sensing cues external to the CNS and acting through the hypothalamus.•Microglial dysfunction can result in neuroendocrine diseases when proper balance is not achieved. The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that responds to external stressors and functions to maintain physiological homeostatic processes, such as core body temperature and energy balance. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by producing hormones that thereby influence the production of other hormones that then control the internal milieu of the body. Microglia are resident macrophages and phagocytic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), classically known for surveying the brain’s environment, responding to neural insults, and disposing of cellular debris. Recent evidence has shown that microglia are also responsive to external stressors and can influence both the development and function of the hypothalamus in a sex-dependent manner. This emerging microglia-hypothalamic interaction raises the intriguing notion that microglia might play an unappreciated role in hypothalamic control of physiological homeostasis. In this review, we briefly outline how the hypothalamus regulates physiological homeostasis and then describe how this literature overlaps with our understanding of microglia’s role in the CNS. We also outline the current literature demonstrating how microglia loss or activation affects the hypothalamus, and ultimately homeostasis. We conclude by proposing how microglia could be key regulators of homeostatic processes by sensing cues external to the CNS and transmitting them through the hypothalamus.
AbstractList The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that responds to external stressors and functions to maintain physiological homeostatic processes, such as core body temperature and energy balance. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by producing hormones that thereby influence the production of other hormones that then control the internal milieu of the body. Microglia are resident macrophages and phagocytic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), classically known for surveying the brain's environment, responding to neural insults, and disposing of cellular debris. Recent evidence has shown that microglia are also responsive to external stressors and can influence both the development and function of the hypothalamus in a sex-dependent manner. This emerging microglia-hypothalamic interaction raises the intriguing notion that microglia might play an unappreciated role in hypothalamic control of physiological homeostasis. In this review, we briefly outline how the hypothalamus regulates physiological homeostasis and then describe how this literature overlaps with our understanding of microglia's role in the CNS. We also outline the current literature demonstrating how microglia loss or activation affects the hypothalamus, and ultimately homeostasis. We conclude by proposing how microglia could be key regulators of homeostatic processes by sensing cues external to the CNS and transmitting them through the hypothalamus.
•Microglia play important roles in both the development and continued function of the hypothalamus throughout life.•Microglia could be key regulators of homeostasis by sensing cues external to the CNS and acting through the hypothalamus.•Microglial dysfunction can result in neuroendocrine diseases when proper balance is not achieved. The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that responds to external stressors and functions to maintain physiological homeostatic processes, such as core body temperature and energy balance. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by producing hormones that thereby influence the production of other hormones that then control the internal milieu of the body. Microglia are resident macrophages and phagocytic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), classically known for surveying the brain’s environment, responding to neural insults, and disposing of cellular debris. Recent evidence has shown that microglia are also responsive to external stressors and can influence both the development and function of the hypothalamus in a sex-dependent manner. This emerging microglia-hypothalamic interaction raises the intriguing notion that microglia might play an unappreciated role in hypothalamic control of physiological homeostasis. In this review, we briefly outline how the hypothalamus regulates physiological homeostasis and then describe how this literature overlaps with our understanding of microglia’s role in the CNS. We also outline the current literature demonstrating how microglia loss or activation affects the hypothalamus, and ultimately homeostasis. We conclude by proposing how microglia could be key regulators of homeostatic processes by sensing cues external to the CNS and transmitting them through the hypothalamus.
ArticleNumber 100748
Author Rosin, Jessica M.
Kurrasch, Deborah M.
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  givenname: Deborah M.
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  email: kurrasch@ucalgary.ca
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Keywords Obesity
Anorexia
Neuroendocrine
Homeostasis
Inflammation
Hypothalamus
Sexual dimorphism
Stress
Microglia
Language English
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Snippet •Microglia play important roles in both the development and continued function of the hypothalamus throughout life.•Microglia could be key regulators of...
The hypothalamus is a crucial brain region that responds to external stressors and functions to maintain physiological homeostatic processes, such as core body...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Anorexia
Homeostasis
Homeostasis - physiology
Humans
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus - growth & development
Hypothalamus - immunology
Hypothalamus - metabolism
Hypothalamus - physiology
Inflammation
Inflammation - immunology
Inflammation - metabolism
Microglia
Microglia - immunology
Microglia - metabolism
Microglia - physiology
Neuroendocrine
Obesity
Obesity - immunology
Obesity - metabolism
Sex Characteristics
Sexual dimorphism
Stress
Stress, Psychological - immunology
Stress, Psychological - metabolism
Title Emerging roles for hypothalamic microglia as regulators of physiological homeostasis
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100748
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31059719
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2232014505
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